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Bank of America, Adam Smith and a Fee Market System

Posted: 10/09/11 01:21 PM ET

This week, Senator Dick Durbin (D-Ill) made a remarkably pithy statement on the floor of the Senate that Bank of America patrons should "vote with your feet, get the heck out of that bank."

By now, everyone who reads, watches and listens knows that Bank of America instituted a five dollar per month charge for usage of its debit cards effective early next year, and, of course, that's what prompted Durbin's remark. While there will be no fee if you have at least $5,000 in a Bank of America account, have a mortgage with the bank, are a B of A employee, or only use the debit card for ATM transactions, any one purchase in a given month will ding you the five bucks. This is in addition to all other fees on its "basic" accounts---of which there are many types---and which can already carry fees as high as $12 per month if minimum balances are not maintained. Not wanting to miss out on the fee-for-all, Citibank also announced a substantial rate increase, hiking the minimum balance requirement for certain checking accounts from $6,000 to $15,000, else a $20 a month fee will be charged. They also announced that "EZ Checking" account holders will be charged $15 a month if they don't maintain a balance of at least $6,000.

B of A and Citibank are not alone. A number of smaller banks have already announced the imposition of similar fees and many other banks have been testing them. Further, all of the big banks are considering all manner of fees, including debit card fees, to offset a number of revenue sources cut off by the passage of the Credit CARD Act, the Dodd-Frank Act and other consumer protection legislation.

But there's been a fairly large stir directed at B of A because it was the first major U.S. bank to announce the debit card fee as a certainty, and to charge the highest number that's ever been talked about for such fees. I guess "fairly large" is an understatement. Last week, a Fox Business News anchor cut up her debit card on camera. Yesterday, a 22-year-old customer delivered a petition with 153,000 signatures protesting the fee to a branch in Washington, D.C., just before she closed her accounts, cut up her debit and credit cards on the sidewalk and left with $400 in cash she said she was going to deposit in a credit union. Rep. Brad Miller (D-NC) has just introduced a bill to facilitate consumers closing accounts and moving their money to other financial institutions. (The Move Your Money project offers a comprehensive list of local financial institutions.)

Furthermore, Bank of America is the only large U.S. bank that still has "problems." It's effectively been bailed out twice in the past few years. First, as part of the 2008 bank bailout where it was one of the largest recipients of taxpayer largesse; and then just a few weeks ago, when Warren Buffett---the world's most popular (and populist) octogenarian billionaire---invested $5 billion in the bank. He said recently in an interview that the bank's problems persist and will take quite a while to solve---certainly a number of years rather than months. Those problems, which are derived from the mortgage meltdown and the real estate crash, have caused the bank's stock to drop about 50% from its 2010 levels.

In keeping with the new Durbin-inspired trend of candor and brevity, B of A CEO Brian Moynihan justified the new fee by saying, "we have the right to make a profit." (Translation---I think they need the dough).

B of A and the other big banks may well lose billions of dollars in revenue as a result of populist rage against institutional greed and corruption---as manifested by certain provisions of the abovementioned pieces of legislation that aimed to achieve greater accountability, certainty, transparency and fairness in the financial services sector. This includes the Durbin amendment---which, according to its author, was aimed at curbing the banks "excessive" profits relating to swipe fees. No doubt the number crunchers at B of A determined that instituting the fee will make them more money than they might lose from disgruntled customers who follow Durbin's advice and "get the heck out of that bank."

According to Bob Hammer, CEO of R. K. Hammer, a card industry advisory firm, B of A's new debit card fee will generate an estimated $1 billion, "About half of what Durbin will cost them."

Oddly enough, shortly after the announcement of the imposition of its new fee, B of A's website mysteriously seemed to have a great number of problems and was actually nonfunctional for a number of days. The bank claims it was the result of site maintenance and heavy traffic. What say you?

When you think about it, Durbin and Moynihan are actually referring to the principles established more than three centuries ago by Adam Smith in his pioneering work "The Wealth of Nations." In a democracy, capitalism has a few very simple rules, chief among them being that businesses can set prices and fees however they may like, and consumers can choose to go somewhere else if they don't like them. Isn't this what a free society and a competitive economy are all about? Nobody can tell the bank what to charge, and no one can force the consumer to pay it. There are lots of customers and lots of banks to choose from.

Unfortunately, not everybody remembered Adam Smith. On one of the Sunday talk shows, President Obama, responding to a question about what can be done about those fees, said "This is exactly why we need this Consumer Financial Protection Bureau that we set up that is ready to go," Obama said. "This is exactly why we need somebody whose sole job it is to prevent this kind of stuff from happening."

Whoops...

Unwittingly (and, as always, with good intentions) the President set back the cause of the CFPB dramatically (though he has since done some backpedaling). No one on either side of the aisle really wants an agency that can simply dictate fees. Later in the same interview the president also talked about such fees being administered "fairly and transparently." He's dead right on that one. It is within the government's bailiwick to make sure that consumers are well informed, that disclosure of fees and risks is robust, and that unfair or deceptive practices are banned. But in a free society, the authority of any government should end right there.

Naturally, there's a lot not to like about all of the new fees---B of A's in particular, perhaps because the fee has certain sneaky features that evoke memories of so many other fees charged by banks and credit card companies. For example, if you don't ever make a purchase in October using your debit card there's no fee. But if you get cold chasing your kid around at 10 PM on Halloween, that three dollar latte will cost you eight. Okay, okay---but, at least everyone will know the deal. Whatever else is true about this new fee, it's certainly not "hidden." However, it's manifestly unfair in the sense that it will affect those with better cash flow far less than those without. Indeed, the people who will be least likely to avoid the monthly fee are those with the fewest alternatives. This fee will be a lot harder to sidestep if you have a low limit credit card versus a high limit credit card, or have no credit card because you have lousy credit (because, perhaps, you lost your job due to the Great Recession).

But those are objections that consumers should make, not governments.

According to a recent survey, in 2011 for the first time in history credit card issuers earned more from fees than they did from interest on outstanding balances. This trend is likely to continue, and you should expect fees of every description to be increased, not to mention all of the new fees that can be conjured up going forward. I don't like it anymore than you do, but I'd like to fight it with informed consumers seeking out clever and more efficient competitors, rather than by government price-fixing.

This article originally appeared on Credit.com.

 

Follow Adam Levin on Twitter: www.twitter.com/@Adam_K_Levin

 
 
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11:21 AM on 10/11/2011
The business structure was much less consolidated in Adam Smith's day, which was over 200 (not 300) years ago. It's not realistic to apply an 18th century standard "you can go elsewhere to do business" to the consolidated business structure now existing. The fact is, if B of A does the fee, without adequate resistance, the other players will all impose the fee. Meanwhile, big banks are often the ones behind the parasitic "loan shark shops" which provide financial "services" to poorer people.
11:36 PM on 10/10/2011
Credit Unions! BofA, Citibank, et al, are shooting themselves in the foot, they just don't know it yet. Oh how the mighty will fall...history ALWAYS repeats itself...some people are just ignorant about these things most of the time which is why history will ALWAYS repeat itself until ALL people understand that doing the same thing over and over WILL NOT produce a different outcome.
11:23 PM on 10/10/2011
Sure, they have a right to make a profit. They don't have a right to make that profit by fleecing their customers.
07:29 AM on 10/11/2011
I think there's a reason why compulsive gambling is classified as an addictive behavioral issue. Making a profit is one thing, however when your 'drug of choice' is profit?

People who have addiction problems are some of the most manipulative people around! They're good at convincing (conning) everyone else as long as they can get their 'fix.'

It doesn't make sense to trust they can 'regulate' themselves. They are not 'doing God's work,' in the present day they have little social value. Look around you.
02:29 PM on 10/10/2011
Yes, lets cite FDR as a great example of leadership.

He imprisoned tens of thousands of american citizens, without trial, stripped them of their property (without compensation) and help them in captivity for years.

Then, he tried to shred the constitution by stacking the SCOTUS.

Thankfully, even he saw that the idea of public employee unions were a terrible idea.
03:43 PM on 10/10/2011
You have a twisted view of history. Stacking SCOTUS is NOT "shredding the Constitution". If it were, then the GOP would be the one guilty of it, given the current composition of the Court.

And we have public emplolyee unions today. It is a good thing we have them.
07:38 AM on 10/11/2011
I agree with you Syllogizer, using the logical fallacy of presentism or 'nunc pro tunc' to re-write history in a feeble attempt to validate present day political beliefs is a sure-fire way of NOT learning from history:

"Historian David Hackett Fischer identifies presentism as a logical fallacy also known as the "fallacy of nunc pro tunc". He has written that the "classic example" of presentism was the so-called "Whig history", in which certain eighteenth- and nineteenth-century British historians wrote history in a way that used the past to validate their own political beliefs."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentism_(literary_and_historical_analysis)

Intentional change comes when people make conscious decisions. Versus being lulled into behaving like chickens, sheep or bovines.
02:14 PM on 10/10/2011
I would like to offer kind of an opposing view, not in order to contradict Mr Levin but to give some of the balance I feel missing here.
Today, there are a number of things we would say that beyond the narrow definitions of human and constitutional rights need to be provided by our governments so that people actually can lead a live as a citizen in our societies and focus on developing their individual talents and skills and aspirations. Beyond a home (in the broadest sense), food and medical care we need access to media, electricity, some sort of mobility, an account at a bank, etc..

Now, what is certain is that a huge chunk of our daily occupation belongs to our work, another part for the necessary sleep and other normal activities. Among those "normal activities" is our daily, mundane partaking in the economy. And these are now a multitude. It's no longer an "Adam-Smith-economy" which is quite simplistic. Just think consciously about a normal shopping trip: You have boxes of various physical sizes for the same product, but not necessarily does a larger box mean more content. Then there are nutrition considerations. We maybe prefer to buy products under moral or ethical consideration (like "buy American"). A lot of factors for what was at the time of Adam Smith a simple choice.
02:44 PM on 10/10/2011
As a historian I would also like to point attention to the fact that at the time of Smith a person would own only very few items while we now own thousands!

Having said that, and that's my argument: It's becoming very, very complicated to make choices along our values and preferences. To do so, we need hours to learn and get informed. If we are honest, to really make educated choices in all our affairs or at least in most of our affairs, we would need hours each day to learn. More hours than are actually left, and what a live this would be if the remaining hours are spent just to learn and learn and learn about mundane things?

I do concede that we sometimes are setting strange priorities. We probably spent more hours to get the best deal when buying a toaster than we do when considering what's the best deal in banking or food.

BUT I think that these days it's just not - as the author states - enough to force them to provide all details. For some essentials it is warranted by the government to at least tell us what is "generally/ common sense acceptable or provide a "red-yellow-green" indicator so we don't need to being exclusively economic beings but humans.
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ssassy78
Laughter is the best medicine.
01:53 PM on 10/10/2011
Your way of compromise will only work when we have a system of actual free market principles. Right now we have a handful of sheriffs that work together to hold down the masses. Competition, in its truest form, is clearly going to demand a reset of our government, political and financial structures. I. can't. wait.
11:43 AM on 10/10/2011
I think the President's comments show a general confusion about the right to pursue some thing (happiness....a profit) and the right to have someone else provide something. As some of the ows crowd say that the internet and mobile phones should be free this contrast in view seems to be more stark.
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11:09 AM on 10/10/2011
I hope that Bank of America has as much a right to a profit as I have a right to a job.

Which is to say, none at all.

Sure, they have a right to pursue a profit. But they don't have a right - guaranteed by our government - to a profit.

Or am I wearing rose-colored glasses and missing something that happened since September 2008?
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
TheGreatRenewal
Naming the next paradigm
10:57 AM on 10/10/2011
'Fees of every description' is about private taxation. Our money is being sucked out of us to pay corporate shareholders instead of us being able to use our collective 'taxes' for our collective benefits ... like a road to our house, clean running water, sewage going out, police, fire, education.

And Adam Smith is wrong in some ways. When mergers/acquisitions and 'the Free Market' have permitted Big Business to remove 'competition' and Big Business colludes with others then we are forced to purchase or use their goods/services. Look at all the Malls. We no longer have 'choice'. We are all shopping at subsidiaries of Big Business.

Tax payers (through the Fed and Government) should NOT be bailing out the same organizations that have caused this crisis. The G20 is wrong. We need 'protectionism' and we need to take care of the citizens in our own countries, develop healthy international trade agreements and renew our dying environment.
10:30 AM on 10/10/2011
The poor pay more, the banks have seen to that..
10:00 AM on 10/10/2011
Just because one economist wrote a book about how capitalist economics should work, does not mean there are absolutely no alternatives. Sure a company can charge as much as they want and a consumer can choose where to spend money... but what happens when all the companys do the same thing? the consumer gets hosed.
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
gavrielle
Empty... Empty... Empty...
11:36 AM on 10/10/2011
Cash only. I've lived a cash only lifestyle sans banksters for more than 20 years. I have no debt, my bills are paid on time, and I don't spend on anything I don't need. Watching the money in your wallet dwindle as you spend it is a great reminder NOT to spend what you don't have. If you need to make a major purchase or set up a monthly payment scheme, you buy a debit card out of a currency exchange where you have a one time fee that isn't attached to your bank account. Mine gets emptied at the beginning of every pay cycle - except for the absolute minimum balance to keep it open.
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WOODSTOCKER60
EYESIGHT ISSUES.I TYPE IN CAPS....HAVE A NICE DAY!
09:55 AM on 10/10/2011
IF EVERY BOFA CUSTOMER WHO HAS A CHECKING AND OR SAVINGS ACCOUNT.PULLS THEIR BUCKS OUT......THEY WILL BE NAMING THIS BANK.."THE BANKRUPTED BANK OF AMERICA'.
CONSUMERS.USE YOUR POWER..'FIND ANOTHER BANK".......LET THEM CHARGE FEES TO.."NOBODY"
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
ssassy78
Laughter is the best medicine.
01:55 PM on 10/10/2011
Or at least allow the emperor to stand naked before us, holding their foreign investments that they protect through American assets and regulations. Once they have no vested American money left, we can send their company packing to China. Let's see how the Reds treat their profits and protect their assets...
dhodge
Atheist Libertarian, No god, No gov't.
09:32 AM on 10/10/2011
AMEN!!!......"In a democracy, capitalism has a few very simple rules, chief among them being that businesses can set prices and fees however they may like, and consumers can choose to go somewhere else if they don't like them. Isn't this what a free society and a competitive economy are all about?"... too bad the yuppie yankee libs on HP have never read Smith... in a free market, the people decide the winners and losers of business; you don't like the way they do business; go to their competitor... you don't like the way your employer treats you; Open up a competing business directly across the street from him and put him out of business... they're all too busy complaining and blaming someone else that they miss the REAL reason for the problem in that government has taken the free will out of the 'free market' equation by enacting laws that restrict the market; no longer allowing it to be 'free'... Free market and gov't CAN NOT co-exist; it is an oxymoron... that's all Libertarians are pointing out when yuppies accuse Ron Paul of wanting to 'destroy' the gov't...
itolduso
lateral thinker
10:45 AM on 10/10/2011
"Free Market"?!?......."Competitive Economy"?!?.........explain to me, please, which 'consumers' decided to make BoA and the other lucky few 'mega' banks "winners" by bailing them out when their criminal activities and outrageous incompetence made them all 'fail' at once? And what's so 'competitive' about only the Big Banks being allowed unrestricted 'free loans' from the Fed...which they then 'loan back' at exhorbitant rates? In a 'civil' society....markets are regulated to keep the charlatans and fraudsters out.....here, today, the markets are little more than a 'Flea Circus'....lots of tricks and gimmics to give an 'illusion' of being something that it's not.....real.
dhodge
Atheist Libertarian, No god, No gov't.
12:37 PM on 10/10/2011
that's because exactly as I said; when you inject government into the equation; they take the free will of the people out of the 'free' market; which is an oxymoron as the market is no longer free... there would've been no TARP without Uncle Sam... the reason the bailout happened is because we tried to make the oxymoron of a government sponsored free market work... the market ISN'T free; and Uncle Sam is the reason; so please don't advocate to me why if we had just grown gov't and given Uncle Sam MORE power, all of this could've been avoided and we'd all be safe; that is a farce that they want you to perpetuate
07:34 AM on 10/12/2011
It is as reasonable to represent one kind of imprisonment by another, as it is to represent anything that really exists by that which exists not.
-Daniel Defoe
09:18 AM on 10/10/2011
We have been trained to be consumers since birth - that training effort by Govt and Corp America has been successful. SO we are all consumerists - and we have the power to make or break any company, bank, political party , or celebrity - simply by buying or not buying or voting or not voting. I dropped my Bank of America credit cards some time ago due to their Corp Greed and excessive management bonuses. It was easy and I have saved money and heartburn using a "local"credit union. Take charge -in the time it takes to complain- you could move your money to a different bank and that will get the attention you are looking for.
09:08 AM on 10/10/2011
And there it is.

Corporations have the right to make profits but Americans don't have the the right to jobs, health care and fair access to credit. Everything for corporations and screw everyone else.