iPhone app iPad app Android phone app Android tablet app More

Featuring fresh takes and real-time analysis from HuffPost's signature lineup of contributors
GET UPDATES FROM Bari Zell Weinberger, Esq.
 

Who's Your Daddy? Paternity Testing and the Nature of Fatherhood

Posted: 04/20/2012 4:19 pm

You may have been in the delivery room to snip your baby's umbilical cord and the first to hold your new little bundle of joy. But before you don that "Proud Daddy" t-shirt you bought for the occasion of your child's birth, a proposed regulation in New Jersey wants to make you take a mandatory DNA test before you can legally call yourself DAD.

The measure, New Jersey A2609, calls on obstetricians or midwives -- or whoever delivers the baby -- to be responsible for conducting cheek swab DNA tests at the expense of patients or their insurers. Men "claiming" to be the father would be tested, babies would be tested and even moms. However, the creator of the regulation does admit that testing would "mostly... be geared towards the father because with the mother, of course, there is no doubt. Included in the bill is language that would allow a man who erroneously thought he was the dad to seek reimbursement or sue the "real father" for support and other expenses he incurred raising the child.

As someone who practices family law, I do see a faint glimmer here of how this could be viewed as a practical idea. Concerns over paternity, especially as they relate to clarifying who is responsible for paying child support, are issues I deal with every day. The writer of the bill views mandatory DNA testing as an "opportunity" to make sure every child born in New Jersey has the correct father on record. But is this the best way to go about defining who is -- or isn't -- a father? How will this affect families and what about the many other implications of mandatory DNA testing?

First, let's talk about women. Yes, we know that sometimes women have multiple partners, even when they are married. However, assuming that you can't trust any New Jersey mom to be honest about (or worse, to know!) who fathered her child seems like a giant step backwards, not to mention insulting. In my experience, paternity issues affect a minority of families, not the majority.

But what if a woman did cheat on her spouse around the time she became pregnant... and he doesn't know it? Is it now the state's responsibility to let men know their wives have been unfaithful? What about surrogate mothers or women who use donor eggs to become pregnant? Who is the "real" mother in these cases? And taking this bill to a potential extreme, what about women who become pregnant as the result of a sexual assault? If she chooses to have and raise the child as her own, she should not be reminded of the assault at the time of the birth, when it should arguably be one of the most joyous moments of her life. Does the government really intend to require that the rapist's name be identified as Dad on the birth certificate?

As for fathers, it's a psychological fact that men do bond with their children, sometimes even before they are born. And that bond doesn't require shared DNA. Even when they have suspicions that Mom isn't being absolutely honest, many men won't insist on a paternity test for one simple reason: because they want to be Dads. Blissful ignorance guarantees the ability to raise a child they may have loved from the very first ultrasound picture. And contrary to what the bill's sponsor may believe, men raising children fathered by someone else often do not feel any differently about the child once they learn that child isn't their genetic offspring. "It doesn't matter to me," one such father told his eight-year-old, after learning (in the course of a bitter custody battle) that he was not his son's biological father. "It's love, not blood, that makes people parents."

What about men who donated their sperm for this child to be born, but not much else? The bill takes the position that if your DNA is part of this child's genetic composition, you are a father, and thus financially responsible for that child. Where does this leave sperm donors?

The ramifications of this bill don't even stop there. If it's encoded into law that fatherhood equals shared DNA, where does that leave non-biologically based fathers -- and more importantly, where does it leave their children? What does this bill mean for adoptive fathers and gay fathers? This legislation flies in the face of adoptive parents and same-sex couples when one of the "parents" is clearly not biological. What about fathers (and mothers) who don't want testing done for any number of reasons, including religion or inability to make payment for the mandatory lab test?

It's hard to see who wins with this bill, except for perhaps the lab testing companies.

As for the non-biological father, he gets the dubious pleasure of knowing he's been cheated twice over -- cheated financially out of money he paid to raise a child for whom he's not responsible, and cheated emotionally of his status as a loving father. As for the child, I can't imagine that it's anything but painful to learn that "Dad" isn't your father -- especially once you're old enough to realize that Mom may have been hiding his "real" identity. And Mom herself? She gets to have her character called into question because she either didn't know or didn't say who her baby-daddy was. Basically, this law would be a lose-lose-lose-lose proposition for everyone involved.

This law brings into question several interesting problems to consider. Is fatherhood really established at the moment of conception? Or is it a bigger and more complex role than DNA can determine? And are decisions about who gets to be part of a family -- and who doesn't -- really the province of our political and legal system to determine?

 
FOLLOW PARENTS
You may have been in the delivery room to snip your baby's umbilical cord and the first to hold your new little bundle of joy. But before you don that "Proud Daddy" t-shirt you bought for the occasion...
You may have been in the delivery room to snip your baby's umbilical cord and the first to hold your new little bundle of joy. But before you don that "Proud Daddy" t-shirt you bought for the occasion...
 
 
  • Comments
  • 54
  • Pending Comments
  • 0
  • View FAQ
Comments are closed for this entry
View All
Favorites
Recency  | 
Popularity
Page: 1 2  Next ›  Last »  (2 total)
photo
Mr Bobo
Punk Rock Libertarian. Different. Better.
01:42 PM on 06/13/2012
I'm just now reading this article a couple of months after it was published, but it seems the argument favors women. There are situations where men do deserve to be released from child support obligations once fraud has been discovered. Not only should they be released, but they should be compensated either by the biological father or the mother who knowingly committed the fraud. Such fraud should be prosecuted equally to any other fraud where money is stolen. That's just logic.
11:53 AM on 05/18/2012
This article seems to argue in favor of women who would shop for the best genetics to conceive a child child and man with the best economic or social skills to serve as parent - truth be damned. The attorney doesn't deal with the practical concerns where by women - and prospectively economically disadvantaged men with whom they conspire - commit fraud, but rather appeals to emotions. Men are such dupes they don't care that they've been defrauded? Children don't need to know who are their real parents?

Mandatory DNA tests for all parents are likely unconstitutional searches. Mandatory tests at the behest of one parent who has suspicions are a more practical approach.
12:19 PM on 04/29/2012
There are to many men out there paying too much support for children that are not theirs. Figures a lawyer would be against common sense, a female lawyer at that!!
10:03 AM on 04/29/2012
Ok, then there's no reason why mothers should get their biological babies either. Let's shuffle babies like a deck of cards, and send them home with random mothers at the hospital.

Cool?
08:17 AM on 04/29/2012
What idiotic twaddle.

"As for the non-biological father, he gets the dubious pleasure of knowing he's been cheated twice over -- cheated financially out of money he paid to raise a child for whom he's not responsible, and cheated emotionally of his status as a loving father."

Because being an ignorant cuckold is so much better.

"As for the child, I can't imagine that it's anything but painful to learn that "Dad" isn't your father -- especially once you're old enough to realize that Mom may have been hiding his "real" identity."

The point of paternity testing at birth is to avoid such a situation in the first place.

"And Mom herself? She gets to have her character called into question because she either didn't know or didn't say who her baby-daddy was."

A woman who didn't know or didn't say who the father was but let her husband assume he was richly deserves to have her character called into question.
01:10 AM on 04/28/2012
I'm shocked that nobody is concerned about the fact that people with offspring should be taking care of them. We need to hold people accountable for their own reproductive actions and if the cannot or will not support their children they go through a normal court approved transfer of custody like adoption or foster care, guardianship custodian, something on the record. What ya'll are suggesting is that the title of father can simply be usurped without any consideration for the parent who its being taken away from or the minor who will loose contact with half of everyone they are related to.. All for what? To protect the mother from having to admit she cheated? How dare she put her desire to lie and cover her tracks in front of the minor's need for accurate records and right to a relationship with the father who created them
01:04 AM on 04/28/2012
Bari, I have a question for you since family law is your profession; it has been my understanding that we have court approved procedures for granting people parental-like rights over minors who are not their own offspring and that those procedures protect the minor from being an object to be traded or bartered with and it protects parents from being pressured or cooerced or from loosing their offspring before they even know they have any offspring to loose. Those procedures protect would be caregivers of other people's children by making sure that they are really consenting to take the physical and financial burden of raising a child they did not create it makes sure they were not pressured and it makes sure that the people did actually purchase the child away from the relinquishing parents.
The offspring of an unmarried mother or father stands the best chance of having a birth record that is an actual medical record because the federal government requires that the State's go look for a child's biological parents and test as many guys as it takes to find the child's father or mother - if the suspect refuses to take a test the State is actually required to make one of their relatives submit to a test in order to get the truth down once and for all. So the idea that we trust people is hooey. Make the law uniform the same across the board.
01:56 PM on 05/09/2012
In New Jersey where I practice, the state has very strict rules outlining how guardianship over a child is established. In the case of permanent placement of a child in the care of another adult, the first step is to file a Termination of Parental Rights Complaint -- this is typically done by DFYS as as the end result of an abuse or neglect case (and the child has already been in temporary placement for 15 of the last 22 months). From here, there is intense oversight of the process to establish guardianship (whether it's a relative or foster parent). Adoption is another option once parental rights have been terminated. As for child support, terminating parental rights in New Jersey does not automatically relieve the parent of child support obligations. If rights are terminated, child support payments can stop when and if a child is legally adopted.
04:02 PM on 05/09/2012
Thanks for replying.
I guess what I'm looking for you to address is why do you think its OK to gain parental rights over someone else's offspring without first going through court approved procedures that protect the child the relinquishing parent and the person who will be given the responsibility of raising another person's offspring to adulthood? Why would it be a bad thing to make sure more people get their parental rights over other people's offspring in an above board, on-the-record, court approved way that does not compromise medical records or cost a person his true identity as the offspring of the parents that created them?
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
danaseilhan
10:48 AM on 04/25/2012
Hey, guess what? This isn't about how adults want to define family. Children have a right to know where they come from, even if the news isn't always good. You're not buying a dog, you're starting the life of a brand-new human being--and that human being won't be an infant forever. How would you like it if people lied to you about who your genetic relatives are? Maybe you've convinced yourself YOU wouldn't care. But you have NO right to make that choice for someone else. Even if that someone else came out of your body.

I don't even care that this advances men's rights at all. (Though it's pretty damned gauche to make a man support a baby he didn't start, if he wouldn't be willing to do so. Again, you have no right to make that decision for him. He's an adult, and can make the decision himself.) I care about what this is doing to the kids. Save your social experimentation for adults who can consent to it.
10:32 AM on 04/25/2012
Not just the lab company benefits from legislation of this type, but also the child! Every American should be ensured by law a FACTUAL original birth certificate which states the actual DNA/FATHER/MOTHER who contributed to their DNA. Adoption and surrogacy has not caught up with ethics and until they do, they should be illegal. Let's, for a chance, actually look at the rights of the children being created by adoption, surrogacy, reproductive medicine, and ENSURE by law they have access to their TRUE parentage, whether or not they are raised by them. It is a basic civil right being violated every day. www.PeachNeitherHereNorThere.blogspot.com
04:48 AM on 04/25/2012
Why am I not surprised to see a woman legal eagle using misandry and hypocrisy as the meat of her article? You talk of the insult to women that some can't be trusted, yet you happily turn a blind eye to legal practices that assume men abusers and women as victims while female abusers systematically get lenient treatment. As you worded it, it's the minority of men - not the majority.
What you may not realise is that of those who investigate, 1 in 3 men find themselves the victim of paternity fraud. On random samples taken it's 14% of men bringing up a child they haven't sired. Yet your only 'glimmer of hope' is to see other men paying for a woman's lies. How nice.
You seem upset that a father should know his wife (or soon to be ex) has been sleeping around, implying it is wrong he knows... Why? It's wrong that it's happened, which is HER fault, not his. She lied, she should pay. He has every right to know what animal he has been deceived by. Sleeping with someone else is one thing, but deceiving someone into investing a life-time of love and commitment - that is something quite, quite different.
07:22 AM on 04/25/2012
I need to expand on the 14% claim I made above, having been corrected by another person elsewhere:-
"I have to correct you on this. During a genetic study with volunteer adult subjects and the two people they named as genetic parents, it was discovered that 1 in 7 (14%) were not related to the man they named. The study was on a genetic illness, not directly connected with paternity. Volunteers all knew that all information was confidential but there was also no coercion or incentive to take part, so women could easily stop the process of genetic examination by declining to take part, as could fathers who knew themselves not to be the genetic father even if the child was unaware.

It is possible that some of the men did know they were not the father but still took part. It is possible that some of the women knew the father was not the genetic father but still took part. More likely, men who knowingly had deceived a child would refuse and women who knew they had cuckolded a man would refuse. Subjects who had learnt that either parent was not their genetic parent would have no reason to lie or progress with the testing.

Therefore, if the sample were truly random, it is entirely reasonable to expect the figure to be much higher than 14%."
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
danaseilhan
10:50 AM on 04/25/2012
I mostly agree with you, but you calling a woman an animal hardly helps your case. Fortunately, I don't judge the merits of human rights by the type of people arguing for it. (In other words I look askance at the tendency of some to dismiss a rights movement just because they don't like the people representing it.) You can't fight hatred with hatred.
08:01 AM on 04/26/2012
Someone who plays those kinds of games (paternity fraud) isn't human in my books. I also refer to my former mother-outlaw as an animal due to her endless pot-stirring, beating of the children and attempts to trick the medical profession into giving my (former) step-son the wrong medication. She wasn't human from what I could tell. It takes a special kind of animal mentality to behave that way.
10:26 PM on 04/24/2012
Nice attempt at some emotional slight of hand by the author. fact of the matter is, a woman's feelings on this matter are aboutas relevant as a man's are when it comes to abortion. If a man, for whatever reason, doesn't want the paternity test done then yes he should be able to decline it.

But this whole "it's insulting to women!" Bit? Tough. If you aren't cheating, then you have nothing to worry about. But I feel that men have a right to know (if it matters to them, that is) that the kids they're raising are really theirs. If nothing else, do it for proper medical histories
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
danaseilhan
10:51 AM on 04/25/2012
This. I'm a feminist and I absolutely agree.
02:59 AM on 04/26/2012
The reason to make the test mandatory is to get around the issue of emotional blackmail (that already exists) not to have the test done. With mandatory tests the woman can't sulkily say "if you don't trust me, it shows you don't love me," or the more direct "if you have the test done, I'll leave you" (perhaps knowing that if the test were done, the split would happen anyway). The only way to protect men is to make the test mandatory.

What a man DOES with the information is up to him. He doesn't have to split the relationship and he can seek to adopt or less formally accept parenthood. But at least he will do so with eyes open and with the best chance to medically care for the child.

Personally, I think that the best gift a loyal mother can offer the father is a paternity test. SHE knows who the mother is (except in about 1 in 2000 cases, according to genetic tracing) but he has no such surety. Of course, he can be a Dad even if the child is not his but it would make a wonderful present to show him love and loyalty by presenting him with his 'certificate of fatherhood'.
10:02 PM on 04/24/2012
Reply to Ms Weinberger - Part Three

But that will never happen, not if feminists and family law attorneys like the author have their way. Better to keep the staus quo where there is no consequence to the woman. Why is this such an issue with feminists and female family court attorneys? Because it gives a man a choice. Men don’t have many choices when it comes to children, often the only choice is whether he pays directly to the mother or to a state run child support agency. If a woman wants to abort a child, the putative father has no choice in the matter. If a woman wants to carry a child to term and offer the child for adoption, only a few states have Putative Father Registries and allow the putative father to petition for custody only after proving they gave support to the biological mom during and after the pregnancy. Of course how does a man know he should register and provide support if the woman doesn’t tell him she is pregnant? I’m waiting to see what happens when a bio dad contests an adoption, wins custody and then files a court case to get child support. And lastly, if a woman decides to keep her child, we all know what happens then.
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
danaseilhan
10:51 AM on 04/25/2012
I'm a feminist and I agree men have the right to know whether a child is theirs. I consider myself mostly *radical*, in fact. Don't paint us all with the same brush.
02:12 PM on 05/09/2012
The questioning dialogue that I am seeing in the comments is exactly what needs to take place in society at large (and in the case of this bill, in New Jersey), before a proposed law such as this one could ever be voted on. Whether or not you agree with the questions asked in this piece, let's keep asking questions about parental rights vs. obligations as a way to finally arrive at the best solution.
10:00 PM on 04/24/2012
Reply to Ms Weinberger - Part Two

Mandatory at birth testing would also do away with daddy shopping and guys being judged in default because the court summons was sent to the address that , yep, the mother gave to the court.

The cases where the man has raised the child as his own for years and then discovered the wife’s deception are the worst. Destroys the lives of both the man and the child(ren), but doesn’t do anything at all to the deceptive women. Why is that? The man could still have a relationship with the child and be divorced from the mother with no financial penalty. The mother and biological dad could support the child financially, the duped dad supports the child emotionally if he wishes to, and after the child(ren) is grown and financially independent, the fraudulent mother could then begin to pay back the duped dad financially for the child support that he paid. The child is not penalized by being deprived from while he/she is a minor in need of support, and the criminal mother could make arrears to the duped dad. Still doesn’t make up for the deception and emotional toll on the duped dad but it does give a modicum of justice.
07:47 PM on 04/24/2012
The reason for the state of the law is simple and has nothing to do with justice or fairness. The state doesn't want to be on the hook for welfare money. So they look for somebody else they can make pay. Really, that is the real reason for alimony rules as well.

When my first wife divorced me my attorney told me, the rules have nothing to do with fairness or justice. So plan and act accordingly.

My second wife was shocked by divorce law in the US. She is from Ukraine and noted that the Soviets were much more just - both with respect to divorce and responsibility for children.
07:35 AM on 04/24/2012
My brother in law was left with 4 kids under the age of 6 when his wife left him and ran off to Vegas. He raised the kids on his own. The youngest child does not look like him or like any of the others. He knows his wife was likely unfaithful during that time. There is a very strong chance that this youngest kid isn't his.

A lot of people have asked him about this and he has said adamantly many times that he would NEVER have a DNA test because he loves her so much and it would break her heart if she found out she wasn't his. I'm not sure if I agree with him or not, because for her own wellbeing it may someday be important for her to know her genetic heritage, but I certainly admire him for exemplifying what a father's love really is. For too many on this board, fatherhood seems to be about two things - owning the child and/or not having to pay to support it. Actually LOVING the child and doing the hard work raising him/her is one thing I hardly ever hear a man on HP discuss.
08:53 AM on 04/25/2012
If a man chooses to raise a child that is not his, that is up to him. If a man chooses not to tell the child that they are not related, that's his right too (or should be), just as it is the mother's right.

There is indeed a difference between a Dad and a father. As an adoptive parent myself, I know that genetics aren't everything, as do my children. However, there is a world of difference between open and honest raising of a child and deceptive and underhand treatment of men to the probable long-term detriment of both Dad and child. If a man knows he is not the father and still chooses to be the Dad, that is a choice he can make but he can't make that choice when he doesn't know the truth.

Many women who have cuckolded and lied to a partner will later split up from them. They are almost certain to retain custody of the children and then demand finance from the cuckold even while denying him access to the children. It is entirely reasonable to view child-raising from the financial viewpoint and in doing so, nothing is taken from the love between children and the man they view as Dad.
09:29 AM on 04/25/2012
My brother in law didn't decide to raise a child that wasn't his. He doesn't want to know. He doesn't care. He loves her.

If a man has been raising a child as his own and then there is a divorce, are you saying he should have the right to disown that kid financially after being financially responsible for him/her during the marriage? Wow. I guess there's a rationale to that, but it sounds like the same MRA thinking that fathers are more important than children. I'm guessing you think it doesn't matter so long as there's a way to blame the woman involved. But allocating blame won't mitigate the trauma to the child. People who love children would understand this without having to be told.
03:11 AM on 04/27/2012
The CHILD has every right to know who their biological parents are, if for no other reason than health concerns. Furthermore, your brother in law effectively kidnapped another man's child. Think about it.
06:26 AM on 04/27/2012
No he didn't. He was married to the mother and had no knowledge (still doesn't) whether the girl is his or not. This really gets insane, doesn't he? His wife was a mentally ill drug addict who dumped her kids. ARe you saying he should have launched a search of all the strip clubs and drug dealers alleys to find the fine fellow who may have his daughters DNA and given her to HIM? I'm sure it's more important that some lowlife gets to "own" this innocent girl than it is for the girl to have a health self esteem and feel loved within her family. After all - no matter who he is, there's NOTHING more important than a fathers rights! Correct?