Quick: What do rocker Melissa Etheridge, self-help guru M. Scott Peck and troubled insurance giant AIG have in common?
Answer: A common misreading of one of America's most famous poems.
All have made use of a line from Robert Frost's 1916 poem, "The Road Not Taken," to label their work, or their image, or both. The poem, in which the narrator stands in a "yellow wood" and ponders which of two paths to take, ends, "I took the one less traveled by, / And that has made all the difference." It's popularly read as a paean to American rugged individualism.
Peck, who died in 2005, likely promoted the misreading. Considered a founding father of the self-help genre, his 1978 book, The Road Less Traveled, spent 694 weeks on the New York Times bestseller list.
Etheridge referenced the poem in 2005, after she beat back breast cancer and released the compilation album, Greatest Hits: The Road Less Traveled.
Start looking for the New England poet's famous road and you'll see it everywhere. A few years ago in San Francisco, healthcare giant Kaiser Permanente covered public transit stations with posters showing two trails in a forest. Viewers were urged to take the "road less traveled" toward better health.
As for American International Group, as it was being rocked by an Enron-like accounting scandal almost four years ago, it placed in the New Yorker magazine a colorful eight-page insert of poems titled "Well-Versed: Poems for the Road Ahead," led by Frost's verse.
Apparently the firm, which on March 2 announced 2008 fourth-quarter losses of $61.7 billion, thought Frost could help us choose the correct path to financial security.
As it turns out, of course, AIG and many other financial giants were only on the road to ruin. The federal government, which threw AIG a $150-billion lifeline last fall, recently agreed to send $30 billion more. Now AIG says that millions of that cash will go to pay executive bonuses. With the country facing, according to our president, a "day of reckoning" after years of false dreams and funny money, perhaps it's time for a closer reading of Frost's poem about choices.
For decades, literary critics have pointed to a contradiction at the heart of "Road" that, once you see it, sticks out like a sore thumb: The two roads in the yellow wood aren't so different after all.
At the poem's start, the narrator hits the fork in the road, examines both paths and laments he cannot "travel both / And be one traveler." He decides to take the one with "perhaps the better claim / Because it was grassy and wanted wear."
This observation, however, is immediately taken back: "Though as for that, the passing there / Had worn them really about the same."
The next line too stresses the similarity of the two paths: "And both that morning equally lay / In leaves no step had trodden black."
Only in the fourth and final stanza does the narrator, imagining a time in the future, transform the path he chooses into "the one less traveled":
I shall be telling this with a sigh
Somewhere ages and ages hence:
Two roads diverged in a wood, and I --
I took the one less traveled by,
And that has made all the difference.
In the most cynical of critics' readings, that sigh is the sentimental one of an old man looking back and fictionalizing a mundane moment (or an inscrutable choice) in an act of self-aggrandizement.
Frost himself sometimes warned audiences that the poem was tricky,according to critic William H. Pritchard in Frost: A Literary Life Reconsidered. The poem, Pritchard writes, "sounds noble and is really mischievous."
Of course, like all good poems, "Road" has many layers and meanings. But the popular reading of it as a tribute to nonconformity -- AIG reprinted "Road" opposite an illustration of a lone, blue figure moving upstream against a crowd of black silhouettes -- crumbles under scrutiny.
"Readers imagine Frost is saying, 'Be your own man, do your own thing, march to the beat of a different drummer,' " said Jay Parini, a poet, novelist and Frost biographer who teaches at Middlebury College. "That's nonsense. The truth is, the way parts before us, and we just don't know which is the right fork."
Yet a solely ironic reading of "Road" falls flat too. The poem's resonance and endurance, in both high school English classes and advertising copy, are surely because of its evocation of real, deeply felt sentiments. Closely allied to indomitable American individualism, for one, is American optimism. Self-made men and women can and do shape their successful futures, we believe.
We're less comfortable, though, asking for help.
Last fall, perhaps Americans did stand in a yellow wood, facing two choices: a Republican cast as a maverick and a Democratic newcomer who cried for change. Now, as these winter months turn to spring, we hope those paths were truly distinct. And we wait to see if President Obama's leadership -- combined with an American coming-together, not a standing-alone -- might make all the difference.
Brian Shott, a freelance writer in Oakland, has written for the San Francisco Chronicle and New America Media. This article originally appeared in the Los Angeles Times.
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