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How Moses Created Thanksgiving: The Biblical Roots of America's Holiday

Posted: 11/23/10 10:08 PM ET

Hollywood is rediscovering the Bible.

Two rival films about Moses, both by established producers, are vying to become the next chapter of the century-long love affair between the merchants of sin in Tinsletown and the prophet of hope in Israel. But no matter how far the filmmakers stretch their story, there are unlikely to reach the least known but perhaps most influential impact of Moses today: He is the Patron Saint of Thanksgiving.

The real story of Thanksgiving has surprising biblical roots. A few years ago, I set out on a 10,000-mile journey through the hidden symbols of American life that became the basis for my book, America's Prophet: How the Story of Moses Shaped America. My journey began on a visit to Plymouth, Mass., where I boarded a replica of The Mayflower. A re-enactor was reading from the Bible. "Exodus 14," he explained. "The Israelites are trapped in front of the Red Sea, and the Egyptians are about to catch them. 'Hold your peace!' Moses says. The Lord shall fight for you.' Our leader read us that passage during our crossing."

I hadn't ever associated the biblical prophet with this most American holidays, but his fingerprints are all over our turkeys. How did this happen? How did a 3,000-year-old story become the inspiration for a contemporary American national holiday?

The answer begins with the Protestant Reformation. All through the Middle Ages, Catholics were not allowed to read the Bible directly, but the Reformation, coupled with the printing press, brought vernacular Bibles into the hands of everyday believers. Many of those believers were Protestants who felt oppressed by the Church. They related to the story of the Israelites, the descendants of Abraham who were enslaved in Egypt around 1200 B.C., were set free by Moses, then set out for the Promised Land.

The Pilgrims, a band of Protestant outcasts, saw themselves as fulfilling this biblical story. In coming to the New World, they, too, had to cross a tumultuous sea, arrive in an untested wilderness and create a new "Promised Land." As a result, when they set sail on The Mayflower in 1620, they described themselves as the chosen people fleeing their pharaoh, King James. On the Atlantic, their leader, William Bradford, proclaimed their journey to be as vital as "Moses and the Israelites when they went out of Egypt." And when they got to Cape Cod, they thanked God for letting them pass through their fiery Red Sea.

The pilgrims were so enamored of Moses, the Bibles they brought with them were emblazoned with pictures of Moses on the title page, and they named their children biblical virtues like Fear, Patience and Wrestling, as in "Wrestling with God," the English translation of Israel.

As Peter Gomes, the preacher of Harvard told me, "They weren't trying to recreate the biblical narrative. They were trying to fulfill it." Because of them, the story of Moses became the story of America.

And because of the biblical roots of this most secular of American holidays, if your gathering threatens to descend into a familiar fracas among different faiths, factions and political persuasions, Moses, precisely because he has been used by believers and non-believers alike, Republicans and Democrats, Jews, Catholics and Protestants, may be the one figure who can unite the family and allow them all to enjoy their pumpkin pie.

This entry is part of a series, "This Month in Moses," chronicling the 400-year relationship between the United States and "America's Prophet." For more information, and to read the entire series, visit Bruce Feiler's website, or follow him on Twitter.

 
 
 

Follow Bruce Feiler on Twitter: www.twitter.com/brucefeiler

Hollywood is rediscovering the Bible. Two rival films about Moses, both by established producers, are vying to become the next chapter of the century-long love affair between the merchants of sin i...
Hollywood is rediscovering the Bible. Two rival films about Moses, both by established producers, are vying to become the next chapter of the century-long love affair between the merchants of sin i...
 
 
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12:12 PM on 11/28/2010
Let's see, first Moses parted the Atlantic ocean and everyone just walked over for 40 days and 40 nights with no food and enough oil for 8 days, or something like that.
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10:10 AM on 11/28/2010
Our national origin myth ensures we continue to believe the "Pilgrims" were larger than life characters of biblical proportions; a pious, moral band of founding fathers representing the archetype of American Exceptionalism. Despite the fact that the continent was "settled" quite well by it's millions of natives, the Dutch (1614) British (Jamestown 1607) Spaniards (1500's). The "Pilgrims" represented 1/3 of the people aboard the Mayflower. Had they landed a few years earlier, they would have encountered a robust native community in Plymouth that was eventually decimated by the plague brought by earlier European visits. This civic ritual we engage in each year is a kernel of truth wrapped in a mound of fiction.
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12:25 PM on 11/28/2010
Would you like an America that was based on the model of the Atheist Soviet Union? Or the would you prefer the centralized highly and controlled China model? The Puritans and the Pilgrims were not perfect, but they, along with the other founding fathers (Thomas Jefferson, George Washington, B. Franklin, etc, etc,) laid the foundation a of a new form of government that you we now have in the USA.. You don't get to perfection in a day no matter what your faith is, it took some time,but we did it! They did accomplish something that was never done in world history, in creating a new form of government with no Pope, no King, and church and state separated, along with generous freedoms and rights given to the citizens. My question is: Where in the world do you find a better form of government in the ancient history, or modern history?
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06:30 PM on 11/28/2010
I would like my America based upon reality; I'm fine with its imperfections. It is the truth that should be held sacred. I'm not interested in a history based upon some fictitious morality play. If we had followed the Puritan "model", would we be burning heretics? Don't be jumping to Jefferson; the "pilgrims" were not contemporaries of Jefferson.
06:34 PM on 11/27/2010
if man hadn't created god then he would have created something akin to that idea, Man needed an idea, being something to explain things not yet in his social or science vocabulary or knowledge, as new ideas explain things the ideas we attribute to god dissappear and bogus new ones take their places. Religion is an ism for the collection of power under a unifiying hierachy of leaders to control the thoughts of man in order to enrich the collective power structure albeit priests, ministers, etc. Just look at the Roman catholic church as a proven example. Man can thank any one or thing he wants but to attribute luck, and pluck to a god who gave us what we worked hard for and were lucky, is absurd. Thanksgiving did little for the native americans and so we should honor this day as the day the death of the native americans began not our survival.
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09:44 PM on 11/27/2010
"Thanksgiving did little for the native americans and so we should honor this day as the day the death of the native americans began not our survival. "
Thank You
It’s always worth point out that the village the pilgrims settled in was once a Native village, whose inhabitants were just killed by small pox.
I think Columbus day is the day that honors when the death of the Natives began, and Thanksgiving the day that honors when Americans forgot about the Native genocides.
BOTH fail to honor america
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crydespite
oh go on then
07:51 AM on 11/27/2010
Even if it were true (and given the mud through which Abrahamic religion has been dragged by its various loon supporters I seriously doubt it), So What? What is the author's point in writing the article?
11:22 AM on 11/27/2010
ask him - I think it is a form of israeli pr
12:47 PM on 11/26/2010
Btw Bruce

I suggest you contact Robert Jensen…very bold and blunt about the accounts and history of your "poor Pilgrims".

And as I feminist I mos def. do not agree with your view about Thanksgiving, and I do hope you keep holy and good people like Moses out of the picture…enough damage has already been done to Jesus…Thank You

Btw read up on MS blog and this...

http://msmagazine.com/blog/blog/2010/11/25/no-thanks-no-giving-part-2/
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09:37 PM on 11/26/2010
How is it that people all over the world long to immigrate to the USA? The USA was founded on Protestant Christian principles, no Pope, no King, and separation of church and state. It was a new form of government not seen in human history before. Look at the unparralled freedoms we have in the USA. The Natives American receive more government benefits than any class of people in this country now. Many are becoming wealthy doing the casino business (I don't personally think that is a good thing). Even the Indian is living well. In China or Indian, dominated by Pagan religions the minority ethnic groups are persecuted and or largely excluded from the society.
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10:10 PM on 11/26/2010
"The Natives American receive more government benefits than any class of people in this country now"
that is a naive and misleading statement.
Just because you have unfounded nationalistic beliefs doesn’t make the reality any different.
Americas "Protestant Christian principles" did nothing to prevent the genocide of the Native Americans. there is so little left we could take from natives without looking like the monster we have been up to this point, that your stance is insulting. The only reason people look at casinos and say, "Many are becoming wealthy" is because it justifies their racist argument. It is racist and no different than thinking because there is a black president that blacks in America don’t suffer from the same racist injustice they suffered under slavery. The conditions are different, I agree, but the racism remains. You seem to think that pagans condone genocides faster than Christians, I don’t know of a single example to support that, but I know of many to support that Christians have entertained multiple genocides for centuries. From nazi germany, south africa, the congo, ALL OVER South and North America, and countless other examples that show "Protestant Christian principles" at work. The worst part is that they are completely shameless and justify their murdering, or contest it, at every chance.
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Ioan Lightoller
Proud Married Gay Pagan Man
01:37 PM on 11/27/2010
The Pilgrims wouldn't have made it through the first winter had it not been for help from the Native Americans. So what did the Pilgrims do? Stab them in the back. Not a good advertisement for Christianity.
12:34 PM on 11/26/2010
continue...

Thanksgiving should be a day where YOU Americans should reach out to the Native Americans, and GIVE BACK to them, celebrate with them, and give them a day to remember their HISTORY, and the land of their Ancestors…I believe they embody the struggle of all struggles, and to know that they have survived is a miracle of all.

I have always said that if Jesus does return one day will be the Moses for the Native Americans…don’t be fooled or let yourself to be fooled…open you eyes and see the world not through the lens of the Bible…but the struggle of others…because from they way I see it, certain powerful Christians throughout history have caused the world a great distress colonizing, enslaving, and massacring all in the name if Jesus…not cool

Humans may forget and move on, but God never does...
12:54 PM on 11/26/2010
So I get censored for being BLUNT...smh

Anyways Bruce I suggest you contact Robert Jensen…very bold and blunt about the accounts and history of your "poor Pilgrims".

And as I feminist I mos def. do not agree with your view about Thanksgiving or your beliefs, and I do hope you keep holy and good people like Moses out of the picture…enough damage has already been done to Jesus…Thank You

Btw read up on MS blog and this...

http://msmagazine.com/blog/blog/2010/11/25/no-thanks-no-giving-part-2/
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01:57 PM on 11/26/2010
@MALas: Who in human history has done more to uplift human beings from the stone age? Jesus and Christianity. Albeit the followers of Jesus have had their flaws and made mistakes, overall when one looks at the countries of the world who have Christianity as their dominate religion the country is more prosperous, free, and charitable. Look at the Nations of Asia, and how cruel and oppresive their governments are, and how their policies have devastated large regions of their ecosystems for short term political and financial gain.
04:29 PM on 11/26/2010
Annihilating, and enslaving humankind under the name of Jesus is not just a few flaws…I am sorry to say your Christianity isn't as holy or as good as you want it to be or sound. The world today is caged, where we have record numbers of poverty, illiteracy, and limited resources. Forget humans, now we are taking chunks of the world that is supposed to sustain us...

The West may be enjoying the much needed freedom Europeans* have always longed for…son the natives of North America, Africa, Australia, and the M/E have been living in their own lands, happily until your ancestors showed up on their land, stuffed the bible down their throats, shipped them to foreign lands, enslaved as many and massacred the rest. The Jews and Muslims were even cool until the Crusades showed up, took a blood bath in the Holy city and its unfortunate that you continue to overlook all of that and still believe you are right and the rest is wrong…
04:30 PM on 11/26/2010
contin...

Worse is the West today continues though claiming secularism, meddle with the affairs of foreign countries, throw cluster bombs on top innocent children, support corrupted regimes financially behind the scenes… The West CLAIMS democracy while consuming most of the worlds energy (Americans are only 5% of the world pop, and consumers 24% of world energy). Stealing resources from poor nations, destroying their local markets, representing organizations (WTO) that contribute to poverty and limited freedom of these poor people.

Where is the democracy for the world...If you think the world is crazy for a reason, look no further than your own backyard…I am grateful for the freedom I enjoy here, but just like Jesus, I do not care about myself, and want to see justice and freedom for all. You have the audacity to talk about the cruelty of others w/o looking at your own self…son in order for all of us to enjoy what you have…all we are asking is give us our space, we don’t want no foreign help, no money, no food, no anything, just let us enjoy our lands, our resources, and our way of life w/o having the West tell us what we should do and should not...
10:58 AM on 11/26/2010
The writer states: "The answer begins with the Protestant Reformation. All through the Middle Ages, Catholics were not allowed to read the Bible directly, but the Reformation, coupled with the printing press, brought vernacular Bibles into the hands of everyday believers." This is nonsense for two reasons. Vernacular Bibles were printed long before Luther in German[ Augsburger Bible in 1350, Wenzel's Bible in 1389, and Mentel who translated it prior to Luther's birth], English[1396] and French [1530]. And these were not the only ones.

Catholics were forbidden to read these bibles directly only because of the numerous errors that were made in the translations and not, as is often charged, to keep control over what the people believed.

The vaunted first translation of the King James bible, for example, contained numerous errors that needed to be corrected in subsequent editions.

I do not understand how one can publish an article like this one without doing any research.
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11:52 AM on 11/26/2010
Say what? It has long been known that Catholics are taught to look to "the church" and its representatives (Priests, Jesuits, Bishops,the Virgin Mary, and the Pope) for God's will. While the historic position of Protestants was that the Holy Spirit can directly enlighten any human beings mind as to God's will, by simply and prayerfully studying God's Word in the Bible. The Papacy is all about the exaltation of the authority of the Church of Rome over even God himself. Case in point, the boastful title that the Pope claims "Pontifex Maximus" a title taken directly from the Pagan Roman Emperors.
04:35 PM on 11/26/2010
Annihilating, and enslaving humankind under the name of Jesus is not just a few flaws…I am sorry to say your Christianity isn't as holy or as good as you want it to be or sound. The world today is caged, where we have record numbers of poverty, illiteracy, and limited resources. Forget humans, now we are taking chunks of the world that is supposed to sustain us...

The West may be enjoying the much needed freedom Europeans* have always longed for…son the natives of North America, Africa, Australia, and the M/E have been living in their own lands, happily until your ancestors showed up on their land, stuffed the bible down their throats, shipped them to foreign lands, enslaved as many and massacred the rest. The Jews and Muslims were even cool until the Crusades showed up, took a blood bath in the Holy city and its unfortunate that you continue to overlook all of that and still believe you are right and the rest is wrong…
04:36 PM on 11/26/2010
Worse is the West today continues though claiming secularism, meddle with the affairs of foreign countries, throw cluster bombs on top innocent children, support corrupted regimes financially behind the scenes… The West CLAIMS democracy while consuming most of the worlds energy (Americans are only 5% of the world pop, and consumers 24% of world energy). Stealing resources from poor nations, destroying their local markets, representing organizations (WTO) that contribute to poverty and limited freedom of these poor people.

Where is the democracy for the world...If you think the world is crazy for a reason, look no further than your own backyard…I am grateful for the freedom I enjoy here, but just like Jesus, I do not care about myself, and want to see justice and freedom for all. You have the audacity to talk about the cruelty of others w/o looking at your own self…son in order for all of us to enjoy what you have…all we are asking is give us our space, we don’t want no foreign help, no money, no food, no anything, just let us enjoy our lands, our resources, and our way of life w/o having the West tell us what we should do and should not...
11:23 AM on 11/27/2010
ditto
10:23 AM on 11/26/2010
You could even say thanksgiving is Eucharistic, Father Abraham Lincoln would agree. According to Sigmund Freud, Moses was put to death by the people he led, for putting them on strict monotheism, when they wanted to keep their many gods. He interprets the story of the Golden Calf as the revolution against monotheism and the killing of Moses, explaining why Moses never reaches the promised land, perhaps a future Slate headline. Future generations which compose the Torah literally paper the story over, addording to Freud in his series of monograms on the subject, and he goes on to say that Saul of Tarsus understands this and seizes upon the death of Jesus which was undeniable (unlike the death of Moses) to extend the kingdom of God, via the house of Israel. Shocking, isn't it?
03:51 AM on 11/26/2010
It's a wonderful piece. That Moshe Rabbeinu or Moses (He didn't look like Charlton Heston, nor was English yet a language) can unite the peoples has been something we have known for about 3700 years. However, the first persons to actually offer prayer in Thanksgiving was Kayin and Hevel - Cain and Abel with their sacrifices (one successful and one not).

The first to offer verbal thanksgiving was Abraham. And the Jewish People are commanded to offer thanksgiving before and after eating and/or drinking any foods, every day.

http://www.tefillos.com/birkas_hamazon.asp - Notice how long the after prayer is if one has eaten bread.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkat_Hamazon
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gal416
is a Bible verse † † †
12:18 AM on 11/26/2010
I think any reason that you can use to get a family to sit at the same table for longer than five minutes, enjoy a meal, and act civil to one another is a good thing. I'll say thanks for that.
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Bloodhound41
09:52 PM on 11/25/2010
What I would like to know is; why did these pilgrims go through all the hardship of coming to the new world to escape religious pursecution and be free to follow their own beliefs only to immediately make laws attempting to make everyone live by those beliefs?
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01:16 AM on 11/26/2010
They had no fully discarded the mentality that for centuries had prevailed in Europe, namely the Papacy or King dictated what everyone's faith would be. Roger Williams and Thomas Jefferson brought new light as far as religious freedom goes in America. The allowed for diverse beliefs and freedom of expression of those beliefs, and believed that the civil government was not the way to promote faith.
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Asmodean1
Truth is only true if based on facts.
09:28 PM on 11/25/2010
Thanksgiving has NOTHING to do with religion.
de-meme-ing
Buying USA Feeds USA, Supports/Preserves USA
09:39 PM on 11/25/2010
It foreshadows Christmas.
12:19 AM on 11/26/2010
Which also has nothing to do with religion.
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gappedtoothgodwarrior
04:33 PM on 11/27/2010
It precedes Christmas on the Calendar in the United States nowhere else.
09:01 PM on 11/25/2010
"There goes the neighborhood." -- Powhattan
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Ken White
07:42 PM on 11/25/2010
I would be especially thankful this Thanksgiving if religion could be read it's Miranda rights, placed in a cruiser (watch it's head, please) and driven to the station for booking. The crime? Getting in the way of mankind's progress for the past several millenia. If it's remanded to back our custody it should be issued a restraining order prohibiting it from getting anywhere near American secular holidays.
de-meme-ing
Buying USA Feeds USA, Supports/Preserves USA
09:43 PM on 11/25/2010
Should Santa be read his Miranda rights, be restrained, and not allowed anywhere near religious holidays?
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03:48 PM on 11/27/2010
In reply to your response to my censored post about fistula.
I know it is a very complex issue, and my original posts were censored, so didnt not present a full thought, even my second posting was removed.
it was not removed because its lack of relevance.
first, fistula does not occur through female circumcision. that practice is barbaric, but is no where close to damaging enough to cause fistula( the tearing of the tissue wall between the vagina, and the anus)
fistula is one of many side effects, along aids as you mentioned, of an imperial suppression, and dehumanization.
I mention this side effect in relation to christmas, because while we buy products for which materials are obtained through this imperial suppression, we never stop to consider the effects of our celebration.
This is related to thanksgiving, as it is the product of imperial suppression. I say this because of the approach to thanksgiving which minimizes the cause and effects of such an event.
I am not saying celebrating cell phone technology, or the gratefulness people have to feast with family, but if they are only possible through dire consequences, then those consequences must be acknowledged every time.
the celebrating of an event like thanksgiving, which is a page of history between mass genocides, without reading the prior, and post pages, is willful, and perpetuated ignorance.
accepting this narrowed view of our history, has lead us to celebrating other things like, cellphones, without reading the before and after pages.
11:43 AM on 11/26/2010
fanned Ken White
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valhalladad
Justice went out of style too soon
07:35 PM on 11/25/2010
Which religion doesn't already have a 'holiday' in November?
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11:18 PM on 11/26/2010
why do you ask?