A new study recently published in the journal Public Library of Science ONE by researchers from Raincoast Conservation Foundation, Watershed Watch Salmon Society, and the Universities of Victoria and Simon Fraser provides the first link between salmon farms and elevated levels of sea lice on juvenile Fraser River sockeye salmon in British Columbia.
The article, "Sea Louse Infection of Juvenile Sockeye Salmon in Relation to Marine Salmon Farms on Canada's West Coast," genetically identified 30 distinct stocks of infected Fraser sockeye that pass by open net-pen salmon farms in the Strait of Georgia, including the endangered Cultus Lake population. The study found that parasitism of Fraser sockeye increased significantly after the juvenile fish passed by fish farms. These same species of lice were found in substantial numbers on the salmon farms.
Not only did juvenile Fraser sockeye host higher lice levels in the Georgia Strait after they passed salmon farms, these fish hosted an order of magnitude more sea lice than Skeena and Nass River sockeye that migrated along the north coast where there are no farms.
The study also recorded the highest lice levels on juvenile sockeye near a farmed salmon processing plant in the Georgia Strait, heightening concern for the full potential impact of the salmon farm industry on wild salmon in this region.
Importantly, researchers of this study were the last to see juvenile Fraser sockeye alive before they left for the open ocean in 2007 and failed to return two years later; the collapse of Fraser sockeye in 2009 is now the topic of a Canadian federal inquiry. Results of this study show that juvenile sockeye were heavily infected with sea lice after they passed salmon farms that fateful year, and lice are a possible clue to their disappearance.
But do we know whether sea lice cause specific harm to juvenile sockeye from Canada's jewel of salmon rivers, the Fraser?
There has been no shortage of scientific papers published in peer-reviewed journals over the last decade linking salmon farms to sea lice infestations of wild juvenile salmon. Of these, several papers have documented direct and indirect mortality effects, and overall declines in wild salmon populations.
Although we know little about how sea lice may affect juvenile sockeye, in addition to any direct physical and behavioural impacts sea lice can serve as vectors of disease or indicators of other farm-origin pathogens. Given the high intensities of lice observed on some juveniles in this study -- up to 28 lice/fish -- there's an urgent need to understand the extent of threat posed by sea lice to juvenile Fraser River sockeye.
Let's not wait another decade to find out what we've learned about wild Atlantic salmon, sea trout, Pacific pink, chum, and coho salmon: that sea lice infestations from open net-pen salmon farms have been linked with subsequent declines in wild populations.
It is clear that sea lice from salmon farms are yet another stressor for sockeye already subjected to multiple human impacts. Notably, risks to juvenile sockeye from open net-pen salmon farms can be much more easily mitigated than changes to ocean conditions from climate change and ocean acidification. In terms of salmon conservation, efforts to protect these fish will be most effective when the stressors that are the easiest to alleviate are targeted first.
This article was co-authored by Michael Price, Raincoast Conservation Foundation biologist and lead author of the PLoS ONE paper.
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The key point in this sea lice debate is that last year’s Fraser Sockeye returns were among the largest in recorded history, while salmon farming management practices in BC remained the same.
The latest attempt by the usual coalition of activists to link salmon farms, sea lice and Fraser sockeye is problematic because the study’s authors chose a control site – a sample area with no farms – that had significantly lower salinity levels than sample areas where farms existed. Sea lice levels are known to be lower in low salinity conditions.
The study’s authors don’t mention that sea lice intensity numbers on salmon farms are close to, or below, the suggested threshold recommended by the BC Pacific Salmon Forum report. Those thresholds were established following years of research and the fact that, once a certain size, Pacific salmon are resistance to sea lice damage below a certain level. The sea lice level information proves the industry’s sea lice management program is effective, and our sea lice counts are online for all to see.
Looking at the big picture, readers should know that sea lice and wild salmon have co-existed for millions of years. Let’s help the wild fish by stopping habitat destruction and overfishing, rather than pointing the finger at an industry that provides a fresh, year-round supply of seafood to a growing global population.
Ruth Salmon
Executive Director
Canadian Aquaculture Industry Alliance
www.Aquaculture.ca
It's terrifying and sad - the B.C. rainforest depends on the salmon and the minerals they bring in from the ocean.
More protection is needed for wild stocks and a bigger focus on closed aquaculture systems - indoor systems - that will still help supplement out need for fish protien while at the same time will not have negative affects on wild stocks.