The latest twist in the Levi/Bristol saga--while possibly untrue and certainly unimportant in the larger scheme of things--offers an opportunity to ponder how our ancestors may have understood the process of getting pregnant. The rumor is that Levi's ex had sex with three different guys the week she probably conceived.
Although most of us assume everyone has always understood that just one roll in the hay can result in a baby, that's far from the case. Anthropologists describe societies where pregnancy is thought to result from ancestral spirits implanting a seed, or a woman stepping over a smoking fire, or in the case of medieval Europe, being ravished by an incubus while sleeping. Even Darwin himself didn't know that a single sperm cell was sufficient to result in pregnancy.
In ancestral societies where almost everyone was having a lot of sex, and most women were either pregnant or breastfeeding (when it was unlikely they'd get pregnant), there was really no reason to link sex with pregnancy.
In our newly-released book, "Sex at Dawn," * we describe the notion of "partible paternity," still common in various pre-agricultural societies in different parts of the world.
In the Amazon, for example, the birds and the bees are different. There, a woman not only can be a little pregnant, most are. Several societies have a novel conception of conception: they believe that a fetus is literally made of accumulated semen.
Anthropologists Stephen Beckerman and Paul Valentine explain, "Pregnancy is viewed as a matter of degree, not clearly distinguished from gestation ... all sexually active women are a little pregnant. Over time ... semen accumulates in the womb, a fetus is formed, further acts of intercourse follow, and additional semen causes the fetus to grow more." Were a woman to stop having sex when her periods stopped, people in these cultures believe the fetus would stop developing.
This understanding of how semen forms a child leads to some mighty interesting conclusions regarding "responsible" sexual behavior. Like mothers everywhere, a woman from these societies is eager to give her child every possible advantage in life. To this end, she'll typically seek out sex with an assortment of men. She'll solicit "contributions" from the best hunters, the best storytellers, the funniest, the kindest, the best-looking, the strongest and so on--in the hopes her child will literally absorb the essence of each.
Then, when the child is born, he or she may have several "fathers" who all believe they contributed some of their essence to the formation of this baby. So maybe Levi is the father of his ex's baby. Or maybe he's just one of several fathers.
* Already a New York Times bestseller, we're thrilled to report.
Follow Christopher Ryan on Twitter: www.twitter.com/sexatdawn
You're describing a belief from before the dawn of modern science, so this seems to be a very strange conclusion to make. We know that the baby has a single father, not several. No matter what the societal arrangement or level of knowledge, there will only be one real father.
It is a fun read, and the conclusions regarding our sexual evolution (and lack thereof) closely parallel my research and publications concerning the impact of evolutionary biology and primatology on our current diet and state of physical wellness (and lack thereof).
Roy Mankovitz, Director
http://www.MontecitoWellness.com
But, if you want to have multiple partners...don't let anyone's attempts to shame you stop you from living your life how you wish...
or any recognition of practical concerns in 'amazon superstition'.
Peoples of the Amazon have traditionally employed an amazingly extensive
plant pharmacology, much of it involving plants capable of 'opening the doors
of perception'. Call this superstition if you wish, but it is much more sophisticated
than you might realize. And involves awareness of energies which are completely
disregarded by our 'actual science', Western version.
Because that sounds VERY fair to men.
Before long, every man will be paying for 12 to 14 kids that are not theirs...
There are many states where the husband is considered the father no matter what...you and your white wife can have an Asian child and it's still yours.