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David Allyn

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What Makes a Great Teacher?

Posted: 07/11/2012 4:29 pm

Boredom is the enemy of education. Students who are bored in class learn only one thing: that they are at the mercy of their instructor. Part of what makes a great teacher is that he or she is engaging. Just think about it: did you ever have a teacher who was boring who you also thought was great? Of course not.

I remember being bored through most of fifth grade. It was, without a doubt, our teacher's fault. He was humorless, spoke in a monotone, and gave us daily spelling quizzes of words we'd learned in second grade: "of," "off," "here," "there." I loved school before and after, but those nine months of fifth grade were torture.

So what makes a teacher engaging? A passion for his or her subject, surely. But a great teacher must also have insight into human nature. In my experience, the best instructors inevitably possess a wry sense of humor, a knowingness that comes from having thought about their own foibles as much as they have thought about the topic they are teaching.

One man who stands out for having taught a generation of Americans to know themselves better is Eric Berne, the founder of "transactional analysis." The purpose of transactional analysis, Berne said, was to illuminate, predict and change human behavior by answering what he called "the fundamental question of social psychology: "why do people talk to each other?"

Berne noticed that most problems arise from miscommunication and that miscommunication is almost always a result of unclear or unstated expectations. People want things but pretend they don't. They may want praise or agreement or confirmation that they are right. Instead of asking for what they want, however, they play complex, transactional games. In his best-selling book Games People Play, Berne outlined some of these games (and gave them deliciously provocative titles), such as, "Now I've Got You, You Son of a Bitch," in which one person exploits the mistake of another to unleash his or her pent up fury on that person (the fury coming from childhood grievances that have nothing to do with the person or the mistake in question).

Berne called these games "rackets." A racketeer pretends to want one thing (e.g. the solution to some problem) but is really after another. Usually, it is the pleasure that comes from proving that one is right about something.

We can, Berne believed, learn to recognize the games we are playing. We can teach ourselves to see -- and be upfront about -- our own motives. Instead of trying to be right, we can actually communicate in a way that would solve our problems.

Now, back to the subject of good teaching and the problem of student boredom. The other day I sat in a classroom as a visitor and watched as a teacher bored her students. The longer I watched, the more deliberate it seemed. With all the yawning and the scribbling and the eye-rolling, the students' collective tedium couldn't have been any clearer. All she had to do to wake them up was to stop and say something like, "I'm boring you, aren't I?" But she didn't. Instead, she kept on going with her prepared lesson. Berne would have said she was playing a game with her students. He would have named it something like, "I'm No Good at This, See!"

Passionate, engaging, intellectually stimulating classroom discussion should be one of our country's highest concerns. I searched through the Columbia Teacher's College course catalogue and couldn't find a single course on how to recognize, prevent, or deal with, student boredom. (On the whole, TC's approach is highly theoretical.) We all know from our own experience, however, that students are bored every day in school (I don't think I'm the only one who's spent nine months in classroom hell). Meanwhile, as much as we hear politicians and policy makers talk about test scores, where's the concern with the student experience? Focusing on test scores is like trying to save the patient by pounding on the EKG machine. Test scores are the symptom, not the problem. We need to remember that students are people, who hate and resent being bored as much we do. In other words, we need policies to prevent boredom and promote engagement. Then test scores would rise. I think Berne would smell a giant, collective, national racket.

One piece of good news: the Gates Foundation is investing $300 million in reforming teacher education. Wouldn't it be great if some of this money went to teaching teachers about the unconscious games they often play in front of the classroom?

 
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Lady Lithia
Etiquette and Protocol...
10:20 PM on 07/12/2012
I remember my first high school math teacher. Mr. Baker. He spoke in a monotone. He didn't value my perfect test scores. Not doing my homework meant I wasn't worthy of a better grade. I remember watching the leaves on the trees start to yellow. I remember them turning bright fall colors. I remember watching them detach from the tree and fall to the ground. I remember the tree. I also remember the ONE personal remark he made about himself, startling me into realizing he was a human being. I honestly didn't realize he was. I also remember the "deal" he offered me at the end of the first semester. "If you promise to LEAVE my class, I'll give you a D. If you won't leave my class, I'll give you an F" I left. Which was the beginning of my downward spiral towards being a high shool dropout. By contrast, I remember my first college math teacher. He was little, much shorter than me, and he galloped into the class, laughed at himself, was funny, interesting, and real. My college math teacher inspired me to go on to be a GREAT high school math teacher. I might not inspire undying love for math, but I help the students keep math from being their Waterloo as it was mine.
07:51 PM on 07/12/2012
I don't know if the writer of this piece has taught, or, if so, for how many years. If not, I invite him to teach in the public school system for at least five years, day in, day out, and then to report back the kinds of "rackets" he finds himself engaging in just to survive the task.

Boredom is a multifaceted problem. The bare material facts of the school setup--that young human beings gather into one single city block all day, five days a week, with a relative few adults so that they can be supervised while their parents participate in their capitalist requirements--is the first place I would look if I wanted to explain boredom. Teachers are, in large part, stuck in this impossible muck just like students are.
10:02 AM on 07/17/2012
Except, unlike the students, they chose to be a part of that "muck." And they're getting paid. Do you think the rest of us enjoy our jobs every day?
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tm68
04:59 AM on 07/22/2012
I'm so very tired of this response to articles that expose a very real truth. It's always a disgruntled teacher's first response- to accuse that person of never having taught public school. They don't know how HARRRDD we have it!! Please, the whining offends me to the core.
I've been in the game over 10 years now and I LOVE my job. I don't see it as being something I have to "survive". Once you cop that attitude, you're toast and you aren't going to be the best teacher you can be for your kids. If teaching is something you think you have to survive, please, by all means, find another career. No matter what new policies come down the pike, what new curriculum I have teach, I'm all in. I'm in because my kids deserve it. They don't give a crap about the bureaucracy of our education system. They want to learn from inspired teachers. The excuse making and the whining does not serve our kids well. I'm tired of hearing it.
02:50 PM on 07/12/2012
Man can I ever relate. 5th grade was the toughest three years of my life!
02:18 PM on 07/12/2012
A great teacher aspires to make learning engaging and fun. A great teacher knows how to get his or her students inspired and passionate. As an educator, I have spent my entire life devoted to being a great teacher. I started by inventing my math and memory system Brainetics (http://www.brainetics.com) as a way to change how children learn math. In addition, I have traveled across the country giving talks on how to train the mind for success. Being a great teacher requires passion, care and knowledge as well as love of students. These characteristics have ultimatly contributed to where I am today.

Great article,

Mike Byster
http://www.mikebyster.com
Educator, Mathematician, Inventor of Brainetics, Author of Genius
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02:09 PM on 07/12/2012
This article could reinforce my previous statements about Sesame Street. Though noble, Sesame Street's short, snappy, colorful, video/sound bites were designed to entertain with a tid bit of information accompanying the "skit". This Sesame street "shock and awe" was impressive but when the students go to school, they are expected to stay in their seats, be quiet and attentive, follow directions, etc.. Because everything in school isn't entertainment and freedom to do as they wish, the teacher is blamed for being boring and apparently these students think that they should be entertained for the next twelve years.

Teachers make learning fun when possible but the there are many times when learning is work but certain things must be done/taught, fun or not.
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Lady Lithia
Etiquette and Protocol...
10:24 PM on 07/12/2012
I remember a scathing review of a math teacher made by someone who wasn't an educator. They said "I walked into the classroom, and I saw how boring it was, and didn't wonder why my kid had troubles" ... when I'm going over an example for the students about how to use the distance formula, it IS boring. But for a student who is engaged the context is different than for a casual visitor. When the student says, "Mrs. L, can you do #10" and I go through it, step-by-step it's not scintillating oscar-award-winning educational drama. It's a procedure that has difficult steps, and the student who can't figure it out can watch the steps and determine their error. Even the best movies aren't all that gripping if you step into the middle of them without context and stay for only three minutes of dialogue.
10:05 AM on 07/17/2012
That doesn't change the fact that some teachers are far more dynamic and interesting than others. And, as we all can remember from our experiences as students, those teachers are almost always more successful in getting their points across. Math is not an easy topic to make fun, but I certainly had teachers with a sense of humor about everything else that made the math far more digestible.
12:50 PM on 07/12/2012
There is also the overall message of this country.

Students (young people) pay close attention to social changes and talk alot amoung themselves about those changes. They hear common denominators.

1 American dream is dead

Why there are no jobs and there wont be any jobs even if you go to college. Most jobs are outsourced or offshored to slave countries.

2 Wallstreet, Banks & Big Oil own and are the US Government and they don't care about academia they care about profit margins

3 Prosports, reality TV, Murderers and Rappers make more money by 10:1 than the average manager.

4 America is not about Freedom, Justice, Teamwork and Leadership its about Money, torture, power and deception.

The new generation may be idiots or criminals or just useless but they do comprehend what they talk about.

It's damn hard to sell an interesting story about Thomas Jefferson to a kid who knows their freedom today is based solely on their fame or money. You'd be better off teaching them about Snoop Dogg.
10:06 AM on 07/17/2012
You seriously think this is why 4th graders are bored when studying the Constitution?

.... ok.
11:59 AM on 07/17/2012
4th grade ? How did that grade get isolated?
12:37 PM on 07/12/2012
Good points in this thread and a good article.

Very few classes today exist except in upper white suburbia where the students are not gouging each other's eyes out, texting, sleeping, playing games and just flat out ignoring any academic participation.

Most teachers fear for their lives from the physical threats posed by students who seem to possess all the power. The same person who has to exercise discipline makes it difficult to be the same person who engages a students interest.

Times have changed.

There are four types of students now:

1 Smart engaging and industrious
2 Just getting by and having fun
3 Doesn't care doesn't value education
4 Criminals in prestages of production

Some creatures never change spots, all the brilliant teaching in the world may not have a dimes impact.

It's become politically incorrect to blame the parents. God forbid any "parents" today would accept responsiblity for the life form they created.
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Lady Lithia
Etiquette and Protocol...
10:31 PM on 07/12/2012
I teach in a title I school (very poor) and my students run the gamut from the honors to the seniors who are at increased risk of dropping out, who haven't learned enough math to pass a sophomore level test. But I get respect in all of these classes. I have occasionally been worried about students getting violent on me (twice in 11 years) but overall, I see in these kids a thirst to learn, a thirst to matter in this difficult new world we've created, a thirst to make sense of it all. I don't lie to them, I don't wrap it all up in pretty bows. I tell them what the class will teach them (depends on what class I'm teaching) and we dig right in. The students willing to put forth an effort make it, and the students who don't want to put an effort either don't make it, or don't make the grade they want. I entertain them since that is what they want, but they also learn the math, and I know I'm reaching them because of their standardized test scores. I'd say that most of my students care, and of those who don't, most of them have real-life issus that keep school from being important. joblessness of their parents, working in the fields to help pay the rent, and other bigger more essential issues that make education seem a poor second over bringing in money right now.
12:18 PM on 07/12/2012
The list of what teachers should be seems endless as well as dichotomous; humorous yet serious, flexible yet consistent, individualizing yet held accountable for core standards, passionate about their philosophy yet teach how politicians have deemed appropriate..... teaching to those of us who do it is a delicate dance. But maybe here are some words that should be added to what teachers should be: trusted, respected, thanked, and compensated for the physical, emotional, and mental toll it takes to go out with our gloves off and our hearts open putting often our own kids on the back burner for others everyday.
10:49 AM on 07/12/2012
We perseverate on buzz words. Engagement, passion, research0based, accountability to name a few. Then all the non-teachers start piling on. I recommend we stop trying to entertain students and work on their competency.They go home and are virtual soldiers during their free time. They seek constant stimulation that no person can provide them every minute of every day. We can't always "serve it up" the way Call of Duty can. This blog suggests that math is a skill that builds up over time. Therefore, the students who are bored are usually those who don't know what they are doing because the missed steps early on in the process. Additionally, if a skill builds up over time it requires patience, which is a difficult concept for the GIVE IT TO ME NOW generation before us.
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Adam Kirk Edgerton
"Urban" educator
08:54 AM on 07/12/2012
Some people really don't pick up on social cues or are oblivious to when they are boring others. Also, why do the students passively sit there instead of raising a question? Passivity is an equally dangerous learned trait.
06:03 PM on 07/12/2012
The whole school experience is designed to encourage passivity. Even at the high school level, our kids are allowed almost no autonomy. From kindergarten through 12th grade, they learn that "the raised nail" gets pounded down. Most schools want the kids to come to school, sit in class (quietly), do not speak until called upon, and whatever you do don't ask too many questions. It does not take much intelligence to realize that, in many public schools, just showing up to class and doing minimal work will get you a passing grade.
06:09 AM on 07/12/2012
It is true that some teachers don't experience joy while teaching. This lack of joy and enthusiasm can be particularly dangerous inside our most vulnerable and high-risk communities and classrooms, but engagement alone is not a sufficient condition for excellent teaching.
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Adam Kirk Edgerton
"Urban" educator
08:55 AM on 07/12/2012
True - the author's fifth grade experience didn't crush him as it would someone in a low-income, low-opportunity environment.
been2there
Facts have a liberal bias.
11:39 PM on 07/11/2012
Even if the teacher is boring, the student is responsible for doing the work and paying attention. I realize it is hard as a child, but it is also real world training.
06:20 PM on 07/11/2012
Interesting. I recently read a piece by P.J. Karafiol, link below, arguing that we should focus more on adequate teaching instead of great teaching. I think that is relevant here.

I believe we have too many so-so teachers focusing too narrowly on engagement. The result is a class that is still not that engaging (because it takes an excellent teacher to be truly engaging) with not enough learning going on.

The so-so teacher should focus first on learning - you don't have to be excellent to establish routines and get students to learn. Of course engagement and learning are intertwined and I am not arguing for giving teachers a free pass to be really boring. But, too many teachers are ineffetive because they are trying to be excellent, and view excellent teaching as being engaging. These teachers really should focus more on what it means to be an adequate teacher - your students do some work and learn some things.

http://anglesofreflection.blogspot.com/2012/06/we-dont-need-more-great-teachers.html
06:15 PM on 07/11/2012
As I reflect on the teachers that were fun, told great stories, etc...they loved being loved by their students. I learned less from them than the teachers that expected me to learn, produce, and become a productive citizen. Your article comes to a poor conclusion. I am rarely bored because it is
my responsibly to stimulate my mind and contribute to society.
06:06 PM on 07/11/2012
Point #1--Truly intelligent people seldom experience boredom. It's funny I should read this today, as we were just discussing this on my teacher chat board. Almost always, the kid who says the test was "easy" failed it, or in the case of the state test, they came in below proficient--but it was "easy" if you ask them. Further, I don't think I have ever, in ten years of teaching, heard a gifted or just very intelligent student describe themselves as "bored." Boredom is the realm of the not-as-bright, as the truly bright find learning and interest just about everywhere. Bored people, especially the chronically bored, aren't usually the sharpest knives in the drawer.

Point #2--Going to school is not the same thing as going to a birthday party. Maybe if some kids were taught by their parents that the teacher is not a clown, s/he is not there to entertain you, and you should expect to do work, not play Pin the Tail on the Donkey, the not-so-bright-and-bored kid might learn something.
05:49 PM on 07/12/2012
I don't think I have ever, in ten years of teaching, heard a gifted or just very intelligent student describe themselves as "bored." Boredom is the realm of the not-as-bright, as the truly bright find learning and interest just about everywhere.

I do not think it is possible for me to disagree more. The "drill & kill" method of teaching will bore even a gifted and very intelligent person to tears! Of course a large number of the "smart" kids come in below proficient because they are "smart" enough to know that failing a low stake test will not affect them very much, if at all. It was "easy" because it is not very hard to make patterns on the Scantron form and then move on to the next test. You might be right that "Boredom is the realm of the not-as-bright, as the truly bright find learning and interest just about everywhere" but most teachers will punish a student is for not being on "task" so I am not sure what you point is.