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David Bromwich

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To Maintain a Republic

Posted: 07/03/11 06:15 PM ET

July 4, 1861 -- exactly a hundred and fifty years ago -- witnessed the reading aloud, on the floor of Congress, of Abraham Lincoln's Message to Congress in Special Session.

The circumstantial appeal of Lincoln's message turned on his defense of the Union against the threat posed by secession, and that is the part most people have in mind when they recall the most famous words of the address: "This is essentially a People's contest." Lincoln was speaking for democracy. He was also speaking for a Union, popular in character and progressive in direction, as the heart of all future hopes for democracy.

Another part of the Special Message matters more to us today. For Lincoln saw
an unresolvable tension between the constitution of a democratic republic and
the policies of aggrandizement and intemperate self-interest that lead from the
manners of freedom to the slavish love of power. He spoke of the difference
between the work of establishing a constitutional republic and the longer task
of maintaining it. But maintaining it against what? Lincoln's answer was always
the same: against the internal pressure of greed, and the external pressure of
war. The predicament of the country in 1861, he said, "forces us to ask: 'Is
there, in all republics, this inherent, and fatal weakness? Must a government,
of necessity, be too strong for the liberties of its own people, or too weak to
maintain its own existence?'"

We are now ten years into a policy shared by two successive administrations
to plant a new understanding of the spirit of the laws in America. That policy
has pretended there is a "trade-off" between liberty and security, and that in
a time of crisis, security ought to have the upper hand. The Cheney-Bush and
Obama administrations have accustomed us to laws and language concerned
above all with the "protection" of citizens -- as if there were something higher
or more worth protecting than the liberty that is guaranteed by our laws and
the framework of laws, the Constitution.

Today, as in Lincoln's day, we are involved in "a struggle for maintaining
...that form, and substance of government, whose leading object is, to elevate
the condition of men -- to lift artificial weights from all shoulders -- to clear
the paths of laudable pursuit for all -- to afford all, an unfettered start, and
a fair chance, in the race of life." Yet the main peril in that struggle today
comes not from any foreign power capable of destroying us from without, but the
lapse of thought and faith that threatens us now from within. We are divided
between two parties: one that thinks government should be used for nothing but
wars, another that thinks government should be used for wars (whether justified
or not) in order to prove the value of government for other purposes.

Over the past decade we have taken many long steps across the divide that
separates a republic from an empire. The recovery of our proper ground depends
on our seeing again the rightness of Lincoln's recoil from wars that are not
wars of necessity. The words of his Special Message leave an incitement, too,
by listing the goods he valued above the new forms of power and luxury that war
can add to life. Elevating the condition of men. Lifting artificial weights from
all shoulders. Clearing the paths of laudable pursuit for all. By doing this at
home, we offer an example to those who would try it abroad. As Lincoln said in
other words in other places, that is the only honest way for a democracy to
advance the cause of democracy.

 
 
 
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Dredd
Our government is a wartocracy.
10:00 PM on 07/10/2011
Well said Mr. Bromwich.
Carroll27
Nature's own nice conservative
09:53 PM on 07/10/2011
Ha ha ha! This is a joke, right? Lincoln didn't HAVE to go to war. It was absolutely a war of choice. Many, many, MANY abolitionists in the North were content to let the South go. Lincoln himself thought slavery would eventually die out in a generation or two, regardless of secession. But no -- he had a vision -- it was a united country, spilled blood be damned. And good for him. But to say the Civil War was a war of necessity? No way. There were many alternatives.
outnow
Ban the bomb
08:05 PM on 07/10/2011
Empires end up being autocratic, which is exactly what the ruling class wants. The problem is that the citizens become mere subjects. Many here believe that they will enjoy being subjects.

Subjects under the American Empire lose valuable rights such as labor rights gained at the expense of reformers.

No serious student of Constitutional law wants to be a mere subject.

In twenty years hence, you will have no rights. See how you like that.
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LoneTree
Liberty is more precious than life.
07:42 PM on 07/10/2011
Someone just played the "Empire Card"!

Look, I get it. All Progressives, and many others, want the federal government of the United States to take those however many 100's of B's of $'s and spend that money on entitlements (ie; "Free Stuff"), instead. No convincing case can be constructed upon a falsehood, no matter how "TaDa!" the rhetorical flourish announcing it may be.

America has global obligations, but America no longer has an Empire. We *had* an Empire, briefly, between the end of the Spanish-American War and the end of WWII (or so). We no longer have even that vestige, although our global obligations remain.

Here is the "true truth": at the end of WWII, we assumed responsibility for the external security of West Germany (Russia assumed responsibility for the East side) and we assumed responsibility for the external security of Japan. Not because we were nice guys, but because a) it sorta looked like it was in everyone's best interest, including our own, and b) nobody nobody nobody trusted either Germany or Japan to re-arm so they could defend themselves.

con't below...
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LoneTree
Liberty is more precious than life.
07:42 PM on 07/10/2011
con't from above.

Now, the Russian army was in Berlin in 1945, and if we withdraw our 77,000 (most of them in Germnay) from Europe, and if the Germans rearm (which they have little choice but to do, what with traditional foes England, France, and Russia already having done so), you just hide and watch what happens.

And in East Asia, you're invited to pull up a comfortable chair and watch what Red China does if we pull our 50,000+ troops out of Japan and SoKorea and the Japanese reconstitute their regional organic defense capability.

And especially in either of the above cases, which is as likely as not, if either Germany, Japan, much less both, acquire a nuclear capability. Because if they don't, until Russia and China go nuke-free, it's either that or we continue to provide a nuclear umbrella for them.

The Americans who want "More Free Stuff for Americans" won't like this, and I'm sure there will be a lot of arm waving, eye rolling, and spittle in the air, but those are the facts. Progressives use "Empire" as a trump card, but it's a Magic Marker trump card ... doctored, false, a cheat.
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AvgJoeBlow
We are smarter than any of us.
08:01 PM on 07/10/2011
Or we could continue to spend Trillions on yesterdays wars and threats, real or imagined, then go broke and become superfluous on the world stage and helpless to influence your pessimistic world view anyway. Wake up. the cold war is over.
We don't need yet another class of nuclear submarines, another carrier task force, or what ever space based boon doggle the USAF and Space Command are dreaming up.
We need to fix our infrastructure and re-industrialize.
Making more and better weapons to export to other countries and despots does not make us safer, only morally bankrupt and one step closer to fascism.
-AJB
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LoneTree
Liberty is more precious than life.
11:09 PM on 07/10/2011
"... the cold war is over."

I never said a word about the Cold War. It looks like you had a spiel all ready to go and as soon as you saw "nuclear" and "Russia" you unloaded. What I refer to is far older and deeper than the transitory standoff between the USA and the USSR (which you'll notice, if you go back and read what I actually wrote, I never once mentioned). The deeper and far more looming problem for world civil and military stability is how to get Germany and Japan sufficiently rehabilitated in the eyes of Russia and China that they can reconstitute an external defense capability adequate to their, and their regional, needs.

Right now, regardless of how much we are despised, the US is the only power on Earth that is sufficiently trusted by THOSE WHO MATTER (ie; not mobs in the street) to provide external security for a number of problematic nations.

Government spending will never in ten thousand years fix our problem. We've been spending like drunken sailors on every project under the sun for over 30 years, we have a monumental debt that cannot even be calculated to show for it, and zero self-sustaining results.

I will say this in plain words: no plan based on any currently embraced economic theory will return the United States to prosperity.

Not the Republican approach, nor the Democratic approach. We've stopped thinking and now substitute partisan rhetoric for the dialog of investigation.
outnow
Ban the bomb
08:31 PM on 07/10/2011
You cited some historical facts in a distorted sort of fashion and attacked Progressives. But you haven't made the case for the ideas you are advancing.

The issue is whether Empires are that good for the subjects of the Empire. The general rule is that they are not. Applying the facts to the general rule, you would end up with the exact opposite of the conclusions you have drawn.

Bread and Games was used by Empires to entertain the citizens with violent shows and spectacle. Victorian England was not a nice place to be. Neither was Rome. By the time of Augustus, there was no Republic or democracy.
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LoneTree
Liberty is more precious than life.
11:12 PM on 07/10/2011
"The issue is whether Empires are that good for the subjects of the Empire."

I don't think that's the issue at all. I think the issue is whether the United States has an Empire (ie; is an imperial power) or not. My answer to that is, we scarcely were back then, and we're absolutely not, today.

The United States bears not the slightest resemblance to either the British or the Roman Empire. They RULED THEIR EMPIRES, we SERVE THE WORLD. I'm sorry, but anyone who makes those analogies is being driven by Motivated Reasoning, there is no shred of objective fact that supports it.
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lenguss
06:29 PM on 07/10/2011
Tut tut, professor! And a Yalie too. There is absolutely no problem with a republic having an empire. Your attempt to contrast the two makes no sense. The Roman republic maintained an empire for a couple of hundred years until it succumbed to one man rule. Athens which was a sort of republic and sort of a democracy had an empire (which it brutalized). France had a few republics to go with its empire. And the US certainly has an empire now, and has had for a century or so. It is not an either/or proposition.
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
AmosKnows
Educating The American Idol Masses
03:39 PM on 07/10/2011
I fail to see how calling up the ideals of Lincoln is going to change the motivations, greed, enterprise corruption and lack of moral of the people running the show. Nor do I believe that this kind of rhetoric is helpful - in fact it's harmful. Because like "hope and change" it gives people a false sense that ideals and words have meaning, when in fact they do not given the realities of the world we live in. But, hey as Lincoln might have said "it sure does sound pretty".
Genders
Love, Tolerance, Enlightenment
04:40 PM on 07/10/2011
Take your head out of the sand. The rich are conspiring to take all the wealth of the world into just 1000 families or so and reduce the rest of us to desperate pliable serfdom. Wake up.

"When economic power became concentrated in a few hands, then political power flowed to those possessors and away from the citizens, ultimately resulting in an oligarchy or tyranny." John Adams

"As riches increase and accumulate in few hands . . . the tendency of things will be to depart from the republican standard." Alexander Hamilton

I believe that banking institutions are more dangerous to our liberties than standing armies. Already they have raised up a monied aristocracy that has set the government at defiance. The issuing power (of money) should be taken away from the banks and restored to the people to whom it properly belongs."
- Thomas Jefferson

So you would have been a Tory for the British?
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charon
Earth, love it or leave it!
05:21 PM on 07/10/2011
So what are you getting at? Are you calling for an Arab-style populist insurrection against the bastions of wealth and power?
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
AmosKnows
Educating The American Idol Masses
12:07 AM on 07/11/2011
Read my comments before you ask me to wake up - I am aware of the wealth consolidation and the control of the government and the oligarchy. What I think is DUMB is citing ideals from historic presidents as a way to address it. You need to wake up and realize that there is no current means to addresses the problem. The president has been for many years and is a SHILL, the congress is bought and paid for on both sides of the alleged isle and the courts have been consistently eroding rights and serving their corporate masters. You analogy to the revolutionary war is poor - because this is not the same situation. We are being RULED from within - we have new KINGS and QUEENS. At least use the proper historical reference.
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02:26 PM on 07/10/2011
Could it be that we are only experiencing, for the first time, the natural result of a free-running democracy: reaching a biological, albeit somewhat artificial, climax community? Could this be the perfect model of democracy- a pulsating cycle of sucess and collapse? If so, don't sweat it. We'll be back in a few thousand years. In the meantime, please let's get rid of TSA.
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Visionary Excellence
02:55 PM on 07/10/2011
your first presumption is false. The US is only marginally a "free-runni­ng democracy." It has always been an oligarchy. Most of the signers of the Declaration of independance were part of the colonial authority. They had been gifted vast land grants by the British aristocracy. There were 17 colonial peasant rebellions before the Colonial elite used this dynamic to break with the crown elite. But who had voting rights? Only rich white men. George Washington was the richest man in the colonies. We are the only modern democracy in world with a "electoral college" - that has its roots in the German Aristocracy. One of the first laws restricting speech was against "seditious libel" essentially nullifying the whole propagandized purpose of free speech - as a defense against tyrany. The first tax of the country was a tax against small farmers - the Whisky Tax. It exepted the big plantations owned by the colonial elite - the oligarchy or American Aristocracy. etc.

The USA is an oligarchy wrapped in populist Democratic rhettoric. Its like China or other former communist countries that were Oligarchies wrapped in populist communist rhettoric. Do youself a favor and read the wikipedia entry for "neoliberal" - it explains how economic inequality drives political inequality. How the autocratic structure of corporations shapes an autocratic structure for US gov. etc there are plenty of cycles to study but the cycle youre describing is not a climax of democracy.
04:50 PM on 07/10/2011
Haven't fanned anybody for quite some time, but that was so spot on with regards to the actual facts that I just hadda.
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artleads
Let's have a national retreat.
06:59 PM on 07/10/2011
Fanning you for this, despite the fact that it lessens my sense of hope.
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Erewhon7
Join atheists, our non-prophet organization
02:14 PM on 07/10/2011
Astonishing opinion, given the fact of the unremitting effort Lincoln spent denying Southern Americans their right to self-determination.
outnow
Ban the bomb
02:30 PM on 07/10/2011
You mean down in Brazil or Argentina? That is South American to me.
02:38 PM on 07/10/2011
You mean the right to keep slaves? There are very few legitimate reasons for war, the abolition of slavery is one of them.
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Erewhon7
Join atheists, our non-prophet organization
02:56 PM on 07/10/2011
hmmm.... North under Lincoln's leadership was unwilling to let the South exercise their right to self-determination...
because Northerners were extremely concerned about the rights of slaves in the South.
Obviously it had nothing to do with the fact that Southern states decided to form their own country.
That was just a confidence.

This forms a really quaint part of American cultural mythology.
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Christopher Hull
Democratic Socialist
02:59 PM on 07/10/2011
Hi, I'm sorry but that isnt' factually correct. Lincoln was more than prepared to keep slavery in order to preserve the Union. The Emancipation Proclomation only freed slaves in "states of rebellion."
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
beverlyg
01:07 PM on 07/10/2011
Our greatest problem is that we hide the real causes and causers of our problems from the people who might take appropriate action if they understood the problem.
The Republicans use unsubstantiated soundbites over and over to delude the people while the Democrats never challenge them.
Immigration exceeds job creation which means we can't lower unemployment when Democrats are so devoted to immigrants that won't even mention this source of the problem. Republicans just want to hire the immigrants.
Our corporations send factories and jobs overseas and keep their profits there to avoid US taxes. All the while we are spending trillions of dollars on our world wide police force to protect those foreign interests of the corporations.
The Media refuses to even mention these and many more malfeasances.
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
paparandy
Power to the People! Right On!
02:13 PM on 07/10/2011
You nailed it bigtime! I especially liked the part of the world wide police force protecting corporate interests. They aren't protecting anyone from foreign invasion, I've known that for years. Did they stop 9/11 from happening?
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
MasterfullyInept
US Army veteran, progressive and opinionated
12:38 PM on 07/10/2011
"Those who would give up Essential Liberty to purchase a little Temporary Safety, deserve neither."
Ben Franklin.
If you sacrifice the protections in the constitution to protect the constitution haven't you already lost the battle?
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undertheinfluence
POW in my own home country
12:50 PM on 07/10/2011
It's clear, America is a fearful nation. Americans scare easy. With an office called "Homeland Security" it's no wonder why.
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
blueline2
We'll always have Paris
01:31 PM on 07/10/2011
Homeland Security is a glaring example of this country's ability to over react to each and every crisis.

As Churchill said: "Americans can be trusted to always do the right thing--after they've exhausted all other alternatives."
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CenaW
Did you know AOL belongs to A L E C
04:25 PM on 07/10/2011
Hey! They have to spend a lot of time and money keeping the citizens fearful and submissive.
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undertheinfluence
POW in my own home country
12:18 PM on 07/10/2011
It has been the view of the republicans, that the US owns the rest of the world, and any interfernce with their benefactors, (Corporate America), is a call to arms.

Especially, when it comes to the oil companies. God forbid, anyone get in the way of their quest to own the world's oil supply, at the expense of our soldiers.
03:58 PM on 07/10/2011
That "free market" sure does need a lot of force, doesn't it?
faved
12:03 PM on 07/10/2011
I think you miss the point sir. An empire can be a republic, and a republic can be an empire. The real issue is how one goes about acheiving empire. War; or the general application of hard power, is not that only way to acheive an empire. What we as a nation need to do is reevaluate our use of hard and soft power to best allow us to build our empire.
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laura r
01:47 PM on 07/10/2011
The problem with empires they do not last forever. Rome Empire, British Empire and Netherlands. Yes, there were many more that fail into ruins. You see empires can not be maintained, with the high cost of continually being at war and over financialization
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bllnsinchnge
peace, markets, freedom
02:34 PM on 07/10/2011
In the 1800's we built an empire, envied by the world through trade, resource gathering and production. Presently we are forcing our ideals through sanction, protection and occupation. The exact opposite of what creates prosperity.

www.freedomfest.com
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Fein
Either everybody counts or nobody does.
12:00 PM on 07/10/2011
The problem is that the only large scale manufacturing in the U.S., such as PC board manufacturing is
entirely in behalf of the Military industry who cannot buy the cheaper overseas products.

These US manufacturers could not produce a product that could compete globally and so they need the military and the constant state of war to survive. These companies employ many Americans who vote their interest. And those corporations pay for the politicians that legislate in their interests.

It's the decline of the small manufacturer in the U.S. that's destroyed our economy. They have no politicians speaking for their intersts and little political clout.
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HUFFPOST COMMUNITY MODERATOR
Skepticat
Supporting skeptical felines everywhere
10:38 AM on 07/10/2011
The world has undergone more change in the past 220 years than in the the previous 2200 or maybe even 22,000 years before that. In 1790 the global population was about 750 million, high technology was the water powered grist mill. Transportation was horse drawn wagon or sailing ship. Communication was hand written letter taking 3-5 weeks to get to Europe. There were few big corporations - Hudson Bay and East India Companies being the best known, and countries like Germany and Italy were collections of principalities. Mercantile colonialism was in vogue. The population were largely farmers and artisans - with slavery permitted. The industrial revolution hadn't arrived in America. The constitution was written by some of the smartest people in the enlightment - but was written for the times. The founding fathers couldn't visualize the transformation of the industrial revolution on civilization nevermind the post industrial "third wave" of the present. With voter apathy/disinformation and despair and the pervasive influence of corporate coin, national governments have largely sold out their citizens to the corporatocracy. If people want to avoid serfdom in a new global techno-feudalism they are going to have to recreate governments of by and for the people not the greedy - and it's not going to be easy.
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undertheinfluence
POW in my own home country
12:22 PM on 07/10/2011
Wowza!!! Take that professor!! F&F for this walk down memory lane with no stop signs.
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
jimtodd
Unrepentant child of '60s
02:22 PM on 07/10/2011
Interesting perspective, but if I understand you, I disagree with much of what you say. I believe the Constitution should be viewed with the understanding that it serves two purposes. First, and foremost, it defines the governing philosophy that guides the nation, and second, it provides the structure and mechanisms for the implementation of the philosophy. Through the years greed and lust for power have led to the distortion of both of the ideas it serves.
When you look at American social and civil history it can easily be seen as one of gradually expanding the reach of the Constitution to all citizens.
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Skepticat
Supporting skeptical felines everywhere
08:03 AM on 07/11/2011
We probably don't disagree all that much. The governing philosophy was originally to prevent oligarchies the founding fathers didn't like - or "the mob" - founding father-ese for the peasants from having power. At the time it was the middle ground. Expansion of the voting franchise happened gradually as it did in other western democracies. The core principle behind the constitution was separation of powers with checks and balances. The mechanism of how this was accomplished then however may not necessarily be the best solution today. Representatives, Senators, and Presidents probably need more skills than age, respiration, citizenship and the ability to fool one more voter than the opponent. Voters given the pitiful and often corrupt candidates certainly need to be smarter and better informed. Technological changes unimagined at the time were not envisioned in distribution of powers of the 10th amendment when it was written. The founding fathers probably understood greed - but were unable to prevent the rise of the corporate power. For these reasons I think we need citizen, as opposed to politician constitutional workshops to see how the best ideas from the past can work for the country in a drastically changed and changing future.