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David Ropeik

David Ropeik

Posted: August 4, 2010 12:28 PM

The EPA says Corexit 9500A, the chemical dispersants used to break up the oil from the Gulf of Mexico spill, are indeed toxic, but no more so than the oil itself. They're not something you'd put in the water if you didn't have to, but by breaking up the thick gooey oil, the dispersants reduce the mechanical/physical mechanism by which the oil suffocates or harms some wildlife. So, as is the case with so many environmental threats that trigger a knee-jerk "AAAIIIGGGH!", this one involves tradeoffs, and is more complicated than it seems at first, or than many environmentalists would like to admit.

The list of these, of course, is long. In fact, it's rare the environmental bogeyman that is only a threat.

  • DDT harms reproduction in some bird species but is an effective anti-mosquito agent against malaria.

  • Nuclear radiation can cause cancer, but the tradeoff of avoiding the risk of nuclear power is the harm that comes from burning fossil fuels.

  • Maybe the best example of all is mercury. Eating too much of some species of seafood raises exposure to mercury, which at high levels can impair the healthy neural development of a fetus. But the fatty acids you get by eating those fish are great for... ready... the healthy neural development of a fetus.

So how are we to make sense of these risks? And why does the scary side always
seem to grab our attention more than the benefit side? Wouldn't weighing the tradeoffs be a smarter way to make a fully informed healthy decision?

Well, sure. But that's not how our risk perception system evolved. It's designed to keep us alive, not get straight A's in school. It developed to be on the lookout for danger, not benefit. When something potentially perilous comes along, we instinctively assess it for the harm it might do, not the gain. And the system is set on a hair-wire trigger that sounds the alarm instantly if there even might be a threat. Subconsciously, before our thinking brain has even gotten the raw data to thoughtfully analyze the tradeoffs and complexities, which takes time, the animal instinct/self-preservation parts of the brain do a quick initial scan of information and if there is even the hint of peril... "AAAAIIIGGGGH."

The problem is, the perils of the modern information/technology age are more complicated than the simple dangers our risk perception system evolved to cope with. We didn't have to think about tradeoffs when the wolf was howling, or the bad guys with clubs were attacking, or it got dark. It's not so easy to figure out how to deal with climate change, or nanotechnology, or genetically modified food. There are certainly lots of 'cons' involved in the products and processes of modern life, but there are often pros too, and if we don't consider the whole picture, the ways we choose to protect ourselves may make us feel good, but leave us at greater peril.

That moderate reasoned approach is easier proposed than accomplished, however, because as thoughtful as we humans like to think we are, the risk perception system is not a simple matter of factual analysis. It's a just what we think, but also how we feel, and we know from decades of research into the psychology of risk that not only do we tend to over focus on the negative, but also;

  • Human-made risks innately feel scarier than natural ones.

  • Risks produced by industries we rightly don't trust feel scarier than they might actually be, just because of where they come from.

  • Whole classes of substances and categories of things can be stigmatized as dangerous when only some of them are.

  • Risks associated with a single catastrophic event feel scarier than risks that might be much bigger but which are chronic and spread out in space and time.

  • Risks getting a lot of attention feel scarier than bigger ones lurking in the background.

Do all those characteristics fit the use of chemical dispersants in the Gulf of Mexico oil spill? You bet. I'm not for a minute diminishing the catastrophe of this oil spill or the toxicity of Corexit 9500A, nor saying we shouldn't worry about DDT, or nuclear radiation, or mercury in seafood, hazards all. I am suggesting that all these issues teach us that sometimes, despite our best instincts, those instincts can cause us to get risk wrong, to over-react to some threats and under-react to others, and fail to consider tradeoffs, and end up making things worse. In the name of public and environmental health, we should look to the risk sciences not only of chemistry and biology, but also psychology, to help ourselves think more carefully about the complex hazards of our modern world, so we can figure out responses that not only feel right, but also maximize how safe we really are.

 
 
 

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04:11 PM on 08/07/2010
David..

You are correct in identifying the cons associated with modern information age.

A society's progress is often determined by the risks it is willing to take. Risk perception amongst public affects regulations and can hamper innovation.

http://risk-safety.com/how-risk-perception-affects-regulations/
04:03 PM on 08/07/2010
Redefine Nuclear energy's risk that does not compare health risks, but death. A blown out Nuke plant will not give x number of people cancer; it will kill x number. If you live to have cancer, you will be lucky. Your piece softens the harsh risks making them appear more of a logical choice which they aren't. That means your conclusions are exaggerated in attempting to put the threats into perspective. I would suggest that what you should be saying is that the more we are welded to giant energy policies and projects, the greater the risk of humanity being swept overboard by an unplanned event like this blow out. The bigger the oil field, the greater the pressures the more certain the outcome becomes unmanageable.

I.E., the more Nukes we build the more likely we loose control and poof! Thar she blows! TS Eliot was exactly right. We are the Hollow Men.

We need to stop this maddness if we want to survive.
02:27 AM on 08/06/2010
This is really just the beginning.

The mess is huge and far-reaching, and BP – Transocean and their collaborators should be prosecuted so something like this is less likely to happen again.

Evidence of long term damage from the oil spill:

Scientists Deeply Concerned About BP Disaster's Long-Term Impact: http://www.truth-out.org/scientists-deeply-concerned-about-bp-disasters-long-term-impact61946

The article starts out: “Contrary to recent media reports of a quick recovery in the Gulf of Mexico, scientists and biologists are "deeply concerned" about impacts that will likely span "several decades".

Environmental and Health Impacts of the BP Gulf Oil Spill By Dr. Tom Termotto: http://oilspillsolutionsnow.org/?page_id=176

Scientists Find Evidence That Oil And Dispersant Mix Is Making Its Way Into The Food chain: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/07/29/scientists-find-evidence_n_664298.html

Prof: Gulf chemicals very concerning: http://www.wpri.com/dpp/news/us_news/professor-says-gulf-chemicals-will-have-long-term-effects

This informative report, "Gulf Oil Spill Health Hazards", describes the toxicity of chemicals in crude oil and in the dispersants currently being used in the Gulf area. http://www.sciencecorps.org/crudeoilhazards.htm
03:12 PM on 08/04/2010
I agree with David Kearns.

Sylvia Earle, the National Geographic’s explorer-in-residence and former chief scientist at NOAA, stated that “the instructions for humans using Corexit warn that it is an eye and skin irritant, is harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed, and may cause injury to red blood cells, kidney or the liver.” “People are warned not to take Corexit internally,” she said, “but the fish, turtles, copepods and jellies have no choice. They are awash in a lethal brew of oil and butoxyethanol.”

One problem with breaking down the oil is that it makes it easier for the many tiny underwater organisms to ingest this toxic soup.

Carl Safina, president and co-founder of Blue Ocean Institute, believes BP’s dispersant strategy has more to do with PR than good science. “It takes something that we can see that we could at least partly deal with and dissolves it so we can’t see it and can’t deal with it. It’s an out-of-sight, out-of-mind strategy. It’s just to get it away from the cameras on the shoreline," Safina says.

For a better understanding of why toxic dispersants have been used by BP in such an excessive and unprecedented manner, visit:

http://renergie.wordpress.com/2010/07/12/bps-strategy-to-limit-liability-in-regard-to-its-gulf-oil-gusher/

and

http://renergie.wordpress.com/2010/05/25/bp-is-not-the-only-responsible-party/
07:50 PM on 08/15/2010
Good points. It just boggles the mind that millions of gallons of corexit will not impact the sea life, as if the toxic chemicals will not be injested, or, if injested, will not be any more toxic than if the sea life injested oil. As long as corexit isn't any more toxic than the toxic oil amounts, then BP should be able to dump as many millions of gallons as they want. You just can't make this stuff up.
photo
David Kearns
David Kearns is the author of "Where Hell Freezes
01:57 PM on 08/04/2010
What utter nonsense, Ropeik. With Machiavellian grace you sashay from the core issue here, that being the volume and indeed for a minute you are diminishing and so on, so don't caveat. Once again going back over your Romper Roomian placative pablum placebo to search out whether you've addressed the actual volumes of alleged dish soap sprayed into mother ocean. No I must have missed the part where you correctly researched a ballpark figure for how much dispersant was used, old bean. Because no where is it found. A common steak knife and a nasty fishing knife offer the same lethality. But I would certainly be a dead-from-the-neck-up simpleton for using this fact as a placative reporting on a cascade of steak knives falling from the sky onto Times Square numbering in the millions.You know this sort of thing, written by someone living in the Northeast, with no connection whatever to our oceans, is precisely where the conspiracy minded get their rage, and their suspicions. From the bottom of the water column to the top, the Gulf of Mexico is being poisoned and there is nothing that rationalizing apologists such as yourself can say to change that fact. I hope readers know nonsense when they read it.
04:23 PM on 08/05/2010
Amen, bro. Those of us who grew up on the Gulf of Mexico and its waters know what is being undone. This isn't a trade off- it's a die off; a kill off. A deliberate kill off cast as an expedient necessary action. A decision made where someone decided that 'we'll use chemicals instead of taking action as we should' to make the oil disappear as quickly as possible so we can get this thing behind us. I believe that it was a mutual decision made by BP and the government. Things die so let's just kill as much offshore so we don't see so much death onshore. There's your trade off. Wipe out all the life that comes in contact with the dispersant treated oil flowing from the well head. That means from bottom to top from ship to shore and all points in between. Damn the consequences to the ecology and open the fishing grounds asap and allow the sale of contaminated seafood so BP doesn't have to pay long lasting economic bills to those directly affected. Get to work, you lazy bums. C'est la vie.