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Dr. Gregory Jantz, Ph.D.

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Doubt and Doping: The Lance Armstrong Saga

Posted: 09/05/2012 5:30 pm

Last month, the United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) banned Lance Armstrong from cycling for life and stripped him of his titles from 1999 to the present, including his seven Tour de France wins. The USADA charged Armstrong with violating anti-doping rules by using a cornucopia of banned substances and practices, including "EPO, blood transfusions, testosterone, cortisone and HGH." Armstrong decided not to continue to fight the USADA charges after a judge ruled the USADA did, in fact, have jurisdiction because Armstrong signed an earlier arbitration agreement over the charges.

The reaction to the Armstrong saga reminded me of the 2008 movie Doubt, set in 1964. Philip Seymour Hoffman plays popular priest Father Flynn, whose ideas run afoul of Sister Aloysius, played by Meryl Streep. Amy Adams plays a young nun, Sister James, who presents Sister Aloysius with an incident involving the priest and an altar boy. The film revolves around the doubt introduced through this incident. Is the priest who he says he is, or is his relationship with the altar boy inappropriate? I distinctly remember discussing this movie with a friend of mine. Both of us saw the same movie, heard the same lines, evaluated the same evidence. One of us came away with the strong conviction that Father Flynn was innocent and the other came away with an equally strong belief in the priest's guilt. How did we see the same thing and come to such diametrically opposite conclusions?

This is the thread I see woven through the Lance Armstrong controversy. There are some people who are absolutely convinced of Armstrong's guilt. To them, Armstrong becomes just the latest in a growing line of disgraced heroes, from Mark McGwire to Barry Bonds to Sammy Sosa to Roger Clemens to Floyd Landis to Bartolo Colón to, well, the list keeps going. To them, Armstrong belongs in this disgraced Cheaters Hall of Shame.

To others, Armstrong's saga is one of an embattled hero fighting impossible odds. His status as athlete extraordinaire is buttressed by his identity as a cancer survivor and philanthropist. Sally Jenkins, in the Washington Post, put it this way, "First of all, Lance Armstrong is a good man. There's nothing that I can learn about him short of murder that would alter my opinion on that." Her opinion is clearly stated in the headline of her piece, "Lance Armstrong doping campaign exposes USADA's hypocrisy." As evidence, she presents a quote from the judge in the USADA case, wondering what that agency's real motives were behind their efforts to bring down Armstrong.

Which brings me back to Doubt. Sister Aloysius didn't like Father Flynn, so she was predisposed to believe him guilty. Sister James was predisposed to like him, so she believed his explanations. Was he innocent or guilty? The movie never settled the question and left viewers to struggle with the title of the movie. By removing himself from further hearings, Armstrong has done the same thing. The public is left to struggle with their own doubt regarding his guilt or innocence.

Armstrong lost in a court of law but appears to be banking on the court of public opinion. Those who like and admire Armstrong have held on to their belief in his innocence. Donations to Armstrong's Livestrong organization jumped the day after the announcement. According to CBS News, the editor-in-chief of Bicycling Magazine says of the posts on the magazine's online forums, "95 percent of them are pro-Lance people, communicating their support for him." Anti-Lance people will hold on just as tightly to their belief that he's just one more of the win-at-all-costs crowd that has tainted the reputation and contaminated the purity of sports.

Is he innocent? Is he guilty? Perhaps, in that place of reasonable doubt, where a person stands says more about the person passing judgment than it does the person accused. A struggle with doubt is, by necessity, a struggle with faith. In this chapter, that faith is in Lance Armstrong.

 
 
 

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01:52 PM on 09/08/2012
I am in the group that believes Lance Armstrong, the most tested athlete in history, is an American hero both on and off a bicycle. He's 40 years old, and this agenda-driven agency, that doesn't even have jurisdiction in world bicycling, vowed to pursue him forever. He said he's tired of playing in their little game. I have the utmost respect for Armstrong, and contempt for the ego-consumed wonks at USADA.
elogco
Borincua from Ohio the buckeye state
08:15 PM on 09/06/2012
The problem, good Doctor, in Mr Armstrong's case is there are witnesses, some who were close teammates that tesitified under oath before a federal grand jury and a former coach, were lined up to appear before the arbitration hearing. Mr Armstrong was not defenseless. He had a forminable defense team available to him, the best that money could buy, and and an opportunity to avail himself of the right to due process, the right to confront the witnesses and challenge the forensic evidence. His protestations sound insincere.
01:47 PM on 09/08/2012
Every one of those "witnesses" had a strong, personal agenda. They tested positive for banned substances, and worked a "deal," or published lucrative books, or just wanted someone else to join in their shame. Lance Armstrong remains the most tested athlete in history, before, during and after the events he won, and in the middle of the night during off-seasons. He passed all the tests. Then, here comes a different agency, out to make a rep for themselves, that vows to keep pursuing Armstrong forever. I totally understand when, at 40 years of age, he said do what you want, I'm no longer playing in your little game. Lance Armstrong is a unique mental and physical human, an American hero, and no one could have accomplished what he did, without or even with drugs. There is something about democracies that the people feel the need to tear down their heroes. Too bad.
elogco
Borincua from Ohio the buckeye state
03:46 PM on 09/08/2012
There is something about democracies that afford those accused the right to defend themselves. If all those "witnesses" had a strong, personal agenda (sounds rather conspiratorial wouldn't you say), cross-examination could have been used to impeach them. Of course that's all academic since Mr Armstrong chose to bail.
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maribelles
have opinion? win fans, lose fans
10:38 AM on 10/13/2012
Not the masseuse. It was insider common knowledge that he and the others doped. No heroism there. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/13/sports/cycling/lance-armstrong-aide-talks-of-doping-and-price-paid.html?hp
08:13 PM on 09/06/2012
I think you missed another set of people, and that's us folk that think you leave someone alone after a certain amount of time. The USADA is treating this like it's a violent crime -- that there's no statue of limitations here. I remember the days where people were against instant replay. With the USADA, they're instituting 8+ year replay. This is a very bad precedent. Why don't we just start watching video of every sporting event and start reassigning sports championships for every sport? Then you have the issue of how deep do you go? Who was doping when? We all know that everyone was doping. So the UCI et al improved their methods, and stripped people of their medals within a reasonable time period. But 8+ years? This lack of fair 'play' by the USADA is why many of us is why we stand by Lance.
01:57 PM on 09/08/2012
Meanwhile, professional football players who were paid bonuses to injure opponents were reinstated by the courts and NFL. Knockouts ... traumatic brain injury ... lifetime disabilities

By contrast, Lance Armstrong, most tested athlete in history, is hounded by an agenda-driven agency for the rest of his life. Lance is a true American hero. The USADA wonks are despicable.
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scsmit1
06:35 PM on 09/06/2012
First, it's not that Lance is simply a "good guy". The fact is Lance is an extraordinarily strong willed person who never lets his competitiveness get in the way of being a positive role model and influence. Besides raising awareness for men's cancer in general, he literally gave birth to the existence of the Tour de France in America. Because of him, kids in the inner cities are excited about bicycling. Prior to that it was pretty much exclusive to rich white male middle aged pseudo-intellectuals wanting to appear cosmopolitan.
Next, blame the French. Face it, the Tour de France was their "thing". And it stings them to know a boorish American whipped their butts. Their constant poor sportsmanship, the whining, the history of adversarial-ism.
Then, there's "reality". Reality is that IF Lance were in fact "cheating" it would still have been virtually impossible for him to have one that many times in a row. Others in the sport, likely the French, are in fact using all of the illegal methods and drugs, and still couldn't beat him 7 consecutive times. The man is physically the "perfect storm". Like Phelps, the man was simply born with the physicality to win. I recall hearing an examination that discovered Armstrong had a natural born inhuman resistance to pain that allowed him to ride at maximum longer than others.
Last, the man complied and passed countless drug tests over and over and over and over.
02:01 PM on 09/08/2012
Agree and F&F. Might add, all the "witnesses" have hidden, personal agendas. They were selling a book, defending their countrymen, as you said, selling tabloids, or making deals with various authorities, or simply trying to bury their own failures.
06:06 PM on 09/06/2012
I have seen a pattern with the very smart people defending Armstrong. They have been trying to narrow the definition of everything to the benefit of their guy. "He never admitted guilt; he just walked away from an unfair process". Actually, he admitted guilt. When he signed the agreements with the various agencies, he agreed to arbitration for any disputes and he also signed that refusing arbitration would be considered an admission of guilt and that penalties would follow. At every turn Armstrong apologists have been trying to redefine what every word, paragraph and phrase in the English language means in order to get him a pass. He gets more benefit of the doubt than any other athlete I have seen, and there appears to be way more evidence against him than any other athlete that I have seen. Barry Bonds had a guy who was willing to go to jail rather than testify against him. If we are to believe Lance, there are 10 or more people, including his best friend, who are willing to lie about him to get themselves out of hot water. What kind of guy must he be if that is true? Make the argument as narrow or as broad as you like, but, in the end, Armstrong being the victim of a vast conspiracy/vendetta/witch-hunt to bring him down just doesn't pass the smell test.
02:56 PM on 09/06/2012
We have spent millions and millions investigating all kinds of dope in sports. Let us cut it out it just spends scare resources on areas that their sports can take care of. We spend millions on barry bonds and who really cares except some congressmen with no brains.

With lance. He was tested hard looked at closely and with out foresinc evidence banned. I wonder if the goverment can be sued for slander without good evidence. There is no DA in the us that would have touched this without evidence.
02:45 PM on 09/06/2012
The whole thing smacks of a personal vendetta in which a lot of energy and money seems to be directed to destroying a man and his accomplishments in an era in which the use of PEDs was wide-spread in the professional cycling community. What a waste of everyone's time. Leave the man alone.
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Carroll Straus
02:30 PM on 09/06/2012
I agree with the basic premise of this post: " A struggle with doubt is, by necessity, a struggle with faith. In this chapter, that faith is in Lance Armstrong." But I also suspect Lance did sue various substances. is that truly morally wrong? That too, is in doubt, for many of us. There was--is-- a dentist who in fact cheated in marathons-by not running them. Cutting in near the finish line. CHEATING. Taking a given substance to enhance natural abilities and beyond-most-of-our -capabilities training? That is only "wrong" be cause some group SAYS so.

If it is true that use of substances is universal--and I can't help but believe it is-- I don't buy the "immorality" argument. In addition, Lance did much more than win titles, as the author acknowledges. Why do we so love to tear down our "heroes"? I am not sure, but it sure stinks of jealousy to me.,
01:38 PM on 09/06/2012
One difference is that Mark McGwire, Barry Bonds, Sammy Sosa, Roger Clemens and Bartolo Colón can not have their athletic achievements erased by some quasi-governemental panel that has no authority in the sports of baseball, football and basketball. Athletes in those sports are subject to the protections of the US Constitution and Bill of Rights, like the right to a trial by jury, to name one.

The Commissioner of Major League Baseball conducted a study of the "integrity" of baseball's historical records and concluded that there wasn't much basis there for excluding Mr. Bonds' home run records. So they will remain. No asterisks!

http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/15/sports/baseball/15kepner.html

Why is it not perfectly reasonable to assume that cycling's records, specifically in the TdF, have been similarly affected? Google on a phrase like "Top finishers to Lance Armstrong doped."
12:59 PM on 09/06/2012
Lance Armstrong hasn't lost in a court of law. When he was in an actual court of law he won his case. The USADA needs to find big name athletes guilty to justify their existence. And to do that they will offer reinstatement to unknown cheaters to testify against people they want to 'prove' cheated.
01:45 AM on 09/26/2012
Ironically when he was in a court of law he used the argument (against his sponsor at the time) that the USADA is the correct authority in the matter.
12:57 PM on 09/06/2012
In over 500 tests he came out clean. There is a justice system in place - he complied with all the rules. May be he tried a few times that were witnessed by other guys, so what? If he did it consistently he would have been caught without a doubt, like many other athletes. If he was not caught, he probably did not do enough to make a significant difference in his performance. Let me man ALONE!
01:46 AM on 09/26/2012
He has been caught, without a doubt, like many other athletes.
11:28 AM on 09/06/2012
Everybody is out to get Lance. He didn't dope. He passed all his drug tests, hundreds of them. Most, if not all of his teammates were doping, but Lance stayed above the fray. He won those races with his God given talent and a 'bit' of determination. Now these dirty teammates want to bring Lance down because he did it naturally, and didn't succumb to their weaknesses. It really is a witch hunt.
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omnimax
11:20 AM on 09/06/2012
Little people were going to hound him forever. He had no choice but to call it quits and get on with his life.Jealousy and envy are two oif the strongest drivers of human activity
11:16 AM on 09/06/2012
Facts are stubborn things. All the scientific evidence, over 500 negative drug tests, supports Lance Armstrong being clean. Against this mountain of empirical evidence their is rumoured to be the word of a bunch proven cheaters who failed drug tests. It may be possible to beat 500 drug tests but it is not very likely. It is much more probable that drug cheats lied since they are proven cheats and liars.

It is a stubborn fact that after spending millions of dollars and a few years investigating Armstrong the Federal Government didn't even lay charges. That does not suggest that the word of a bunch of cheats and liars was very good evidence.
02:03 PM on 09/08/2012
Succinctly said. F&F
01:50 AM on 09/26/2012
Unfortunately the "facts" you cite are the same ones the Lance public relations team made up. Fortunately, the facts will be released soon.

An aside: there weren't always even tests available. And even now the tests are only part of the program of anti-doping.
10:41 AM on 09/06/2012
When a government or large agency spends a great deal of time and money on an investigation, they have an ego investment in the process. If the investigation comes to naught, it is an embarrassment to them, hence they keep pressing on, regardless of the lack of evidence. Congress did this with other sports figures (and got a black eye when all charges had to be dismissed). The USADA is doing the same thing - their egos rather than their brains are pressing this case. A shake-up of the agency is in order.
02:03 PM on 09/08/2012
Agree with you. Absolutely.
01:54 AM on 09/26/2012
That might be true, but in this case there is a lot of evidence.