It seemed like a virtual fountain of youth, with a heart attack mortality rate roughly half the rate of every surrounding community. Same water, same neighborhood, same occupational mix, same income level ranges, same races. So what was the difference and why?
Well, you had to ask the Rosetans for the answer, and the next question you ask should be, Who are the Rosetans?
The Rosetans are inhabitants of Roseto, Pennsylvania, a pretty but remarkably modest village nestled in Eastern Pennsylvania. Back in 1962, in a scene out of the movie Outbreak, investigators descended on Roseto with the full equipment of scientific investigators...with the blessings of the Federal and State governments. Roseto was a starkly healthier place to live, and no one could guess why. It was up to these researchers to figure out why, and they stayed for several years.
Pouring over death certificates from 1955 until 1965, the investigators concluded that the reason was unusually clear for science. Just to make sure, the Rosetans were compared with neighboring communities, including the aptly named "Nazareth" and "Bangor" towns. The confirmations just kept on showing up in everything the researchers did. And the conclusions have had tremendous implications since they were confirmed in 1992.
What made Rosetans die less from heart disease than identical towns elsewhere? Family ties. Another observation: they had traditional and cohesive family and community relationships. It turns out that Roseto was peopled by strongly knit Italian American families who did everything right and lived right and consequently lived longer.
In short, Rosetans were nourished by people.
In all ways, this happy result was exactly the opposite expectation of well-proven health laws. The Rosetans broke the following long-life rules, and did so with a noticeable relish: and they lived to tell the tale.
They smoked old-style Italian stogie cigars, malodorous and remarkably pungent little nips of a cigar guaranteed to give a nicotine fix of unbelievably strong potency. These were not filtered or adulterated in any way.
Both sexes drank wine with seeming abandon, a beverage which the 1963 era dietician would find almost prehistoric in health value. In fact, wine was consumed in preference to all-American soft drinks and even milk.
Forget the cushy office job, Rosetan men worked in such toxic environs as the nearby slate quarries. Working there was notoriously dangerous, not merely hazardous, with "industrial accidents" and gruesome illnesses caused by inhaling gases, dusts and other niceties.
And forget the Mediterranean diets of olive oil, light salads and fat-free foods. No, Rosetans fried their sausages and meatballs in.....lard. They ate salami, hard and soft cheeses all brimming with cholesterol.
Nor were the Rosetans left to their own devices, as Rosetans actually suffered from anti-ethnic discrimination, replacing the formerly English and Welsh miners who didn't like or care for the new immigrants. It should be noted that while not directly affected, the notorious and violent "Molly McGuires" murdered and looted immigrants and mining facilities just a few miles away form Roseto.
And they left others alone. There was no crime rate and few applications for social assistance (then called Relief). That's not a typo...there was a zero crime rate (meaning no reported crimes) and no files for any emergency relief.
Part of the bargain: Rosetans, regardless of income and education, expressed themselves in a family-centered social life. There was a total absence of ostentation among the wealthy, meaning that those who had more money didn't flaunt it. There was nearly exclusive patronage of local businesses, even with nearby bigger shops and stores in other towns. The Italians intermarried in Roseto, from regional cities in Italy. Families were close knit, self-supportive and independent, but also relied...in bad times...on the greater community for well-defined assistance and friendly help.
No one was alone in Roseto. No one seemed too unhappy or too stressed out. And the proof was a heart attack death rate almost half of everyone else around them. Wealthier towns suffered from heart disease though their medical facilities, diet and occupations were either better or at least equal than available in Roseto.
Each house studied contained three families, or three generations. The elderly were neither institutionalized nor marginalized, but were "installed" as informal judges and arbitrators in everyday life and commerce.
In 1963, these investigators made a prescient observation: they believed that as Rosetans became more Americanized (meaning less close, less modest and less interdependent), they would also become less healthy. The wearing off of the now famous "Roseto" effect would be apparent within a generation. And so it was.
A relatively recent (1992) survey, as published in the American Journal of Public Health, confirmed this sad prediction. The officials of the AJPH, no doubt beguiled by Roseto's fate, descended on the town yet again. Again the investigators rifled through the death records of Roseto, and again they compared them with the surrounding towns of Nazareth and Bangor. The result: the Rosetans now suffer equally from the ravages of heart disease as every other town does, in the vicinity or not.
In fact, the wearing away of intra-marriages (Italian to Italian), the careless dismantling of the social ties between family and community, the return to conspicuous consumption by wealthy Rosetans, and ignorance of common values, could be charted with precision from decade to decade. Lo and behold, there is an almost perfect correlation between Americanization and heart disease death rates.
In a recent book, The Power of Clan, authors Stewart Wolf and John Bruhn covered the town from 1935-1984: their conclusions dovetailed with the other studies. The magic of Roseto was the total avoidance of isolated individuals crushed by problems of everyday life. Rosetans didn't feel isolated or crushed, rather they avoided the internalization of stress. Stability and predictability...hardly Americanized virtues...even in the early years, was life soothing, hence life lengthening.
Consumer pressure was vitiated by a total taboo against showing off wealth. But the townspeople did work harder than most. Toward the goal of "a better life for the kids."
But so much for the oasis of healthy living. In the 1970's, there was suburbanization of the region, including the town. Single family homes, fenced yards, country clubs were brought in. But the social ties weakened and then started to fail. They failed with a significant event.
It took until 1971 for the first person under age 45 died of a heart attack took place in Roseto.
So the Rosetans joined the rest of the United States and like the legendary Scottish town of Brigadoon, the healthy oasis of Roseto, Pennsylvania has departed into the mists of scientific history. For now, the Roseto Effect, as sociologists call it, remains a beguiling, even teasing note in American health history. With the almost total lack of such ties in American society, the Rosetans pass through the years as a stark reminder of what modern life exacts as a toll from even the healthiest American.
If it was as simple as the "studies" seem to indicate, then anyone "feeling" the way the Rosetoens felt should support the data. Have people been polled around the country to ascertain their attitudes towards life and correllated that with their general health?
My questions could easily exceed my 350 word limit.
8
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They're just biding their time until they die.
Their diets are nothing more than the bland "brown and tan" foods of the industry.
I have a neighbor who just recently passed. He was in his 90's. I've lived next to him for 15 years and rarely, if ever, saw his family visit.
He hardly ever went anywhere and in recent years stopped driving all together. His diet was abysmal. I think the only time he got a vegetable is when I would bring him a home cooked meal or pot of soup.
Rosetan sounds like a place I'd like to be, but I don't think that there are any big secrets or answers to what makes a long life.
I think that some people are just meant to live long lives no matter what they do.
I've known people who have smoked their whole lives into their 80's and 90's with no adverse affects. I'm not promoting an unhealthy lifestyle, but I'd like to see some studies done on people who are very, very old, who are not living 'healthy lifestyles' i.e. the ones
who are in nursing homes and are depressed, innactive and not involved in any type of community...why do THEY live so long?
After spending the last six months exploring the psychological realities behind the climate change challenge, I have become convinced, that part of recreating a more sustainable world, will involve a revitalization of community life, using the kernels of communities still remaining
including schools, places of work, neighborhoods, places of worship, and community centers.
And I am encouraged by the growing numbers of green initiatives that are starting to look to community as one essential ingredient of their efforts.
http://lamarguerite.wordpress.com
'It's All About Green Psychology'
http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2007/march7/sapolskysr-030707.html
That's why we fund these researchers to continue looking into life's little and big questions.
There is a possible scientific explanation as to why the largely Italian immigrant community of Roseto was long lived, and this explanation is genetic: the APOA1 Milano gene. Intermarriage in the decades since the sixties would have diluted its occurance in the population. Because it was not known about until fairly recently, none of the source material mentioned by Dr. Positano could have included this as a possibility, but, before attributing the long life spans of the Rosetans to environment, it might be interesting to investigate whether or not a large percentage of the original Italian immigrants were carriers of this gene.
"A naturally-occurring mutated strain of the apoA-1 protein found in human HDL. First identified by Cesare Sirtori in Milan, it has been shown to significantly reduce arterial plaque.
Discovered by accident, the mutation was found to be present in about 3.5% of a tiny village called Limone sul Garda in northern Italy. It has been traced to a mutation in a single man living in the village in the 1700s.
Due to its enormous apparent efficacy, some have speculated that development of synthetic apoA-1 Milano may be a key factor in eradicating coronary heart disease." - from Wikipedia (http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ApoA-1_Milano)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ApoA-1_Milano
Perhaps many of the original Italian immigrants were carriers of the APOA1 Milano gene, and intermarriage with non-carriers meant fewer and fewer members of the community had the gene's protective qualities.
"A naturally-occurring mutated strain of the apoA-1 protein found in human HDL. First identified by Cesare Sirtori in Milan, it has been shown to significantly reduce arterial plaque.
Discovered by accident, the mutation was found to be present in about 3.5% of a tiny village called Limone sul Garda in northern Italy. It has been traced to a mutation in a single man living in the village in the 1700s.
Due to its enormous apparent efficacy, some have speculated that development of synthetic apoA-1 Milano may be a key factor in eradicating coronary heart disease."
We already know regular red wine-drinking is good for heart health, and even more so high omega-3 fatty acid intake. The early studies of lard being bad for the heart were based on studies of partially hydrogenated lard. At the time they didn't realize the processing was what made the fat bad for the body, not necessarily the source, so lard was pronounced bad for heart health. In reality what scientists had discovered was that transfats were bad for heart health. But lard got a bad reputation and people don't eat it anymore.
With this community's reliance on local shops and local suppliers, I'd be willing to bet fifty dollars the local butcher got his meat from the local farmers, and that those local farmers were using traditional farming methods. In other words, the cows and chickens were not kept inside in cages eating grains, they were outdoors and the cows grazed on grass and the chickens scratched. Free-range animals have meat and particularly fat high in omega-3 fatty acids, and if the population was very deliberately consuming as much lard and animal-fat fatty foods as they could, they were consuming large amounts of omega-3 fatty acids.
I wrote a book on the importance of omega-3 fatty acids for female libido, The Orgasmic Diet, but omega-3 fatty acids have a profound effect on many other aspects of health, particularly heart health. Those people weren't healthy because of the community, they were healthy because of the foods they ate. They probably also ate lots of fresh local produce grown without lots of pesticides, probably a lot of it grown in their own backyards.
As an older American I am now pretty cut off from family, and I am sad. When either my husband or I die, and the nursing home beckons, one can only hope for soon demise. For one thing, it's hard to qualify for a nursing home on Medicaid, if you make more than a certain amount...and impossible to afford a private home if you make below a certain amount. There will be no "enthroning" in anyone's home for us.
We will be no longer welcome in the world. We know this is true, and we are very sad.