Western anatomy as we know it has been around for more than 500 years and still forms the foundation for the study of medicine and the approach to medical practice. But what if the anatomy texts of the past 500-plus years got it -- at least partially -- wrong? This is the argument of a growing number of researchers, including author Tom Myers, Dr. Stephen Levin, Dr. Donald E. Ingber and Tom Flemons, to name just a few.
The new anatomy, these researchers propose, is one of interconnectedness. We are not just a collection of bones and muscles wired together by tendons and ligaments. Rather, from cells to molecules, organs, bones and soft tissues, we are synergistically-linked tensegrity structures. Used first by Buckminster Fuller, the term tensegrity refers to structures that gain their strength and integrity from a delicate balance of compressive and tensile forces throughout the structure, rather than the strength of the individual members.
In his book Anatomy Trains, author Tom Myers developed a model of this interconnectedness in terms of the soft tissues of the body. Muscles, tendons and ligaments are not individual parts, Myers proposed, but rather are organized in large networks of fascial structures. These anatomy trains, or myofascial meridians, run through the body from feet to head and head to feet. These myofascial meridians in turn are key, maintains Myers, to understanding how to prevent or heal pain and dysfunction -- physical as well as mental or emotional.
In this interview, Tom Myers discusses the core concepts of Anatomy Trains and the implications for our understanding of the interconnectedness of the body.
Eva Norlyk Smith: Tom, how does your concept of anatomy trains differ from the traditional way of viewing the body?
Tom Myers: Anatomy Trains provides a bridge between the wholeness and individual parts. We all work together as a whole. Anatomy Trains is a way to view the transitions between the individual muscles and their actions, and the wholeness, i.e., the actual human being.
The traditional model of anatomy looks at the body as a machine, like a Ford truck or Dell computer. But the body is not put together like a machine; it's more like a plant. Yet, all of the images that we use for the body are images of machines: The muscles work through levers, the lungs are bellows, the heart is a pump, the liver is a factory and the kidney is a filter. We have all these very industrial images for the body.
Eva Norlyk Smith: Can you give an example?
Tom Myers: Well, typically muscles are understood as levers that act on the bones from their origins and insertions on the bones. But the reality is that our traditional way of looking at it ignores the true attachments, which a muscle has. A muscle is not just attached to bones. It is attached to the muscles beside it; it is attached to the ligaments underneath it. That has real world implications for our understanding of the biomechanics of the body.
But most of us don't get to go into the dissection lab to see the way things are. We look at Netter's anatomy drawings or Trail Guide to the Body, and so on. But those books have a point of view. So there's no new anatomy here. What is new is the concept of how we look at it.
Eva Norlyk Smith: When you say the body is more like a plant, what do you mean?
Tom Myers: Like a plant, the body is grown from a seed. The body is grown from a single fertilized ovum. Somebody didn't take a nervous system and put it together with the vascular system and put it together with the muscles, and so on, to come up with the body. The muscles and the vascular system and the nervous system all grew together from one single cell. So everything has a common origin and everything grew up together. It never grew up separately.
Our books have to separate things out so that we can study and understand them. But we've forgotten that separating things out was just something that we did for academic convenience. But this approach doesn't actually represent the truth of the body.
Eva Norlyk Smith: If I understand you correctly, the myofascial meridians, laid out in Anatomy Trains, are also the patterns through which musculo-skeletal strain is communicated?
Tom Myers: Yes. Whatever happens -- in the feet, or anywhere in the body -- also happens in the neck and the shoulders. And it also goes the other way. What happens in the neck can have ramifications down to the feet as well. Fascial restrictions can cause pain patterns that are quite far removed from the site of the initial fascial compensation.
Eva Norlyk Smith: You have referred to this approach as a "third kind of medicine" or spatial medicine. What do you mean by that?
Tom Myers: Spatial medicine deals with identifying and treating fascial compensations to help realign the body closer to its ideal. Bodyworkers, such as Rolfers, do this through the manipulation of fascia. You do it through yoga as well. Yoga works directly with the plasticity of fascia. One of the great things about yoga is that it works both with the strength and flexibility of the muscles to get things balanced on the muscular side. But it also elongates the fascial fabric. When you are doing Uttanasana, standing forward bend, for example, the whole back line of your body, not just the muscles, is being tugged into a stretch.
Spatial medicine is a term for any technique that focuses on altering both the structure and functioning of the body by releasing holding patterns in the soft tissues. Anything that impacts the alignment of all the body's structures in a holistic way to create space and more mobility is really practicing spatial medicine.
Eva Norlyk Smith: What are the implications of looking at the body in this way for yoga teachers and movement teachers?
Tom Myers: Well, the implications are the same; the tools are just different. As bodyworkers, we see shortness or lack of movement and go after it with our hands. Yoga or Pilates teachers or personal trainers address lack of movement by developing an exercise, which will first include and then integrate that area into the person's movement. These are two very complementary things.
There are things that I can do with my hands that you cannot do in yoga, and vice versa. So as far as I'm concerned, it's just two aspects of the larger field that I call spatial medicine, which concerns how we occupy space and move through space. We just have different methods of how we might go about it.
Anatomy Trains focuses on the body in terms of myofascial linkages. And that's exactly what yoga postures do. And incidentally, physiotherapy research has clearly shown that you get a better training of the fascial body by working these long chains of muscle instead of working individual muscles, such as most workout machines do. So yoga people have been doing that for years.
The key to relieving chronic pain is often to release harmful physical patterns and replace them with healthier ones. When we reduce unnecessary tension in the soft tissues in the body, it has tremendous implications for the whole structure -- not just our body, but our extended body-mind as well.
I've seen that again and again in my practice. You make these changes, and the person changes. The nervous system, the circulatory system, and the fascial system are never separate in a human being. They develop together, and they work together. So when the fascial system changes, everything else changes.
For example, think of someone who's depressed. You can approach depression from a neurological point of view or a chemical point of view, and say that serotonin reuptake inhibitors like Prozac or Zoloft might be helpful. But depression has a fascial effect as well. It also is expressed as a specific look and shape of the body. You really don't see people with their chest puffed out going around saying, "I'm so depressed."
So we've gone after the talk therapy solutions to depression, and we have more recently gone after the chemical reactions to depression. But I think we really ought to be looking at how people hold themselves and how they shape themselves.
Fascia is the organ of form. We have to change the connective tissue, change things at that level. And that in turn changes people's breathing, and when their breathing changes, their chemistry changes and their outlook changes. So, again, people have been paying a lot of attention to the chemistry and neurology of conditions like depression, and not much attention to shape. But shape is hugely important, and that's where yoga and bodywork really shine.
So yoga, bodywork, osteopathy, chiropractic, Alexander/Feldenkreis techniques are all different ways to influence structure and movement. All these approaches work holistically with the body, and they show great promise for the future as an emerging field of medicine.
To download and listen to the whole 30-minute interview with Tom Myers, go here: "From Seed to Plant -- Yoga and the New Anatomy of Interconnectedness."
To learn more about how the concept of anatomy trains applies to yoga practice, join Tom Myers for an online course: Mapping the Body: Anatomy Trains for Yoga Practitioners.
For more by Eva Norlyk Smith, Ph.D., click here.
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