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Geoffrey R. Stone

Geoffrey R. Stone

Posted: August 23, 2007 09:42 AM

Hate Crimes and the Gospel


On May 3, the U.S. House of Representatives voted to pass the Local Law Enforcement Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2007. The Senate will take up a companion bill, known as the Matthew Shepard Act, when it returns from its summer recess. If enacted, this law would authorize the Justice Department, in certain narrowly defined circumstances, to criminally prosecute an individual who "willfully" causes bodily injury to another person or, "through the use of fire, a firearm, or an explosive ... attempts to cause bodily injury" to another person, because of that person's race, color, religion, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability.

A coalition of conservative African-American pastors has aggressively lobbied against this legislation on the premise that it would make it unlawful for them to preach that homosexuality is a sin. Bishop Harry R. Jackson, Jr., pastor of the Hope Christian Church in Lanham, Virginia, for example, has asserted that the Act would "keep the church from preaching the Gospel."

This objection to the legislation is fanciful. To begin with, there is no doubt of the Act's constitutionality. In 1993, the Supreme Court unanimously upheld a virtually identical state law in Wisconsin v. Mitchell. The Court made clear that "a physical assault is not by any stretch of the imagination expressive conduct protected by the First Amendment." Moreover, the Court emphasized that the government has a perfectly legitimate interest in punishing "bias-motivated crimes," because such crimes are especially likely to inflict emotional harms on their victims, incite community unrest, and provoke retaliatory violence.

Of course, the Christian pastors do not intend to assault anyone physically. Their claim, rather, is that they could be prosecuted under the law merely for preaching against homosexuality. They fear that such sermonizing might be transmogrified by the law into an "attempt" to incite members of their congregations to lynch gays because of their sexual orientation.

For at least three reasons, this argument is completely unfounded. First, the Matthew Shepard Act would not prohibit "attempts to incite." It would prohibit only the actual infliction of bodily harm and attempts to cause bodily harm. The latter refers to firing a gun and missing, not giving a sermon in church.

Second, it is settled First Amendment law that an individual cannot constitutionally be punished for attempting to incite others to commit crimes unless the speaker expressly incites unlawful conduct and such conduct is likely to occur imminently. The last time the Supreme Court upheld a criminal conviction for incitement was more than half a century ago, in the case of Dennis v. U.S., and that involved incitement to violent overthrow of the government. Unless the pastors intend to expressly incite wild-eyed mobs to beat up gays because of their sexual orientation, they are in no danger from this law.

Third, the legislation expressly provides that "nothing in this Act ... shall be construed to prohibit any expressive conduct protected" by the First Amendment. In other words, indeed, in the most explicit words possible, the Act could not be applied to the pastors unless their sermons are unprotected by the First Amendment, a concept that is impossible to imagine.

The First Amendment protects the right of Nazis to march in Skokie, the right of racists to assert that blacks are inferior, the right of atheists to denounce Christianity, and the right of homophobes to condemn homosexuality. The argument of the pastors that the proposed legislation in any way threatens their right to preach their version of the Gospel is, to be frank, ridiculous.

Of course, there might be rational reasons to question the wisdom of this legislation. But the argument that it endangers the First Amendment rights of these Christian pastors is certainly not one of them.

 
 
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
xenubarb
Nebulon V
07:31 PM on 08/26/2007
People who use their position to preach hatred against others are putting the target demographic in serious risk of being harmed by some lunatic.

Take f'rinstance, Religious Freedom Watch. It purports to be in defense of all religions, but strangely, only critics of Scientology are profiled.
http://religiousfreedomwatch.org/

The names listed under 'Religious Extremists' reads like a 'Who's Who' of Scientology criticism. Elronically, it is not the religious aspect people are concerned with. These pages are brought to you by the same people who have a 'Youth For Human Rights' front group. Human rights all 'round, except for the rights of people who don't agree with them.

What's to keep some whacky Scientologist from going out and hunting one of these people down?
07:47 PM on 08/23/2007
Murder, assult, rape and many other crimes of violence are NOT violations of Federal Law
With all due respect to all of you the point of Federal Hate Crimes is so that if States and local communities do not prosecute those who murder and threaten people because of their race, religion, gender, sexual orientation then the Federal Government can do it.
Back in the 1960s a church was bombed and four little girls were killed. It was clearly a hate crime and that's how the murderer was convicted.
It does disturb me that those people who benefit from Hate Crime legislation now seek to keep others from having access to it.
I do ask my Christian brothers and sisters, those who condone the hatred and murder of Matthew Shepherd and other gays and lesbians, how will you respond to Jesus when he says "When you did it to the least of these, my brothers, you did it unto me"?
I may have to answer for my homosexuality but you'll have to answer for your hatred. Good luck!
06:10 PM on 08/23/2007
Right-wing wingnuts like MIchelle Malkin continue to say that passing this law criminalizes the freedom to think certain thoughts-and of course haters like her, Mann Coultergeist, Melanie Morgan, Sean Hannity, Rush, and others worry about such nonsense! However, the text here dismisses this phoney worry. Simply we don't want our society TO ACT on its bigoted/hateful thoughts-but it's ok to have them!!! Great blog!!
06:01 PM on 08/23/2007
Why do liberals believe that a religion that teaches that homosexual actions are a sin are "hateful". They teach that killing is sin, adultery is a sin, stealing is a sin. No one claims they hate those that commit adultry. I know of not one single person who is religious who "hates" homosexuals.

If you really believe that this imagined hate exists and that it is proper justification for eliminating freedom of religion then I guess you are beyond rational thought.
06:50 PM on 08/23/2007
Freedom of speech and religion are inviolable and guaranteed in the Constitution. Hate crimes legislation cannot supercede it. Some states already include sexual orientation in theirs and not one single clergyman has been prosecuted for whatever vile slanders they regularly hurl at gays and no one ever will be. Long live freedom of religion. Long live equality under the law for everyone, if we ever get there.
08:53 PM on 08/23/2007
You IMAGINE relious freedom is in peril, show in ANY State where LGBT Hate Crimes Laws exist where ANY Church or Minister has been censored?

As for the Hate against gays/lesbians I can name dozens of murders and comatose victims of queer bashing, Matthew Sheperd, Alan Schindler, Barry Winchell, 5 bar patronns in MA bar hit with a hatchet, 5 lesbians kicked in the head on the sidewalk outside a Bar in st. Paul MN, on a New Years Eve,,,,
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
samguy
05:46 PM on 08/23/2007
To the not-so-good reverends: tough toenails. We are not a theocracy. Get it?
05:13 PM on 08/23/2007
"The Bible contains six admonishments to homosexuals and 362 admonishments to heterosexuals. That doesn't mean that God doesn't love heterosexuals. It's just that they need more supervision." ~ Lynn Lavner
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TitaniumAvatar
Sinister yet Dexterous
05:10 PM on 08/23/2007
Terrorism is a hate crime.

"They hate our Freedom."
04:17 PM on 08/23/2007
The more the homobigots push against MY community, the more crimes of men and womyn being attacked in our bars, with a hatchet or kicked to death, the angrier, the more millitant LGBT people will become, and the higher incidence of LGBT people arming ourselves.
If moderate people feel the extreme elements on BOTH sides are dividing this country to an alarming rate, the more they must speak out.
03:47 PM on 08/23/2007
Preaching against homosexuality is a sin.

It certainly at least lowers my opinion of the religious groups that do it.

I find it so objectionable so closed minded - that I would almost be tempted to make it against the law. But yes the first amendment - what to do ???
04:04 PM on 08/23/2007
Heh. I don't know if this was a put on. But 'saying homosexuality is a sin is a sin', 'I completely object to that type of close minded objection', and 'I would make that type of intolerance illegal if not for the first amendment' just had to be a send up. So, laughing out loud if I was supposed to.
03:43 PM on 08/23/2007
As a resident of VA, I wonder if these clergymen could possibly find some other problem in their community to spend their energy on-like the fact that black people in VA are being murdered, sold drugs, becoming teen mothers, incarcerated, ect. in our fair Commonwealth.
04:57 PM on 08/23/2007
I agree completely. There should be a lot more pressing issues that the clergy should be addressing. The poor, the destitute, maybe the desperate? How about the hungry right here in our own backyard?

As long as these pastors are not enciting their clergy to go out and shoot/beat up homosexuals, this really should be a moot point for them.
03:23 PM on 08/23/2007
The BOGUS arguements the "FAMILY" hate-fest organizations stir up against a national Hate Crime Bill just amazes me. There have been dozen or more States with Hate Crimes Laws which protect LGBT citizens, and NO CHURCH is censored, there is substantial proof in those States, and still if they repeat lies enough some ignorant people buy them.
02:04 PM on 08/23/2007
"right of homophobes to condemn homosexuality"

Hmmm. Or perhaps a nicer way to say it would be the "right of decent people to disagree over the issue of homosexuality." Which, believe it or not, decent people do.
02:17 PM on 08/23/2007
Yes, they do and that is fine.

However, saying that because of a persons sexual orientation they don't deserve the same right as others, guaranteed under our constitution is one thing. It is not the issue of religion but an issue of our constitutional rights.
02:22 PM on 08/23/2007
Fair enough. That's a debate worth having. I just prefer not to use labels unless the person is happy with the label in question. Nazis seem to enjoy the Nazi label, so have at it. But most who hold various views on the issue of homosexuality seem to prefer other terms used to describe them.
06:19 PM on 08/23/2007
That is something I can agree with in part. I don't think "marriage" is a right guaranteed under the constitution for anyone. I don't think it is a denial of equal protection to treat spouses capable of pro creating differently from couples of the same sex who can't. But if the legislature wanted to extend to homosexuals the fulls rights in all respects that married couples have, I would fully support it.
02:25 PM on 08/23/2007
Since sexual orientation is not a choice ( though living honestly is) disagreeing about it makes as much sense as disagreeing about a person's race. It's a fact not an argument.
02:31 PM on 08/23/2007
Not to be contrary, but there is plenty of disagreement over the whole 'born this way' argument. So it is worthy to debate. After all, many who support the gay rights agenda do so without accepting the genetic code argument (the genes in question not being discovered yet, as we learned when the issue of aborting babies with the gay gene came up. Several in the gay rights movement pointed out that no such gene had been discovered). That's enough disagreement for me to feel comfortable approaching this as an issue that people are passionate about, but the nobody has the 'duh' factor on their side.
04:32 PM on 08/23/2007
I'm in agreement. The same logic would state that it's fine for an African-American person to be black (since he/she is born that way), but they need to stop ACTING like they're African-American because "we white folks" don't like it. So -- no more speaking Ebonics, no more dressing "non-white" or listening to "non-white" music. They'd need to name their children by "white" norms, and adopt "white" standards and values (as if such a thing exists) and denounce their African heritage as somehow inferior and evil. Or, barring their ability to change themselves, they can go into hiding so we don't need to look at them.

Now, I'm not in favor of this actually happening, please understand. I'd hate it. But, when people say that gays have the choice of either remaining celibate or suppressing their homosexuality, it's the same argument, and I hate THAT, too.
01:47 PM on 08/23/2007
As a gay man, I find it almost laughable that we could frighten some hetrosexual males so much. Since homophobes sterotype gays as weak and effeminate, why would a big, macho straight guy be so afraid of us? If the threat isn't physical, then it must be occuring on another level. Some research indicates that the more homophobic one is, the more likely it is that they have latent homosexual urges. Someone who believes that gays are a threat because they can "convert" straights must be terribly insecure about their own sexuality. As a young man, I tried desperately to convert myself to hetrosexuality. It didn't work, which left me with the choice of self loathing or accepting myself for who I am and reevaluating the negative sterotypes that I had grown up with. I chose the latter. As someone who is certain of their sexual orientation, I find the idea that I could be "converted" absurd. Perhaps those who stand behind a pulpit and preach about the "sin" of homosexuality, are preaching as much to themselves as others. Imagine what it must be like to wake up in a cold sweat after having homoerotic dreams and be angry with God because he hasn't answered your prayers to make them stop.
06:17 PM on 08/23/2007
It might be best for you to try not be more careful in expressing the reasons for your anger at Christianity. You don't seem to have a clue as to what they think and believe.

If you are a homosexual there is nothing you can or should do to try to condem or silence a religion that believes its members should not engage in such activity or that such activity is a sin. It is not different than your trying to criminalize a person because he/she thinks Van Gogh's paintings are trash and you think they are wonderful. Art and religion are subjective. They are very personal. Everyone is entitled to their opinion about them.
01:04 PM on 08/26/2007
bc,

Currently, Christianity is largely: "telling someone they have no right to view Van Gogh paintings in the privacy of his own home."
01:37 PM on 08/23/2007
Now I know why Jesus preach the separating of church and state, so, to keep a balance of reason.

But, Jesus did have his flock of sheep, leading them to the right path. AND
Some of these pastors are so lost, they can't find the right path to lead their sheep.
01:29 PM on 08/23/2007
How dare you lump rationalists with Nazis, racists, and homophobes. An atheist is somebody who recognizes the world as it really is, and has nothing at all in common with Nazis, racists and homophobes. Again, how dare you?
02:15 PM on 08/23/2007
I admit, as a person of faith, I was a little struck by putting atheists in with Nazis. But then, I was struck by putting people who have differing views on the issue of homosexuality there, too. But then, it's sort of the way debate happens today, isn't it?
03:07 PM on 08/23/2007
As an atheist, I didn't read much into the atheist/Nazi/racist/homophobe comment. As I see it, Stone was simply illustrating that the speach of ALL groups--from the most hateful to the most mundane--is protected under the First Amendment.