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James K. Galbraith

James K. Galbraith

Posted: February 14, 2011 10:03 AM

The Fiscal Solutions Tour is the latest Peter G. Peterson Foundation effort to rouse the public against deficits and the national debt -- and in particular (though they manage to avoid saying so) to win support for measures that would impose drastic cuts on Social Security and Medicare. It features Robert Bixby of the Concord Coalition, former Comptroller General David Walker and the veteran economist Alice Rivlin, whose recent distinctions include serving on the Bowles-Simpson commission. They came to Austin on February 9 and (partly because Rivlin is an old friend) I went.

Mr. Bixby began by describing the public debt as "the defining issue of our time." It is, he said, a question of "how big a debt we can have and what can we afford?" He did not explain why this is so. He did not, for instance, attempt to compare the debt to the financial crisis, to joblessness or foreclosures, nor to energy or climate change. Oddly none of those issues were actually mentioned by anyone, all evening long.

A notable feature of Bixby's presentation were his charts. One of them showed clearly how the public deficit soared at the precise moment that the financial crisis struck in late 2008. The chart also shows how the Clinton surpluses had started to disappear in the recession of 2000. But Mr. Bixby seemed not to have noticed either event. Flashing this chart, he merely commented that "Congress took care" of the budget surplus. Still, the charts did show the facts -- and in this respect they were the intellectual highpoint of the occasion.

A David Walker speech is always worth listening to with care, for Mr. Walker is a reliable and thorough enumerator of popular deficit-scare themes. Three of these in particular caught my attention on Wednesday.

To my surprise, Walker began on a disarming note: he acknowledged that the level of our national debt is not actually high. In relation to GDP, it is only a bit over half of what it was in 1946. And to give more credit, the number Walker used, 63 percent, refers to debt held by the public, which is the correct construct -- not the 90+ percent figure for gross debt, commonly seen in press reports and in comparisons with other countries. The relevant number is today below where it was in the mid-1950s, and comparable to the early 1990s.

But Mr. Walker countered that fact with another, which I'd never heard mentioned before: in real terms he said -- that is, after adjusting for inflation -- per capita national debt is now twice what it was back then.

The problem is that real per capita national debt is a concept with no economic meaning or importance. (No government agency reports it, either.) Even in the private sector, debt levels matter only in relation to income and wealth: richer people can (and do) take on more debt. Real per capita national income is well over three times higher today than it was in 1946 -- so how could it possibly matter that the "real per capita national debt" is twice as high?

Next, Mr. Walker made a comparison between the United States and Greece, with the implication being that this country might, some day soon, face that country's interest costs. But of course this is nonsense. Greece is a small nation that has to borrow in a currency it cannot control. The United States is a large nation that pays up in a money it can print. There is no chance the markets will mistake the US for Greece, and of course they have not done so.

Finally, Mr. Walker warned that "foreign lenders... can't dump their debt but can curb their appetite" for new US Treasury bonds. This was an oblique reference to the yellow peril. The idea, when you think about it, is that the Chinese central bank will acquire dollars -- which it does when China runs an export surplus -- and then fail to convert them into Treasury bonds, thereby choosing, voluntarily, to hold dollars in cash, which earns no interest, instead of as Treasury bills, which do. Mr. Walker did not try to explain why this would appeal to the Chinese.

Walker closed by calling for action tied to an increase in the debt ceiling; specifically for a hard cap on the debt-to-GDP ratio with "enforcement mechanisms," which could include pro rata cuts in Social Security and Medicare benefits and tax surcharges. He did not specify whether the cap should apply to gross federal debt or only to that part of the debt held by the public (a number which the Federal Reserve can change, any time it wants, by buying or selling public debt). When pressed, in the question period, he would not even say what he thought the cap should be.

I waited for Ms. Rivlin to add something sensible. But she did not. Apart from some platitudes -- she favors "serious tax reform" and "restructuring Medicare" -- her interesting contribution was to restate Mr. Walker's comment about "foreign lenders," who might say "we're not going to lend you any more money." That this would amount to saying "we're not going to sell you any more goods" seems -- from a question-and-answer and brief exchange afterward -- genuinely not to have crossed her mind.

The Fiscal Solutions Tour comes with a nice brochure, and even (in my case) with a flash drive containing Mr. Bixby's powerpoints. But does Mr. Peterson think he's getting his money's worth? The President, in his State of the Union, mostly ignored him. The Bowles-Simpson effort (which he paid for in part) and the closely allied Rivlin-Domenici plan are fading from view. And as the House Republicans forge their own course, demanding radical spending cuts right now -- for political rather than economic reasons, which they don't even bother to explain -- the tired and shabby arguments of these old deficit-worriers hardly seem connected, any more, to the battles at hand.

Cross-posted from New Deal 2.0.

 
 
 
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02:56 AM on 02/27/2011
The reason it appeals to the Chinese is that they have lost faith in our countries ability to pay back its debt. Why would they want worthless treasury bonds? Other countries banks are beginning not to accept the ol mighty dollar as deposits. Basically in todays environment of "votes of confidence" everyone has already begun to lose confidence in the USA. This countries unique ability to print out new money not based on any true value is going to cause inflation.The founders of our country knew that debt would destroy this country, so they made it clear that the currency should only be backed by something of true value, gold/silver. The economists convinced our leaders not to limit our supply of cash on what can be mined out of the ground. Made sense right? Problem is our banksters' school of economics taught at our elite universities are based on axioms that are not correct. If you think of the U.S. as a business....Absolutely no business would spend more than it receives in revenue and expect to be in business tomorrow. To top it off 47% of Americans have spent more than their own incomes. What "true value" is backing our currency when we as a whole are merely consuming, and not producing? Everyone expects more from their representatives and are willing to put in less.Problem- Nobody would have been elected by proposing raising taxes and cutting spending, even if that was the right thing to do!
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Carl Caroli
I just don't understand people
04:28 PM on 02/15/2011
And yet Obama is blowing with the slightest breeze, let alone a wind. We really need to let older folks retire earlier, not later, making jobs for the younger folks available now. Corporations would love it - they can ditch the older, higher salaries for younger, cheaper labor. What's the problem?
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legalgirl
Just a legal girl on a mission for the truth
10:44 AM on 02/15/2011
Thank you, again, Mr. Galbraith, for turning on the light. Like little children afraid of the dark, we run willy-nilly, looking for some real information here and there. I'm lefting wondering why it is people can't just smell it, cause this con stinks to high heaven and couldn't be more obvious.
09:29 AM on 02/15/2011
Thank You
08:55 AM on 02/15/2011
If you cut spending AND cut taxes you still have a defecit.
 
ALL discretionary spending comes to 477 billion per year.  Get rid of all of it and you have covered only 1/3 of the current 1.6 trillion defecit.
 
The answer is to create new tax brackets starting at the 1 million dollar mark, then another at 5 million and finally a third at 15 million where the Reagan tax cuts would be phased out and the top rate would be 70%
 
(Robert Reich's plan)
 
 
08:55 AM on 02/15/2011
Wouldn't it be something if Obama said, "Social Security is no longer on the table and we aren't cutting Medicare to the people, we are cutting the overcharges."?
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bd7769
I am so often right, that I am a progressive
08:29 AM on 02/15/2011
Understanding the impact of the debt is prone to various statistical companions. As stated looking at the debt in a per capita relationship may not be the best view. By the same token, only looking at the debt as a percentage of GDP may not fully outline the impact of our debt levels on our current government operations.
Currently the debt service is about forty percent of the annual federal budget. So for every dollar collected only sixty percent is usable. The percentage debt burden on an annual base was far lower in the 1990s and significantly lower in the 1950s.
Our current annual debt burden is a drain on the economic stimulus we can hope the Federal Government will provide. This drain requires larger annual budgets and in turn more debt. This debt service drain on the Federal budget will have far more drastic effects then just measuring the overall debt as a percentage of GDP or by the number of people.
No matter how you want to show it, the continued increases in deficit spending and only token attempts to bring the federal budget under control will have far more destructive effects on our prosperity in the long run than any war on terror, war on poverty, or a pitched battle with an evil empire
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BBackSoon
Hello, I must be going.
12:33 PM on 02/15/2011
But we are Discretionally spending Billions and Billions on the War on Terror, the war on Drugs and the War on someone that might one day rise up so we better be ready. We can cut some things, stream line others, root out and punish fraud and raise taxes on those that can afford to pay them.
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Jody Dobis
11:26 PM on 02/14/2011
In 2011, the public needs to ask themselves only one question. Since the start of our last economic crisis, who has lost the most and who has gained the most? Let's also be honest to state that deficit reductions will result in a further increase in our unemployment rate. What the political class is not talking about is their pessimistic view of future economic growth. Why a great deal of time is spent on the discussion of deficit reduction, I hardly hear a word on the subject of how we are going to increase employment opportunities in the near and distant future.
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IgnoranceIsStrength
Don't ask me, Google it yourself !
08:30 PM on 02/14/2011
They are setting the stage for a PANIC or CRISIS. Republican and Democratic plutocratic protectors are watching as an object lesson for how to maneuver this spring by creating a financial emergency – a grab-bag 9/11 for the bankers – to trot out their Financial Invasion plans into the domestic U.S. economy. Lacking a Democratic party committed to reverse the recent redistribution of wealth up the economic pyramid, we may expect Congress to shed crocodile tears as they complete the tax shift off the oligarchy onto the middle class – the constituency they are in a position to sell out
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SoylentGreenIsPeople
You know how to use Google too !
08:00 PM on 02/14/2011
None of this classical free market theory is to be found in the Bowles-Simpson commission. It advocates a continued shift of the tax burden off property and the wealthiest layer of the population onto labor, and a fiscal giveaway to the vested interests. This is not what the classical economists meant by a free market. Their idea was to free markets from rent and interest, not to dismantle government power to tax and regulate prices to keep them in line with socially necessary costs of production.
http://michael-hudson.com/2010/12/adam-smith-critiques-the-deficit-reduction-commission/
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Longtimeliberal
07:15 PM on 02/14/2011
Republicans want to privatise social security and Medicare throwing us to the wolves of the private sector when 80% of Americans want to raise revenue to keep our programs in tact. We know what the private sector has done to rip us off.
06:08 PM on 02/14/2011
We've already hit a 100% Debt to GDP ratio. That's will official government figures. It doesn't count our government's "off-balance sheet" debts like social security. What is there to "misconstrue" about that?

http://www.rationalpublicradio.com/the-federal-government-now-owes-100-of-gdp.html
schatsie
Wall Street is Worse than Vegas
09:24 PM on 02/14/2011
See FairSHARETAXES.ORG....
04:06 PM on 02/14/2011
Government spending has increased by over 50% per household in the last decade. That is after inflation. We are running unprecedented annual deficits for our country. This when we aren't fighting a World War or facing some great crisis that warrants it. We are borrowing money that our children will have to pay back. Whether it is through actual payments or a devaluation of their own currency is unclear. The most troubling thing isn't even that we are running such high deficits today. It is that they are forecasted to continue at this level. This is again without our country facing what anyone could truly call a national crisis. It isn't being spent to make us more productive tomorrow either.
05:55 PM on 02/14/2011
Wow, follow the shinny yellow birdie why don't you. Voters are being sold this puesdo-intellectual deficit hawkery because the right can't justify their political existence without demonizing the opposition or scaring the living day lights out of voters, apparently some many people are willing to disregard the political failure of corporate shrills long as they are afraid, I'm not.

How is cutting every public program to the point of nullification and cutting taxes ever going to increase demand in the country to the degree where small businesses can find customers to grow and hire?

Short answer it will not, taxes are at their lowest point since the 50's and as the author said (and you completed disregarded) relative to GDP the national debt today is around half of what it was during WWII, half.

If you really want your children not to be in the box you assume with no justification they will be in then you should be supporting those policies which seek to improve the lives of the other 90% of Americans whose quality of life alone will determine whether the economy grows to a point where deficits are automatically decreased due to economies of scale.

The economy has grown over the last 30 years taxes have fallen, regulations have been gutted and the agencies who enforce them underfunded.

People should really remove themselves from the echo chamber of right wing propaganda in lieu of policy solutions and think about whats really going on with the rhetoric.
schatsie
Wall Street is Worse than Vegas
09:26 PM on 02/14/2011
You are spot on, excellent comment.....If you haven't read the Big Con, you should...It makes me want cut somethings off of Grover Norquist and Carl Rove.....
11:18 AM on 02/15/2011
Does the left not try to scare people with its rhetoric? Beyond that you fail to mention or understand a few things. Debt after WW2 was held by the American public. That savings allowed them to increase spending coming out of the war. Our recovery was also bolstered by the fact that every other industrialized nation in the world had its infrastructure essentially destroyed during the war. It is a situation that can't really be replicated.
03:43 PM on 02/14/2011
Mr. Bixby began by describing the public debt as "the defining issue of our time." It is, he said, a question of "how big a debt we can have and what can we afford?" He did not explain why this is so. He did not, for instance, attempt to compare the debt to the financial crisis, to joblessness or foreclosures, nor to energy or climate change. Oddly none of those issues were actually mentioned by anyone, all evening long.

The strategem is clear enough. It is attack as a means of defense, and screwing the real economy to keep the banks on top, as this article reveals: http://www.criticallegalthinking.com/?p=2112
03:37 PM on 02/14/2011
% DEBT-- HALF WHAT IT WAS IN '48? Why aren't libs screaming this from the roof tops?
Does anyone give the whole story and not just talking points to justify their position?
I'm really getting a headache trying to separate truth from spin!