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Jared Bernstein

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Thinking About Education, Skills, and Work: Part 1

Posted: 11/07/11 03:16 PM ET

Just prepping for a talk on education and wanted to share some thoughts.

Too often, economists and policy makers have one recommendation to fix everything: more education. And truth be told, I'm pretty much on board, but there are important nuances that tend to be left out of the discussion.

-Particularly when it comes to K-12, public policy often seems to be asking school teachers to fix all of society's ills, while beating up on them for a) not all being above average, b) being in unions, and c) resisting accountability. The fact is, kids increasingly arrive at school beset by a wide range of social problems generated by poverty and inequality. That's never an excuse for not having the best public system we can have, but don't expect it to solve problems beyond its scope-especially when instead of retaining and improving the quality of teachers' jobs, we're laying them off.

-Do unions protect lousy teachers? I'm sure some do some of the time, and I'm sure you see that same dynamic in the private sector. I can tell you for a fact that the leadership of today's teachers' unions stand firmly against tenure for undeserving teachers. But I can also assure you that some (not all) of the union bashing isn't about better education. It's about union bashing.

-Re higher education, the consensus among economists tends to be that there's a large skills mismatch between employers' demands and the skills of the workforce. I don't buy it. The data from the BLS on occupational skill demands now and in the future actually matches up pretty cleanly with the supply of skill, at least at the level of educational attainment. Yes, employers constantly say they can't find skilled workers, but that's kind of the point... they constantly say it. If it were true, you'd see it in a more quickly rising compensation premium to workers with higher levels of education. And you don't really see that type of acceleration. (Note: the emphasis on "acceleration" is important here--the fact that college workers are paid more than high school workers isn't the issue--unmet skill demands imply an increasingly rising premium, and the college premium has actually decelerated in recent years, as this slide from EPI reveals-it shows the regression-adjusted college premium as flat since the latter 90s for women and rising more slowly for men.)

-But here's the thing: I still think we'd have a better economy/society with higher levels of educational attainment... I'm quite certain, in fact. It's wrong to think that the jobs of the future all will demand wicked high skill sets--we're going to need lots of home health aides, cashiers, security guards, equipment technicians, child care workers, along with high-end engineers. But to have smarter, better educated people in all of those jobs makes all the sense in the world. We want our child care workers and home health aides to be highly trained--not as Ph.D.'s in robotics, but in their fields.

-The way to understand the nexus of education and the economy/jobs is thus not in the traditional skills mismatch framework. That's way too vague and disconnected from what's happening on the ground. Instead, think of an old-fashioned production function where better inputs generate better outputs. Human capital is one of those inputs. The way forward is thus not to just willy-nilly advocate for greater college attainment. It's to take a clear-eyed look at education and job/career training needs across the life-cycle. The future surely requires kids with STEM training; it also requires health technicians with AA's who can keep that MRI percolating the way it's supposed to. And child care workers who thoroughly understand how kids learn, and home health aides who know a lot about gerontology.

Much more to say about this so more to come. Next: college access isn't the whole story--it's also about completion.

This post originally appeared at Jared Bernstein's On The Economy blog.

 
 
 
Just prepping for a talk on education and wanted to share some thoughts. Too often, economists and policy makers have one recommendation to fix everything: more education. And truth be told, I'm pre...
Just prepping for a talk on education and wanted to share some thoughts. Too often, economists and policy makers have one recommendation to fix everything: more education. And truth be told, I'm pre...
 
 
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tazmodious
Left Hand of Darkness
02:21 PM on 11/10/2011
It used to be that emplyers would provide specific training for their entry to mid level employees. More and more, that training is being foisted onto the future employee who must acquire more and more debt to obtain that training. Then corporations wonder why they can't find enough experienced employees for their low paid entry to mid level positions.
09:40 AM on 11/08/2011
I agree that education is critical to the future, but it needs to be the right education. Where I live we're seeing an older generation of blue collar workers (plumbers, electricians, mechanics, etc.) who are making excellent wages. What we aren't seeing is the next generation. What happened to the idea that it's OK to be blue collar? No one seems to want to be the guy doing the physical/manual labour? Everyone wants to be the "manager". No one wants to get their hands dirty. And I think we, the parents of the Gen X and Gen Y kids, are to blame. We encouraged our kids to go to university and get a 4 year degree, any degree, on the basis that a degree will ensure your future. Turns out it's not really what's happening.

I've been telling my kids that a plumber or electrician has a better salary level than a mid-level manager in any business and the satisfaction of knowing that what they did had a positive result (they can see it every day as they leave the job site).

Education yes, but the right education please.
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tazmodious
Left Hand of Darkness
01:59 PM on 11/10/2011
Ye verily! All people should have the option to go to college, but college is not the best fit for everyone.

We seemed to have lost that concept in the last decades.
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sweetlilthing
hurt no one but tell the truth
08:32 AM on 11/08/2011
What about Children with disabilities? My D-I-L teaches in a city school that has 1/2 the class coming and going b/c of learning, emotional and behavior problems. The class have several reading and math levels and she teachs to about 5 different levels of abilities. What chance at a decent education does a student who is on level or is advanced have in that mix? It's different when it's a few students but when the % is closer to 1/2 can the teacher actually provide a "good" education to all her students? I think all students deserve to be educated to the best of their ability but if a student has the chance to achieve shouldn't that student be able to move a reasonable pace. Doesn't a student who can learn deserve to be taught in a way that benefits him or her?
Is the fact that our quality of learning dropped because we require our teachers to be special ed teachers and teacher to the main stream and gifted student?
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Viable Way
Common sense is so unusual.
01:29 PM on 11/11/2011
Don't you know that a "good" teacher can differentiate for all the levels in her planning and performance? (What they forget to tell you is that the dedicated teachers who are successful at that are working 65 hour weeks! Then they burn out or find another career!)

While my last comment is mostly true, it doesn't have to be like that! With proper training, properly developed curriculum and proper utilization of technology, teachers wouldn't have to spend enormous amounts of time grading papers (they have CLICKERS and SMARTBOARDS that permit instant evaluation, but the time spent developing the lessons is ENORMOUS!), and planning lessons and tweaking them to fit different skill sets. (I forgot one REALLY IMPORTANT ONE...ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT that means that students who need substantial behavioral help GET IT, and it isn't the classroom teacher's responsibility to be a psychiatrist.)

For what they pay teachers, it should be a show up in the morning, give your all and go home to rest and be with your family!

SOME of the problems of funding would be solved if we went to an ALL YEAR PROGRAM...my own preference is for a FOUR DAY ACADEMIC WEEK, with the FIFTH DAY as an enrichment program...Two week vacation at WINTER HOLIDAY, lol, One week for Thanksgiving, One week for spring, Two-Three weeks for summer and the normal MONDAY HOLIDAYS.
08:03 AM on 11/08/2011
If we are committed to sustaining and improving our democratic society then the education of its citizenry is paramount. Why? A society of the people, by the people and for the people requires a discerning public. Why else do you think oppressive regimes do not provide quality education for its people! (http://forprogressnotgrowth.com/2011/03/31/democracys-viability-depends-on-education/ )

The price one pays for his/her education should be commensurate with the ability that that education provides him/her to pay for it while at the same time affording the means of life. But the value of learning is not solely for the money it affords. That is to say, we shouldn’t educate people for the sole purpose of providing labor to feed the economic system we must educate to develop human beings—if we intend to have a humanly developed society.

Union bashing is likely a tactic in support of the desire to privatize the system, to enable profiteering. This will not ensure quality any more than it has ensured the quality of all the products and services we purchase from private corporations. Also blaming teachers (i.e. the worker) for poor quality will not result in improved quality. Yes teachers change student’s lives, but so too does everyone else and everything with which they interact.

The way to a value-added system of education is through an unwavering commitment to quality—period.
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Robert SF
07:08 AM on 11/08/2011
It's pointless to talk about our K-12 educational system as long as we restrict it to public schools because that gives us an incomplete picture. Especially in metropolitan areas, there is a clear divide. All the high achievers, all the kids with middle class parents who care, go to private school. Public school is for minorities, illegals, people in public housing, the detritus of society. Our public schools are essentially holding places to keep the children until they get pregnant or commit their first felony.

So of course the public K-12 system is a mess, but it's just half the story. When you look at how children in private schools do, you then realize "education" in the US is doing just fine. Virtually 100% of private school kids go on to college.
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Viable Way
Common sense is so unusual.
01:58 PM on 11/11/2011
AGREED! We expect public schools to teach students emotionally, financially, experientially or intellectually challenged...and keep them progressing through the myriad of STANDARDS/OBJECTIVES as fast as students in private/parochial schools with parents who support education!

Also, my school district just spent $300,000 for MUSIC TEXTBOOKS and supplementary material for 16 schools. Fully 50% of the songs were PUBLIC DOMAIN, and the program was designed for a music class that met FIVE TIMES A WEEK. I saw children once every four days!

Our district got TEXTBOOKS when what we needed were SMARTBOARD presentations and activities that supported our program! The books for younger students are quite literally too big and heavy for little hands to hold.

Books are obsolete before they're in classrooms and too big/expensive to take home. We needed loose-leaf CHAPTERS in NOTEBOOKS that could be UPDATED ONLINE FOR FREE as needed.

My FAVORITE program (similar to a commercial program called READ NATURALLY) is FREE! Teachers can take any public domain/original material, run a program called OKAPI and it tells you how difficult the passage is, and NUMBERS THE WORDS (in the left margin) so students can practice reading the article over and over and chart improvement. ARTICLES can be about sports, biographies, insects, dinosaurs, plants, literature or whatever! The kids are reading and re-reading material that is teaching them something of value, and enjoying utilizing the MATH skills to compare their own accomplishments.
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Kate Perez
05:53 AM on 11/08/2011
It's silly to expect people to go to college and pay tens of thousands of dollars to be a better child care worker! They are paid little more than minimum wage. They'd be better off training to sell tires or waitress, and they'd NEVER pay back the college loan. Until child care workers and home health aides make decent money, there's no point in expecting them to knock themselves out paying for extra training. It's better to pick someone you know and pay them better than the going rate.
02:34 AM on 11/08/2011
If a global trade world there is no reason for the individual to pay to educate other people's kids. In fact, the rational thing to do is to recognize we are competing against eachother and seek to gain for ourselves and our family a good education but deny others a good education.

Only corporations and employers want us to have public funded education. To corporations it makes perfect sense for workers to spend their money on education which then benefits the rich. And of course the more skilled workers there are the more skills employers will demand and the lower the wages will be for the educated. Employers will just keep asking for more and more skills. You can never win at this game. It's foolish to think you can.

The only winners in a world in which it takes a masters in Mathematics to get an entry level job are the educators and corporations.
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John Denney
12:49 AM on 11/08/2011
My Dad used to get disgusted with me layin' around the house reading comic books and he'd say, "Make yourself useful!"

It was perplexing and annoying at the time, but now I see it was pretty good advice.
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Lane Campbell
Say what?
12:36 AM on 11/08/2011
It's one thing to have a nice-sounding degree. It's another to be actually competent at a job. We've got high-school graduates who can't find Iraq on a map, don't know (or care) the names of prominent founders of the USA, can't balance their checkbooks, and can't proofread without the somewhat flawed assistance of a spell-checker. We've got college graduates whose communication, proofreading and ciphering skills (without an electronic crutch) are little better.
What many in the workforce and business community are asking of the schools is not "more education" but do the current job with some level of competence.
And as to unions? There's more here than just "union-bashing". There was a time when teaching was a true profession. Now it's just another 9-to-5 union-label gig. The results show.
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tazmodious
Left Hand of Darkness
02:06 PM on 11/10/2011
So the point of your post, as per your last paragraph, was really just to bash unions and teachers.

You just proved the point of the author
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Lane Campbell
Say what?
12:16 AM on 11/11/2011
I'm not bashing teachers -- those few who still ARE teachers -- just unions. I repeat, there was a time when teaching WAS an honorable profession. There are still people who are teachers to their very soul, but few of them can stomach the current environment in the public schools. As it happens, my wife is one such. Back in the late 60s, during one of the first system-wide teachers strikes, she remained committed to the kids, crossing picket lines every day, to do the job that she, personally, as a professional, had contracted to do.
She went into semi-retirement to become a full-time Momma, then as our son grew, began tutoring math out of our home, gradually working it up to a full-time gig, repairing the public schools' shortcomings, one-on-one, one kid (sometimes two or three) at a time. Today, she's back "retired", working as a full-time Grandma; and she has a HUGE following of "math alumni: through Facebook. There are others like her -- all too few -- but they're out there.
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Daniel Myers
Then man created god in his image.
11:38 PM on 11/07/2011
There's a shortage of truck drivers didn't you know?
10:39 PM on 11/07/2011
It's tough on an education system, not to mention all our public institutions and environment, when they are overwhelmed with tens of millions of children who don't speak English, the vast majority of whom refuse to even finish high school, particularly the boys who then go out get the girls pregnant as fast as they can. I speak of our millions upon millions of illegal arrivals from macho fertility cultures and their children and their children's children, unlike any immigrant group in our nation's history, that perceives itself not as Irish or Italian or Polish or Chinese or Scandanavian, et al, but special and distinct. They are taking a wrecking ball to our nation.
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MiddleMolly
Working to better the USA!
12:24 AM on 11/08/2011
My grandparents were immigrants, coming to this country at the turn of the 20th century, and I think that many people felt as you did back then about the "Catholics" with the high birth rates coming from Eastern and Southern Europe. Few finished high school, and many girls were married and pregnant (not necessarily in that order) by the time they were 18. They lived mostly in ethnic enclaves, just as most immigrants now live in ethnic enclaves as well.
02:37 AM on 11/08/2011
Yes, and they no doubt drive down wages of the Americans in their community. Immigration always benefits the rich and hurts workers. It's always been about exploitation. Look at what immigration did for the native Americans.
10:37 PM on 11/08/2011
There is absolutely no comparison with what has been going on over the past 25 years.
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sweetlilthing
hurt no one but tell the truth
08:18 AM on 11/08/2011
If a kid leaves the school system b/c they drop out or leave due to pregnancy, THEN they are someone else's or their own problem. You are dead wrong about Latino families. Not only are they the only growth in the Catholic Church, so they are very religious, they are a strong family unit. It is the height of shame on her family for a Latino girl to become pregnant. They realize the important of education and in no way do they make waves or bring attention to themselves.
MY family members are teachers and many of my friend are teachers. They have their hands full with so many problems including teaching children who don't speak english yet, but once they do they are as intelligent as every other student in their class. I know we need to address our immigration problem but your comments ring of racism and you forget that most of our families were immigrants. BTW there isn't a family more fertile than my Irish side.
10:32 PM on 11/08/2011
There are 350 million people in the United States while we just experienced the "largest movement of aliens into a nation in the history of the world". I'm sorry to say that you live in racial delusion.
09:40 PM on 11/07/2011
I'm opposed to a prepared, competent, industrious, caring educator being compensated at the same rate as someone who retired five years ago and neglected to tell anyone. The teacher's union does not delineate between the two.
madame48
NO..it's a gop Cookbook !Tempus edax,homo edacior
12:52 AM on 11/08/2011
maybe in your scool...but we fire incompetent people EVERY YEAR with NO problem...now if your principal doesn't want to take time to evaluate correctly, that is HIM, not the union....so even my grandkids know not to generalize
03:05 AM on 11/08/2011
But doesn't the principal have the decide that before the probationary period which in most places is 2-3 years. So a principal is supposed to know whether a teacher will be good for the rest of his or her life after 2-3 years of teaching?
09:11 PM on 11/07/2011
"Yes, employers constantly say they can't find skilled workers, but that's kind of the point... they constantly say it. If it were true, you'd see it in a more quickly rising compensation premium to workers with higher levels of education." Mr. Bernstein you are mixing up two things: Skills and high level of education. High level of education does not provide a student the skills he/she needs to fulfill a specific job. A plumbing company will not hire a college grad student, neither a factory who is looking for a welder. Where are the schools that prepare kids for middle class job?
madame48
NO..it's a gop Cookbook !Tempus edax,homo edacior
12:52 AM on 11/08/2011
the voc scoll in our area is cutting slots, thanks to the Wall st theft of our economy...companies used to train workers too, that doesn't happen now, too focused on profit to help their country thru a crisis
09:05 PM on 11/07/2011
I worked for a Fortune 100 company that stated that they wanted a larger portion of their workforce to have advanced degree (PhD, MS, etc). Funny thing. When it came time to downsize, the PhDs were the first to go followed by other advanced degreed employees. The folks with a bachelors degree or less got to hang around the longest. Perhaps one driver of corporations saying one thing (we value workers with advanced degrees) and behaving in a different way (the first employees we let go are employees with advanced degrees) is the fact that these more highly educated employees tend to earn more, thus in the short term it saves the company money to let them go first. This of course damages corporations as they loose the expertise of these talented workers, as well as a lot of good will to attract and retain other highly skilled workers as word gets out. Thus, these corporations resort to H1b visa requests (whining that they cannot attract and retain local talent).
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Bill Duckworth
It is a DOOZY
08:58 PM on 11/07/2011
Make education appropriation relative to earning of the workers, SALARIES only.

It is unfathumable that the worker does all the work to design, build, analyse and interact all business goods and services

But when there is cash to be had. The worker is never invited, but he is expected to do All the Work and Pay for it to boot.

Right after Stock Traders, I would probably list Education for a free ride off the backs worker
madame48
NO..it's a gop Cookbook !Tempus edax,homo edacior
12:55 AM on 11/08/2011
what? education as a free ride? non sequitur
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Bill Duckworth
It is a DOOZY
07:37 AM on 11/08/2011
Education in Washington got all Surplus Dollar, Lotto Dollars, Plus all the nomral Lobbying.

Who pays for education, The worker.

And the education result is worse if you hear the pleads for more and more cash. Education does not improve, but Administrative and Teacher salaries rise.

Yet, I never ever heard of teaching HOW TO: study, take tests, improve reading skill, and that math is a closed system that has to be memorised it is not found within nature.

These are all skill I Self Learned after K-12. You can accomplish most with effort of efficiency and effectiveness training should be a must. But then Football, Basketball and Baseball are never out of the scene. Which was my major in K-12.

Notice I have yet to even mention student Motivation, Career selection and planning, living life, relationships, or Self improvement.

It is all about Money and Education does not even teach what they ARE, it is about money.

So much Political Collateral for simply saying, I am for Education.

Not Jobs first and then let education follow the jobs. That is a normal course education and study that follows the money. Money never folows the education. Today we are backwards

Propping up Education and Government work that is perpetuating the recession rather than being part of the solutions. Why the worker should pay for education instead of the NFL or Coporations who use the education for Profit