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Jodie Levin-Epstein

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Poverty Reduction: The Invisible Hand of Government

Posted: 09/13/11 03:17 PM ET

Poverty data released today tells a cold truth about a rich nation that could do better. The U.S. is now home to 46.2 million poor people according to the latest Census Bureau report on income, poverty and health. That's about one in seven or 15.1 percent and the largest number in the 52 years for which poverty estimates have been published.

The big numbers muscle out an important back story: without government programs, poverty levels would be even worse. In part, this tale has not made it to center stage because it's easier to talk about how many people are living in poverty but far more difficult to draw attention to how much worse it would be without interventions. Another reason is that there are political forces dedicated to dismissing the role of government so that they can shrink it and "drown it in the bathtub." Even if that means, for example, that more people will fall into poverty.

To count as poor in 2010, annual pre-tax income for a family of four must be below $22,314, which translates into $107.00 per person per week. The Census data reveal that in 2010:

  • The poor are getting poorer with nearly half (44 percent) living in extreme poverty, which is less than half of the threshold. This translates into about $11,000 per year for a family of four, or $53 per person per week. The 20.5 million who live in extreme poverty is the highest ever recorded. Their numbers are greater than Florida's entire population.
  • Full-time workers too often are among the poor including 2.6 million who work full-year. Their numbers are equivalent to Nevada's entire population.
  • Too many children are poor with those under age 18 making up more than one-third (35.5 percent) of those living in poverty even though they are only 24.4 percent of the total population.
  • Elder poverty has not disappeared with one of every 11 seniors living in poverty.


As much as poverty has grown, it would have been worse without government playing a role. More than 4.5 million people stayed out of poverty during the Great Recession thanks to seven provisions in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, according to a Center on Budget and Policy Priorities report, which used an improved poverty measure to assess the impact. In New York City, the Center for Economic Opportunity found that government programs and policies reduced poverty by 3 percentage points between 2008 and 2009. An analysis in three states by the Urban Institute found that child poverty was cut in half due to safety net programs.

The Census report provides a peek at government programs' anti poverty effects. For example, if tax credits were counted, the value of the federal earned income tax credit would reduce the number of children classified as poor by 3 million. In 2010 poverty was also reduced by:

  • 3.2 million people through Unemployment Insurance
  • 20 million people including 14 million elders aged 65 and over through Social Security

While the success of government safety net programs should be celebrated and protected, they are necessary but not sufficient. Government investment in decent jobs is an important piece of making the invisible hand of the market work well for low-wage workers, particularly now, in the aftermath of the Great Recession and with a sticky 9 percent unemployment rate.

The nation needs jobs and the poor need jobs with livable wages. Three decades of wage stagnation have chipped away at the middle class and are now hitting low wage workers hardest. Notably, median earnings for male workers with a high school diploma fell by over one-third between 1969 and 2009.

The Administration's American Jobs Act offers valuable strategies. In addition to proposals that provide incentives to hire the long-term unemployed and use unemployment insurance to expand work-share programs that avoid layoffs, the jobs package establishes a Pathways Back to Work Fund aimed at investing in low-income youth and adults. Pathways includes funds for a proven wage subsidy program, jobs for youth, and work-based training initiatives.

These and other worthy notions face more than the usual political challenges. Instead of leaders dueling over how best to provide opportunity and protect vulnerable families, some political forces promote policies that would reduce the incomes of already low-income families. One notion being floated is that low-wage earners, including the 7 percent of workers who live below poverty, should pay more taxes. More than one conservative presidential hopeful is calling for a hike in these workers' federal income tax. Charges that such actions are unsound, even immoral, are inevitable. But another conservative notion, that most of the poor are "allegedly" poor and not "truly" poor, will likely be used by these political figures to deflect the charge of immorality. After all, if most of the poor are only "allegedly" poor, where's the harm? Politicians cloaked in the belief that most of the poor exist only "allegedly" risk behaving indifferently to those who get by on little income. That's a moral hazard the nation can ill afford.

The public, it turns out, wants more government attention to poverty reduction. One recent poll found that 56 percent believe that the government does not give poor people enough attention. Another poll found that 64 percent want more federal government involvement in reducing poverty.

It's time to hand it to the government. Its programs can make a visible difference.

 
 
 
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Jack Canuckski
Canadian Observer of the passing scene
01:23 PM on 09/14/2011
I* don't know why it has not yet been recognized that the era of the 40 hour week is past. If we combine the effects of technological automation and globalization, the number of working people actually needed (as producers) in the economy is only a fraction of those available.

A policy that is intented to reducing unemployment would have to include a drastic cut in working hours and a substantial increase in minimum hourly pay would be the minimal requirement to bring more people back into the work force where they can positively contribute to society.

A policy of development of renewable energy technologies and systems, and also of maximizing energy efficiency would also go a long way in reducing unemployment and poverty.
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Robert Secrist
those who forget are condemned to repeat
10:24 AM on 09/14/2011
These figures should be a national disgrace. 1 in 7 people in the RICHEST COUNTRY IN THE WORLD! The idea of raising taxes on people who have to survive on $50 to $100 a week in unconscionable! In NYC, one fifth of that would go to subway tokens. How anyone could pay for food & shelter on $100 a week is impossible to comprehend.
09:06 AM on 09/14/2011
This article makes it sound like the poverty level is of only the working poor when in fact it includes all those who live on our welfare system. Before the War on Poverty in 1964 poverty rates were steadily declining. Sense 1964 and trillions of dollars later poverty levels have basically stayed the same between 12% and 14%. Due to the recession the level has risen to 15%. Hopefully when the economy starts growing and people find jobs it will drop back down. But those who have been dependent on the welfare system will remain dependent and the poverty level is likely not to drop below the average. With Obama regulation and expansion of the program it may be likely the level will remain higher then average even if the economy comes back.
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colourful
To Change or Make a Difference
10:06 AM on 09/14/2011
Is the poverty level in America an illusion?

When a family can afford, or is afforded a place to live; the ability to purchase food and clothing; given access to a useful education; provided access to health care; and a means of transportation, are they impoverished?

If a family receives housing assistance, food stamps and Medicaid, haven’t they been lifted out of poverty?
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MeinNH
Ooooo Silly Me
02:48 PM on 09/15/2011
"If a family receives housing assistance­, food stamps and Medicaid, haven’t they been lifted out of poverty? "

The answer is no....in order to qualify for these programs your income has to be so low that you cannot survive otherwise. You are still living in poverty.
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Robert SF
02:07 PM on 09/14/2011
The poverty rate before 1964 was around 19-something percent. I'd have to look the something part up, but I know it was 19.
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MassWG
08:44 AM on 09/14/2011
"The Administration's American Jobs Act offers valuable strategies."

Hardly. It is a short-term band-aid that does not address the core problem: globalization. Our declining high standard of living was based on an economic dominance that is dissolving before our very eyes. Our government serves corporate earnings rather than societal earnings, and the term "economic growth" no longer applies to Main Street.

We need radical changes in the tax code and in trade policy to increase domestic manufacturing and get a bigger piece of the global economy. The status quo is stagnation, and standing still means ever-increasing poverty.
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tommyg54
old guys rule
08:13 AM on 09/14/2011
It seems that any polition will not touch this problem in the next 14 months. The Republicans want to protect the rich.The Democrats are not saying a word about anything.The American People are again paying the price.The poverty level will continue to rise because the job market is flat, no kidding,its been like that since 2005 when the housing bubble started to burst.The banking busniss boomed and then pulled the pin on millions of mortages that were no good to start with.The politions just sat back and let it happen. The American People should have been bailded out first.The American People are to big to fail.It is a crime what Congress is doing to us, we the people.
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Robert SF
07:58 AM on 09/14/2011
Great article describing some awful truths. Unfortunately, this is a country in which people cheer at the prospect of allowing the uninsured to die for lack of health care.
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CHMB
What's long and brown and sticky? A Stick.
09:23 AM on 09/14/2011
What's even more awful is that the rich GOP will continue to stick their heads in the sand, and not do a thing to help an enormous number of their fellow citizens.
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NJP1
04:56 AM on 09/14/2011
Soon it will dawn on everybody that growth is over. Poverty is gradually climbing the social ladder, and millions are struggling to stay one rung higher as politicians utter words of comfort about ‘growth’ and ‘job creation’ to solve the nation’s problems.
The problem is people, all demanding jobs, housing, cheap food and fuel, social security etc. there just isn’t enough to go around any more, only no one will believe it. The world can’t go on making-selling-buying stuff in some kind of infinite spiral. It just won’t work. A century of oil fueled plenty provided the illusion of growth, but it also allowed 6 billion people to be here who otherwise wouldn’t be. It could be sustained only as long as cheap oil kept flowing, don’t be fooled by economists who say that growth comes from enterprise and hard work. Growth comes only from energy input that makes work possible, our entire infrastructure was created by cheap energy, now there’s none left. This is why growth has stopped because primary energy is becoming too expensive to drive our machinery and produce our food. That’s why our economic system is slowing down and millions in Africa are starving to death. We can still afford to buy food, they can’t, there are exceptions, a few countries are still freewheeling on the prosperity of the oil era, but that will only last a few years as energy depletion alters the future for all of us. http://www.yourmedievalfuture.com/
07:27 AM on 09/14/2011
"Growth comes only from energy input that makes work possible, our entire infrastruc­ture was created by cheap energy, now there’s none left. "

Nonsense..there are more proven oil reserves in the U.S. and it's offshore areas than the whole of the Middle East. But this administration has banned accessing it. There has been no new refineries built in 40 years. Our government policies are responsible for the shortage of reasonably affordable fuels, not it's own natural supply limitations.

Our problem with cheap energy is political. Green energy is proving to be a loser both in efficiency and cost.
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NJP1
07:52 AM on 09/14/2011
The reason no new refineries have been built in 40 years is because discovery of new oil peaked in 1969, 40 years ago. USA oil discovery peaked in 1970. That data is widely available and beyond dispute. We now use 4 barrels of oil for every one discovered, . Oil companies realised it made no commercial sense to build a facility to cope with a diminishing product. There's no conspiracy. Oil costs more because it's harder to get at. We used all the cheap stuff; now we all complain about having to pay more
its called reality I'm afraid
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Robert SF
08:03 AM on 09/14/2011
I don't know enough about oil to know if we're past the inflection point. It probably doesn't matter, though, since we will run out of work before we run out of oil. More and more, machines are doing the work. This once affected only physical labor, but is now affecting intellectual labor too. Wellpoint, the insurance company, just bought or leased IBM's Watson to review insurance claims. How many doctors will Watson replace?
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unionave
Old Codger
03:35 AM on 09/14/2011
The importance of poverty depends on how high up the wealth level it has risen . When our government started paying corporations to search the USA for labor intensive jobs to export , the poverty level hit the labor intensive workers like a ton of bricks . The big textile industries left our shores overnight putting hundreds of thousands out of work . Including Nixon and every other President except Carter created a new corporate trade agreement .

Poverty in a nation is like a very contagious disease . If it is not cured at the bottom quickly it will start to make the wealthier ill also . And the longer it lingers the more will be added to the list .

And in an America where watching ill people suffer and die due to lack of money for health care is a national past time pleasure , the prudent thing to do is , while you have it , find another place to live where the insane are not in charge .
07:28 AM on 09/14/2011
"Poverty in a nation is like a very contagious disease . If it is not cured at the bottom quickly it will start to make the wealthier ill also."

Is this why we want to tax them even more?
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Robert SF
08:06 AM on 09/14/2011
Yes, because poverty means that wealth has concentrated at the very top. The more poverty there is, the fewer the hands that hold all the wealth. As it is right now, the combined wealth of the 400 wealthiest Americans exceeds the wealth of the poorest 150 million Americans. Taxing the wealthy prevents wealth from concentrating at the top
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unionave
Old Codger
09:03 AM on 09/14/2011
f/f ! The wealthy get wealthier by taking from those that have less . There is a finite amount of currency in circulation and when large chunks are removed , as it was during the last administration , what is removed comes from the less wealthy making them poorer . Cutting taxes is a way of making the poor pay more for what we all use . The Commons .
02:23 AM on 09/14/2011
The argument presented is interesting food for thought. However it seems very one-sided and misses the costs government places on people that creates poverty.

I think a good cost-benefit analysis of big government is important. This is a start for the benefits. But I am sure there are a lot of costs that create poverty as well.

I am skeptical the federal government does a good job at reducing poverty. They are fine at reducing poverty for people who will vote for them, like seniors. But now that there has been so much time where funds have been distributed shift from younger people to older people, that I am not surprised poverty has risen. It will continue to rise for many more years to come. Now President Obama wants to EXTEND the payroll tax cuts will make money for young people even smaller. But it will make people who can vote happy!
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Seer Clearly
Only truth remains when fear is denied
04:17 AM on 09/14/2011
Who can't vote?
12:06 PM on 09/14/2011
The people who will get the bill in the future from this massive irresponsibility are the ones with limited voting power because those who will be effected are under 18. Even with demographics politicians know that it is more important to please the elderly. Politicians don't care about the youth. They would rather keep housing prices high to help the older people just as an example.
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Robert Secrist
those who forget are condemned to repeat
12:28 PM on 09/14/2011
Are you saying that a reduction in payroll tax CREATES poverty? Please explain how this is possible.
foresure
Brash and Harsh
12:53 AM on 09/14/2011
Briefly:

QUESTION FOR DISCUSSION:

a) If poor people were rewarded and encouraged to limit the size of their families, as do most non-poor people, would it help reduce poverty?

b) If not why not?

c) Do those whose livlihood depends on the perpetuation of poverty, really want to see the end of poverty, or are they just "blowing smoke".
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Sweat Hog
01:54 AM on 09/14/2011
Those are good questions.

I have family & friends who are poor yet they bring new people into this world assuming everything will be OK, if they think about it at all. Most poors reproduce mindlessly. Little do they know that few people in the USA care about they or their children's well-being.

I do know that if someone is poor or lower-to-middle middle class and they produce offspring in today's economy that that family (or lack thereof) may very well have a ticket to long term poverty.
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Seer Clearly
Only truth remains when fear is denied
04:19 AM on 09/14/2011
Think about what you're saying, please. It sure sounds like only the wealthy can enjoy the pleasures of raising children, or perhaps that the poor choose to be that way and have to be punished. Either one is pure insanity - and anti-Christian.
foresure
Brash and Harsh
06:24 PM on 09/14/2011
Sweat:

Something to consider:

1. Cuba sells condums three for a cent. (Found that on Huff Post)

2. One month of birth control pills costs $20-$70 retail. Pharmacies' purchase price $2-$5.

You think the U.S. Government could end up saving money by buying up all the birth control pills, and giving them to all adult women who requested them?
02:36 AM on 09/14/2011
On A you are making an assumption that poor people have a lot more kids than rich people. I did a quick look on Google and the average number of kids for the poorest fifth was under 2. Yes, this is more than the richest fifth, but hardly a huge number. I think you are working under the conservative idea that poor people "deserve it" - real life is much more complicated than that.
foresure
Brash and Harsh
06:25 PM on 09/14/2011
GoldenGateCA

Your references please. No offense, but I would like to have a look at the "raw data".
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fairchilds
the truth is out there, just google it
11:41 PM on 09/13/2011
Putting the statistics in front of the new breed of conservatives is useless. As long as they have the attitude that the poor are the poor because they are:
lazy
immoral
making bad choices
ignorant
standing around for handouts

they will not be moved. There is a virulent strain going around the country these days, which far surpasses simply a resentment of 'freeloaders'. Mix the view that people somehow deserve poverty because they have no moral fiber with the Horatio Alger type belief that success is entirely due to one's own smarts and effort.
("I worked harder and smarter, and made myself a success. They are too lazy to do that. So they are not my burden.")
While the neo-conservatives congratulate themselves on being such fine fellows, they can watch others slip into poverty with equanimity. They have rationalized lack of empathy, sense of human kinship, and charity, and have somehow transformed those losses into a smug sense of 'personal responsibility'.
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Seer Clearly
Only truth remains when fear is denied
04:20 AM on 09/14/2011
Poverty is on its way to get the rich, as well. Recently a number of analysts changed the forecast to "sell" for large telecom companies, because those companies are not only unable to sustain the growth in per-subscriber revenues they have been seeing, but they are starting to lose subscribers - all because people are simply too poor to afford internet, cable TV, or even a telephone.
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larry putman
pyrgist
11:12 PM on 09/13/2011
When Slick Willy passed the Welfare Reform Act the poverty levels went down. The Act forced recipients too get off of welfare. Go figure.
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allen bupp
Fighting ignorance, one ideologue at a time...
01:04 AM on 09/14/2011
Poverty levels ALWAYS go down during a boom time. Plus, what those reforms actually did was reduce the rolls by pushing a lot of single parents off.. yes many of those folks DID find jobs, service sector, crap, McJobs... and then those folks spent a significant portion of their meagre earnings for childcare. Their real standard of living was often worse,... but who cares.
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Sweat Hog
01:04 AM on 09/14/2011
The economy was much better in the 1990s. Former welfare recipients could find jobs then. That's not the case now. Especially since 2009, many of those jobs don't exist and if they do, individuals who work & reside in the US in violation of federal immigration laws have them.
10:38 PM on 09/13/2011
Poverty in America is, in part, the product of an impoverished national character. The fact that we can do better, the fact that many if not most Americans want to do better etc. ceases to make me feel good when generation after generation we seem to find a way not to it.

If 56% "believe that the government does not give poor people enough attention," if 64% "want more federal government involvement in reducing poverty," how do Republicans win elections? Our votes would seem to contradict what we say we want.
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Sweat Hog
01:07 AM on 09/14/2011
Many people in the USA are confused, irrational and misinformed.
03:46 AM on 09/14/2011
What we want and what we can afford are different questions. Sorry I had to be the one to explain.
RedneckLiberal
Redneck is not synonymous with Conservative
09:51 AM on 09/14/2011
There certainly is a big difference between what we want and what we can afford according to the politicians and those too clueless to know politicians are liars:

We want more effort at reducing poverty. What we can afford is a defense budget which is the largest in the world and more than the next 15 nations combined

We want a solid social security system to make sure the elderly aren't destitute and starving. What we can afford is two useless wars that cost hundreds of billions of dollars and kill and maim our servicemen.

We want a solid jobs program to rebuild our infrastructure and get people back to work. What we can afford is corporate welfare and 17% tax rates for billionaires.


The truth is - we are still a wealthy nation. The wealth has just been concentrated in all the wrong areas to benefit the powerful few. If we put a stop to the transfer of wealth from the bottom to the top we can afford to do quite a few great things for the people of our nation.
01:52 PM on 09/14/2011
What we can't afford is to listen to defeatist and weak minded anti-government rhetoric based on ignorance and inspired by a complete lack of thinking.
10:37 PM on 09/13/2011
The sickness and inhumanity of many of these so-called Americans is astounding. Christ is alive and well somewhere, but it sure as heck isn't in the USA.
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Seer Clearly
Only truth remains when fear is denied
04:23 AM on 09/14/2011
Exactly. If the Christian creed is to give your last dollar to help your poor neighbor (which is exactly what Christ taught) then why can't people pay the taxes that go exactly to that end? Heck, they're even happier to pay taxes to build the largest military in the world that sows death everywhere it goes, but they won't pay for their neighbor's food stamps or prenatal care.
07:35 AM on 09/14/2011
No he is here in spite of the best efforts of the left to drive him from the schools, the courts, in public...

Curious that you should decry his absence on the one hand and then ban him from traditional places on the other.
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Robert SF
08:23 AM on 09/14/2011
That is one of the huge failures of liberal forces in the US. It's astonishing that the conservative narrative has managed to appropriate Jesus for their own purposes. I don't know why liberals in America hate Christianity so much. Europe is less religious than the US, yet you don't see the same loathing in politics. Over there, they even have political parties with names like Christian Democrats.
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smurrayesq
My Micro-bio isn't empty, it is secret
09:56 PM on 09/13/2011
I posted this comment earlier in response to another story, but it seems just as relevant here. I do not understand how the poverty story is not a headline story. I grew up poor in the late 1950's and 1960's. Although I am not now rich, I am much better off than anyone would have anticipate­­d, largely due to Democratic and Great Society programs. I lived in public housing as a child, after my father lost his job. I had brothers that died due to genetic disorders, which, without great health insurance, further depleted the limited resources of my family. Our country's emphasis on education promoted advanced placement programs in public schools, which benefited me greatly. I received subsidized transporta­­tion to get to school, and a discount lunch program. I went on to college, the first in my family to do so, primarily with the help of grants and government loans. I was able to obtain a Master's Degree, then attend law school, due to the same loan programs. I have paid back every dollor borrowed, and now contribute with income taxes on an income that would not have been possible, without government assistance throughout the early part of my life. That is why I am a Democrat. I doubt that I would have had such success had Republican philosophy prevailed at that time. I remember, and I am grateful.
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larry putman
pyrgist
11:21 PM on 09/13/2011
So, you are the product of the government?
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wolfdancer
Republicans -this is why we can't have nice things
11:53 PM on 09/13/2011
No, the person is a product of the American dream. Its a shame that you don't recognize that.
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Sweat Hog
01:11 AM on 09/14/2011
His example means government helps cultivate successful people that make the whole USA more successful and stronger. Investing in people is good for the whole country.
03:49 AM on 09/14/2011
So years on the publics rolls and you think paying taxes substantiates all we have spent on you.

All Americans should be required to pay taxes, so your "contributions" are quite meager.

We demand reparations!
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rolor
'round and 'round we go
03:59 PM on 09/19/2011
Reparations for becoming a productive citizen?
You would rather people continue to drain society by keeping them poor?