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Johann Hari

Johann Hari

Posted: November 25, 2010 09:57 PM

Why are the world's governments bothering? Why are they jetting to Cancun next week to discuss what to do now about global warming? The vogue has passed. The fad has faded. Global warming is yesterday's apocalypse. Didn't somebody leak an email that showed it was all made up? Doesn't it sometimes snow in the winter? Didn't Al Gore get fat, or molest a masseur, or something?

Alas, the biosphere doesn't read Vogue. Nobody thought to tell it that global warming is so 2007. All it knows is three facts. 2010 is globally the hottest year since records began. 2010 is the year humanity's emissions of planet-warming gases reached its highest level ever. And exactly as the climate scientists predicted, we are seeing a rapid increase in catastrophic weather events, from the choking of Moscow by gigantic unprecedented forest fires to the drowning of one quarter of Pakistan.

Before the Great Crash of 2008, the people who warned about the injection of huge destabilizing risk into our financial system seemed like arcane, anal bores. Now we all sit in the rubble and wish we had listened. The great ecological crash will be worse, because nature doesn't do bailouts.

That's what Cancun should be about -- surveying the startling scientific evidence, and developing an urgent plan to change course. The Antarctic -- which locks of 90 percent of the world's ice -- has now seen eight of its ice shelves fully or partially collapse. The world's most distinguished climate scientists, after recordings like this, say we will face a three to six feet rise in sea level this century. That means the drowning of London, Bangkok, Venice, Cairo and Shanghai, and entire countries like Bangladesh and the Maldives.

And that's just one effect of the way we are altering the chemical composition of the atmosphere. Perhaps the most startling news story of the year passed almost unnoticed. Plant plankton are tiny creatures that live in the oceans and carry out a job you and I depend on to stay alive. They produce half the world's oxygen, and suck up planet-warming carbon dioxide. Yet this year, one of the world's most distinguished scientific journals, Nature, revealed that 40 percent of them have been killed by the warming of the oceans since 1950. Professor Boris Worm, who co-authored the study, said in shock: "I've been trying to think of a biological change that's bigger than this and I can't think of one." That has been the result of less than one degree of warming. Now we are on course for at least three degrees this century. What will happen?

The scientific debate is not between deniers and those who can prove that releasing massive amounts of warming gases will make the world warmer. Every major scientific academy in the world, and all the peer-reviewed literature, says global warming denialism is a pseudo-science, on a par with Intelligent Design, homeopathy, or the claim that HIV doesn't cause AIDS. One email from one lousy scientist among tens of thousands doesn't dent that. No: the debate is between the scientists who say the damage we are doing is a disaster, and the scientists who say it is catastrophe.

Yet the world's governments are gathering in Cancun with no momentum and very little pressure from their own populations to stop the ecological vandalism. The Copenhagen conference last year collapsed after the most powerful people in the world turned up to flush their own scientists' advice down a very clean Danish toilet. These leaders are sometimes described as "doing nothing about global warming." No doubt that form of words will fill the reporting from Cancun too. But it's false. They're not "doing nothing" -- they are allowing their countries' emissions of climate-trashing gases to massively increase. That's not failure to act. It's deciding to act in an incredibly destructive way.

The collapse of Copenhagen has not shocked people into action; it has numbed them into passivity. Last year, we were talking -- in theory, at least -- about the legally binding cap on the world's carbon emissions, because the world's scientists say this is the only thing that can preserve the climate that has created and sustained human civilization. What are we talking about this year? What's on the table at Cancun, other than sand?

Almost nothing. They will talk about how to help the world's poor "adapt" to the fact we are drying out much of their land and drowning the rest. But everybody is backing off from one of the few concrete agreements at Copenhagen: to give the worst-affected countries $100 billion from 2020. Privately, they say this isn't the time -- they can come back for it, presumably, when they are on rafts. Oh, and they will talk about how to preserve the rainforests. But a Greenpeace report has just revealed that the last big deal to save the rainforests -- with Indonesia -- was a scam. The country is in fact planning to demolish most of its rainforest to plant commercial crops, and claim it had been "saved."

Karl Rove -- who was George W. Bush's chief spin-doctor -- boasted this year: "Climate is gone." He meant it is off the political agenda, but in time, this statement will be more true and more cursed than he realizes.

It's in this context that a new, deeply pessimistic framework for understanding the earth's ecology -- and our place in it -- has emerged. Many of us know, in outline, the warm, fuzzy Gaia hypothesis, first outlined by James Lovelock. It claims that the Planet Earth functions, in effect, as a single living organism called Gaia. It regulates its own temperature and chemistry to create a comfortable steady state that can sustain life. So coral reefs produced cloud-seeding chemicals which then protect them from ultraviolet radiation. Rainforests transpire water vapour so generate their own rainfall. This process expands outwards. Life protects life.

Now there is a radically different theory that is gaining adherents, ominously named the Medea hypothesis. The paleontologist Professor Peter Ward is an expert in the great extinctions that have happened in the earth's past, and he believes there is a common thread between them. With the exception of the meteor strike that happened 65 million years ago, every extinction was caused by living creatures becoming incredibly successful -- and then destroying their own habitats. So, for example, 2.3 billion years ago, plant life spread incredibly rapidly, and as it went it inhaled huge amounts of heat-trapping carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. This then caused a rapid plunge in temperature that froze the planet and triggered a mass extinction.

Ward believes nature isn't a nurturing mother like Gaia. No: it is Medea, the figure from Greek mythology who murdered her own children. In this theory, life doesn't preserve itself. It serially destroys itself. It is a looping doomsday machine. This theory adds a postscript to Darwin's theory of the survival of the fittest. There is survival of the fittest, until the fittest trash their own habitat, and do not survive at all.

But the plants 2.3 billion years ago weren't smart enough to figure out what they were doing. We are. We can see that if we release enough warming gases we will trigger an irreversible change in the climate and make our own survival much harder. Ward argues that it is not inevitable we will destroy ourselves - because human beings are the first and only species that can consciously develop a Gaian approach. Just as Richard Dawkins famously said we are the first species to be able to rebel against our selfish genes and choose to be kind, we are the first species that can rebel against the Medean rhythm of life. We can choose to preserve the habitat on which we depend. We can choose life.

Yet at Cancun, the real question will be carefully ignored by delegates keen to preserve big business as usual. Long after our own little stories are forgotten, the choice we make now will still be visible -- in the composition of the atmosphere, the swelling of the seas, and the crack and creak of the great Antarctic ice. Do we want to be Gaia, or Medea?


Johann Hari is a writer for the Independent. To read more of his articles, click here or here. You can email him at j.hari [at] independent.co.uk

You can follow Johann's updates on this issue, and others, at www.twitter.com/johannhari101.

 

Follow Johann Hari on Twitter: www.twitter.com/johannhari101

 
 
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This user has chosen to opt out of the Badges program
07:45 AM on 12/13/2010
Sure nature does bailouts. It will crush the human infestation with flood, famine, etc. and recover. In the mean time, they can keep bickering if each country's contribution rate is significant as overall, per capita or via deforestation. And at the last minute, the oil barons maintaining the status quo can turn to manufacturing rafts and houseboats.
03:39 AM on 12/06/2010
Has anyone considered that perhaps our leaders actually want global warming to happen. Melt the ice sheets and open up new shipping lanes and vast areas that have never been exploited for their mineral wealth before.
Grow a garden, plant a tree, subvert the dominant paradigm.
02:42 AM on 12/06/2010
Actually, Darwin said an organism survives by fitting into its ecology. Big difference.
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Joseph Furtenbacher
No one you know...
03:26 PM on 12/01/2010
Johann Hari asked,

Do we want to be Gaia, or Medea?

Survey Says......

Why be Gaia when clothes are cheap?

Whoso belongs only to his own age, and reverences only its gilt Popinjays or soot-smeared Mumbojumbos, must needs die with it.

- Thomas Carlyle
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06:53 PM on 11/30/2010
Great article. This is the hands down most important issue of our time. Where is President Obama on this? How do we wake him up?
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04:13 PM on 11/30/2010
Excellent article, except that you have misrepresented Lovelock's Gaia Hypothesis, which makes the dire prediction that in order to sustain the earth, mankind is being eliminated. It is not the caretaker of our precious little egos, but, rather the planet and it's creatures as a whole.
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AuldLochinvar
09:07 AM on 11/30/2010
I love the Medea argument, but the real truth isn't in Greek mythology, it's Hindu.
Siva (pronounced Shiva) is the creator and destroyer. All he cares about is the dance. As an atheist, I hold that if there is a divine Intelligent Designer, the designer's name is Siva.
Remember this: Human activity is not likely to alter much the dominant forms of life on this planet. The bad news is, that the dominant life is bacterial.
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dragonmaster
08:14 AM on 11/30/2010
The Next crash will be caused by American inability to make reforms in its economic and social structure- and the creeping and deadly effects of anthropogenic climate change a rise of 4 degrees C by mid century is now possible. This means that the worlds climate will warm significantly faster then thought. The next ten years will see increasingly erratic weather, with increasing stress on society worldwide.
01:00 PM on 11/29/2010
We are fast approaching the time when preventive measures will be meaningless. Soon, we will need to figure out instead how to make drastic, global corrections (on the scale of artificial atmospheric correction). If we fail even that, then our next step will be disaster management - how to save whatever portion of the human race we arrogantly decide is worth saving.
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J David Auner
12:22 PM on 11/29/2010
BPA ban for baby bottles in Europe is a baby step that the US can't even make. (See Feinstein's meager effort.) Weak politicians are unable to stand up to corrupt corporations in US or Europe. 60 or more years of evidence about BPA toxicity and we still have the Reagan statements about clear plastic "can't possibly hurt you!"
I think it is immoral to even recycle this crap so I try to buy glass and burn the contaminated containers in a hot fire. The chemicals released to the air are hopefully less harmful than the BPA soup we are creating in the oceans and groundwater.
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jimboy71
Hen Diapheron Heautoi
03:18 PM on 11/29/2010
Burning the plastics is an incredibly bad idea. The toxic smoke spreads the fine particulate way better than simple leaching and breakdown will. The best idea is to mechanically reduce it and sequester it in concrete used for construction as part of the aggregate.
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J David Auner
10:32 AM on 11/30/2010
I have not seen any studies about this since the 70's which involved plastics like saran wrap and polypropylene. With the dominance of polycarbonate polymers of BPA there should be a study about what conditions of burning (fluidized bed combustion?) would really get rid of this junk. Concrete/asphalt solutions are relatively temporary sequestering solutions. What would it take to get a ban on this junk? Perhaps we can store this with nuclear waste until we know how to get rid of it. Somebody will need to dispose millions of tons of this junk when it is reclaimed from the oceans and landfills,
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jimboy71
Hen Diapheron Heautoi
10:57 AM on 11/30/2010
I am all for a plastics ban, trust me.
10:06 AM on 11/29/2010
Please take a few minutes to read my public comment to the Securities Exchange Commission regarding my personal experience with insider trading, alternative energy and the water fuel cell:

http://sec.gov/comments/df-title-ix/short-sale-disclosure/shortsaledisclosure-11.htm

Be sure to check out the attached files #1 & #2 at the bottom of the comment page. You should also learn about the present state of the technology by reviewing this video clip:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v_7U9erWId4

Later this month in Cancun, Mexico, the UN is hosting a technology sharing conference:

http://www.startribune.com/science/107028193.html

It is interesting to note the lack of interest in protecting intellectual property rights.

The follow up conference will be in Washington DC February 2011:

http://www.hydrogenconference.org/index2.asp

Please share this your staff, writers, reporters, friends, neighbors and associates.
09:25 AM on 11/29/2010
The worst form of pollution is poverty! Ultimately global warming is a political question and only secondarily a scientific question! Only wealthy nations can afford to deal with pollution.

Ask yourself this question: would all the best efforts of mankind have prevented the tropical heat of the dinosaur era? Obviously not because mankind came much later! And mankind is not the source of global warming in the 21st century: it is a repeating natural cycle!

America has 1/4th of the coal on planet Earth and 200 years worth of natural gas. Let’s burn it, regain our wealth and fund research for alternate fuels from a position of strength; instead of sending $640 billion a year to our OPEC enemies and fighting foreign wars that have recently cost over a trillion dollars! Bring the jobs and money back home to America!!!
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J David Auner
10:10 AM on 11/29/2010
Perhaps this will work for a relatively sparsely populated country such as ours. Is this a model for the middle east,India or China? What about the finite supply of other resources? What if the best use of liquid and gas hydrocarbon is not combustion? Are you counting on the second coming or an ice age? At least you place man outside the time period of dinosaurs.
We need political leaders to start addressing major problems which center around overpopulation and corporate greed and corruption. What Ben supports is actually happening all over the world.
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AuldLochinvar
09:23 AM on 11/30/2010
At the beginning of the Carboniferous era, the temperature and the carbon dioxide levels were considerably higher than after so much of the carbon was sequestered as coal seams and probably petroleum. But that era was 64 million years long. Humans have consumed in a mere two or three centuries probably several thousand years' worth of that fossil carbon. And let's not forget, we've consumed fossil oxygen to burn it. There was a time when the oxygen in the atmosphere could support dragonflies with wings a foot across. No, humans were not the ones who changed that.
America has enough uranium and plutonium already mined and refined that with breeder reactors (we have a safe design that works, but was canceled in 1994) it would suffice for ALL our energy needs for at least two centuries. The amount of coal that is burned in a 1000 MW power plant in a year has enough uranium and thorium in the ash to provide several times the energy that the coal did. It's there in parts per million.
The waste from one ton of fissile material is far easier to deal with than the waste from any technology that can compete with the energy production. Lead acid batteries die, and then you have poisonous lead to deal with, just to take an example.
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J David Auner
10:43 AM on 11/30/2010
FYI We send dead lead acid batteries to poor parts of the country and world for a really over the line (safe?) recycling process. The contract welders who work on these plants also get inhaled lead oxide from work and not too much attention since their jobs have been outsourced. Imagine the conditions in Chinese or African recycling plants.
Calcium pills before work can prevent GI absorption of lead (which is the only safe use of calcium pills.)
08:04 AM on 11/29/2010
Great article. I hope that we can reverse the trend towards Madea and become Gaia again. I have to recommend this book to everyone "The Sacred Balance" by David Suzuki. It is a wonderful book that puts nature and our place in nature into perspective. Learning about the interdependency of all ecosystems and creatures on this earth is very eye opening. It is a beautiful world.
07:00 AM on 11/29/2010
==> In 1970 the AEC became Medea and ate one of its children: Molten Salt Reactor (MSR) research beeing conducted at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). It's really tempting to lose patience with all the environmentalist/NRC negative attitudes. Paralysis by analysis. Look around. There's a quiet revolution under way in nuclear reactor design. Have you ever heard of a nuclear fuel called thorium? Well, innovation is alive and well in America, in the person of Kirk Sorensen, one of the leaders of the Thorium Energy Alliance (TEA). Kirk has a truly "green" solution to U.S. energy independence, plus an alternative to Iranian and North Korean nuclear weapons development.

Please take a look at the TEA web site. I promise you'll be amazed -- http://thoriumenergyalliance.com

-- check out Kirk's blog at -- http://energyfromthorium.com
07:32 AM on 11/29/2010
clemrod - good presentation. if it dont got a hidden downside its about the only thing that can work right now. solar and wind will help but they cant provide the kinda power we need. uranium is way to deadly and we gota stop oil coal and gas from destroying our planet. so lets talk about thorium - i wana know the good and bad about it before i agree.
10:21 PM on 11/28/2010
I know I am a pedant, but as my biology professor Dr. Billy Ray Hayes, used to say, "Ecology is not the environment, it is the study of the environment."