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John Dominic Crossan

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What Really Happened to Paul on the Road to Damascus?

Posted: 03/21/2012 12:10 am

The vision of Jesus that changed Paul from a Pharisaic Jew to a Christian Jew happened, says Luke's Acts of the Apostles, on the road to Damascus. That event is so important that Luke records it three times for maximum emphasis: first, as it happens (9:1-19); next, as Paul tells it to the Roman officer in Jerusalem (22:3-21); and, finally, as Paul tells it to the Jewish king, Agrippa II at Caesarea Maritima (26:1-18). But that triple account, written around 50 years after Paul's death, has two major historical problems.

The first problem is that, according to Acts, Paul is travelling to Damascus empowered with authority from the high-priest to arrest dissident Christian Jews and bring them back to Jerusalem for punishment. But, whatever about high-priestly power in Judea, it could never have been exercised across Roman provincial borders as far away as Damascus.

On the other hand, Paul himself tells the Galatians that after that vocational vision, "I went away at once into Arabia, and afterwards I returned to Damascus" (Galatians 1:11-17). Paul's vision, in the city of Damascus is much more likely as venue than on the road to Damascus.

Persecutor and persecuted were probably members of the Damascus synagogue where Paul had most likely received his previous Pharisaic education.

The second problem is that Luke's triple version describes Paul as seeing "a light" and hearing "a voice" (9:3-4; 22:6-7; 36:13-14). According to Acts, Paul does not see Jesus' face but only hears Jesus's voice.

On the other hand, Paul himself insists that his sight of the heavenly Jesus makes him equal in authority with the Twelve Apostles who saw the earthly Jesus. As he argues in his first letter to the Corinthians: "Am I not an apostle? Have I not seen Jesus our Lord?" (9:1). And later: "Last of all, as to one untimely born, he was seen also by me. For I am the least of the apostles, unfit to be called an apostle, because I persecuted the church of God" (15:8-9).

One major conclusion from those divergent accounts is that Acts never gives Paul the title of an apostle sent by and therefore subordinate only to God and Christ. Paul is, for Acts, a messenger sent by and therefore subordinate to Jerusalem and Antioch. His call was emphatically inferior to that of the Twelve Apostles.

For Acts, only those first 12 were "apostles" and Judas' replacement had to be "one of the males [Greek andres] who have accompanied us during all the time that the Lord Jesus went in and out among us, beginning from the baptism of John until the day when he was taken up from us" (Acts 1:21-22). Acts not only excludes Paul from ever being an apostle, it insures there will never be any more apostles and, above all else, not any women apostles.

The other major conclusion is just as important. Paul already knew enough about the life, death and resurrection of Jesus to persecute his followers for proclaiming its implications to their fellow Jews at Damascus. In Christian gospel, Christian art and Christian mysticism, the risen Christ always retains the wounds of historical crucifixion even or especially on his glorified and transcendental body. Those wounds do not heal or fade. They are forever there.

I take seriously Paul's claim to have seen the risen Jesus and I think I suggest that his inaugural vision was of Jesus' body, simultaneously as crucified (by Rome) and as glorified (by God). That, of course, put God and Rome on a collision course. Such a stunning vocational vision already contained foundationally the full message of Paul's faith and Paul's theology, the full meaning of Paul's life and Paul's death.

Finally, as with his arrival in Damascus, so also with his departure. Paul and Luke both superficially agree and profoundly disagree there as well. They agree that the the city's gates were guarded against Paul and that he escaped by a basket lowered through a window in the wall. Today, Damascus' Bab Kissan Gate is the traditional site of that hurried exit.

But who guarded those gates? For Acts, "the Jews plotted to kill him" and they were "watching the gates day and night so that they might kill him" (Acts 9:23-25). But, for Paul, it was not the Damascene Jews but the Nabatean Arabs who were the actual threat. "The governor," he says, "under King Aretas guarded the city of Damascus in order to seize me" (2 Corinthians 11:32-33).

It is not that Luke lacks correct information about Paul. It is that he interprets all he has from the viewpoint of at least two generations after Paul. It is also a viewpoint within which Paul would have been unable to recognize his own mission or message, purpose or intention.

 
 
 
The vision of Jesus that changed Paul from a Pharisaic Jew to a Christian Jew happened, says Luke's Acts of the Apostles, on the road to Damascus. That event is so important that Luke records it three...
The vision of Jesus that changed Paul from a Pharisaic Jew to a Christian Jew happened, says Luke's Acts of the Apostles, on the road to Damascus. That event is so important that Luke records it three...
 
 
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lokitheviking
new triple bottom line ; profit, people, planet
12:07 AM on 04/01/2012
Saul of Tarsus had a great marketing idea. "Luke" was his physician and scribe. Irenaeus and Eusebius are the editor-publishers who kept the sales literature in print. The current faithful are still buying it today. The greatest story ever sold.
11:57 PM on 03/29/2012
It is not true that in Christian art the risen Christ always shows the stigmata.

I think James and company were tired of being hounded by Paul and set up their own fake flash-bang "Come to Jesus" experience to get Paul off their backs and it backfired.

I think the differences in the accounts in Acts are precisely because it was this kind of hectic set-up experience and not an actual supernatural event.

Without looking back over the accounts in Acts, if I remember correctly the voice never even ID's itself as being Jesus but rather just says "Paul why do you persecute me?"

I may be wrong.

Doesn't much matter- the fact that the tomb where Jakob was buried was misidentified as Shekem in Acts 7 and that the Acts account states Abraham bought the tomb in Shekem and not Yakob- Abraham bought the tomb in Mamre- is enough for me to count Acts as a regular faulty historical account and most definitely NOT "inspired."
01:47 AM on 03/29/2012
Unfortunately, modern Christianity is Pauline Christianity with very little Christ and lots of Paul. The 12 apostles must be spinning in their graves.
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TYRANNASAURUS
UGH!....people taste like crap!
11:08 AM on 03/28/2012
What Really Happened To Paul (false there was no Paul) On The Road (true there is a road) To Damascus?
10:52 PM on 03/27/2012
Firstly, what you believed about Paul is NOT coming up in judgment, but believed about JESUS.

"Human pride will be brought down, and human arrogance will be humbled. Only the LORD will be exalted on that day of judgment." Isaiah 2:11

Many search errors THROUGHOUT bible designed to promote disbelief. We know even Pharisees didn't believe Jesus fit Messiah prophecy. What's new? FAITH is the answer.

God had said "My thoughts are nothing like your thoughts," says the LORD. "And my ways are far beyond anything you could imagine." Isaiah 55:8

"It is the glory of God to conceal a thing: but the honor of kings is to search out a matter." Proverbs 25:2

I will also give you for a light to the Gentiles, that you may be my salvation to the end of the earth. Isaiah 49:6

Holy Spirit revealed to Simeon when baby Jesus brought to temple and Jesus as LIGHT to Apostle Paul chosen to fulfill it:

My eyes have seen your salvation...a light for revelation of the Gentiles Read Luke 2: 25-32

But the Lord said to Ananias, "Go! This man (Saul who became Paul) is my chosen instrument to carry my name before the Gentiles... Acts 9:15

Paul calling himself LEAST but writing about 2/3 of New Testament?

Jesus: "Some who seem least important now will be the greatest then, and some who are the greatest now will be least important then." Luke 13:30
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HUFFPOST COMMUNITY MODERATOR
Phreaked
In Brightest Day, In Blackest Night
10:51 PM on 03/27/2012
Paul was a complete fraud and reversed much of what Jesus attempted to do in making a faith without a church
12:24 AM on 03/28/2012
Re: reversed much of what Jesus attempted...

Are you saying it's a lie when Jesus said "upon this rock I will build my church, and all the powers of hell will not prevail against it" Matthew 16:18?

How, then, can ALL power in heaven and earth be in His hands now, if what you say is true?
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Phreaked
In Brightest Day, In Blackest Night
11:59 AM on 03/28/2012
Actually im saying that part is a mistranslation like many others which have no corresponding word in herbrew and english
10:09 PM on 03/27/2012
Luke and Paul give a full version, not competing versions...as for what Paul called himself in relation to the others, such was an attempt to put a label on what he had become, and pales in comparison to his actual epiphanies...Apostle or not, what Paul shared is beyond comparison to anything else that has ever been revealed, before or since...dmw
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09:46 PM on 03/27/2012
the Apostles desired to keep the "apostolic ministry" to 12 individuals (Acts 1:20-26) as it seemed to be what Jesus wanted, and scriptural, (Psalm 109:8)

Jesus did appoint "others" (Luke 10:1)

the problem that develops after Jesus leaves is that the "believers, a group numbering about 120" Acts1:15 are only comfortable with sharing the message with those that are Israel descendants (Matthew 10:5,6 and 15:24)

the Apostles are a little awkward, somewhat like children left alone without their parent, (John 21 and 22) after Jesus' resurrection Thomas doubts the other Apostles that Jesus appeared to them, and after Jesus' second appearance to them, the best idea they came come up with to do is as Peter says "I'm going out to fish" which was his job before, so Jesus has to come to them a third time and confronts Peter with the "Do you Love me? then feed my sheep" instead of being a fisherman (Matthew 4:18,19)

so it is the "other sheep, not of this sheep pen, I must bring them also, they will listen to my voice" (John 10:16) that is a future work needing to be done, and we can tell the 12 Apostles are not up to the task, so Saul/Paul is brought in

it is alright for Paul to call himself an Apostle, though the 12 wouldn't
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Fattonecat
whoops !!
08:17 PM on 03/27/2012
He found some shrooms on the side of the road and the rest is history....
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NYC123
09:56 AM on 03/27/2012
I tell you..these revisionist educators, theologian writers, have so much time on their hands -- they select the least significant scriptural snapshots to rewrite -- a Sherlock Holmes' want-2-bee!

Paul surely redeemed himself from early on being "a Christian persecutor -- to being the most prolific of God inspired Bible writers was Paul!

Now should, and can, Paul be considered the 13th. apostle? Hands down deservingly yes!
03:31 PM on 03/27/2012
Even if we take into account that with certainty 6, and possibly 10, of Paul's letters were not written by him ?
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NYC123
03:58 PM on 03/27/2012
You are going to take account of the legitimacy of Paul's writing? Why not just accept them as written by Paul and when we all meet in God's new order, life eternal on a restored earth -- under God's eternal hands-on reign -- you and I can speak directly to Paul and ask anything and everything. For that is my mind set! No sense letting a wedge of doubt creep into your consciousness or mind regarding the inspired word -- for it will if you allow it!

Be viligant brother -- for remember Satan is out there maniacal and cunning -- knowing he's in his last-throes ..desiring to take as many of us as possible to the abyss with him!
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07:09 AM on 03/27/2012
what happened to Saul/Paul, happened to Tiger Woods

the evil Spirits overwhelm him, and his character changes from Dr Jekyll to Mr Hyde, in each individual case, it is a little different, some may be greed, hate, lust, pride

then comes the "Day of the Lord", and his car, "on the rode" in Damascus/Florida is struck down/fire hydrant and is 3 years in the "wasteland" or "wilderness" as the soul is cleansed (thats baptism) of uncleanness, if the person survives the trauma, they are restored

as it says in Deuteronomy 30:1-3
"when the blessing, and then the curse comes upon you and you humble yourself, and return and come to your senses, God will restore your prosperity"

"now I understand what Joel 2 is talking about"
"the coming of 'the Day of the Lord is darkness, blackness and gloom, who can endure" the "army" of the destroyer of evil Spirits, "repent and turn with all your heart, with fasting and weeping and mourning, who knows the Lord could be compassionate and gracious and relent from sending calamity, and have pity and leave you a blessing, God will repay you for the (3) years of destruction and shame"

"then afterwards I will pour out my Spirit"

here is "The Gospel of Tiger"
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/03/25/tiger-woods-wins-arnold-palmer-invitational-bay-hill_n_1378545.html?ref=tiger-woods

"Woods had gone 923 Days" in the wilderness

Daniel 12:11,12
accelerando
my micro-bio is empty
09:56 PM on 03/27/2012
Do your really think a purportedly omnipotent god is boring enough to care about PGA golf? I hope this is satirical, because it is hysterically funny.
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10:02 AM on 03/28/2012
hello ac, its not about golf, the downcycle in life is real , some people are more noticable than others, it happened to Michael Jackson, if you read the bible, it is talking is terms of the invisible spirit realm, if a person is aware, of it, it is possible to determine as Daniel did for Nebuchanezzar...............your comment did not make it aall the way thru, but I was able to give a reply
05:06 PM on 03/26/2012
Right... because Paul says so... as written by "Luke" 50 years later, whom had borrowed from Mark and the "Q" to write his "moved by the holy ghost" version of things. At least Joseph Smith had a contemporary witnessed by and accounted for while he pulled his rabbit, er um, translations out of a hat.
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Trollstein
Once you go Schwartz, you never go back baby
02:26 PM on 03/26/2012
There are many, many contradictions, between the different Gospel narritives, between the Gospels (et al) and recorded history and even between the Gosples and common sense.
The primary role served by Paul is that he introduced and developed the notion of salvation by faith alone. The Jewish "Christians" of the time considered such teaching a vast departure from their accepted beliefs. Paul became a marketing guy, correctly realizing that average people would not convert to any faith that is more difficult to follow then the one they already have.
“1 Corinthians 9:19 Though I am free and belong to no man, I make myself a slave to everyone, to win as many as possible. 20 To the Jews I became like a Jew, to win the Jews. To those under the law I became like one under the law (though I myself am not under the law), so as to win those under the law. 21 To those not having the law I became like one not having the law (though I am not free from God’s law but am under Christ’s law), so as to win those not having the law. 22 To the weak I became weak, to win the weak. I have become all things to all men so that by all possible means I might save some. 23 I do all this for the sake of the gospel, that I may share in its blessings.”
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Ami Toben
Plenty more where that came from
11:19 AM on 03/26/2012
An epileptic seizure.
08:37 AM on 03/26/2012
Jesus taught the Ten Commandments, Jesus did not make void, fully obedyed Himself, observed all Holy Sabbaths etc. Jesus could not preach enough about and even adds a new commandment on top, a harder one. Jesus said, if one wants to enter the Kingdom, obey the Commandments and about judgment, Jesus said, Faith without works is dead. St Paul taught the opposite, not about the commandments, preached about the cross only, you are saved, just believe (real easy now?/), have faith only need no works. St Paul taught totally different, opposite to Jesus Christ Himself and His apostles even the High Priest at that time James(after Christ) with St Peter and St John know as the 3 Pillars of Christ Church after Christ, who preached also Faith without works are dead. Now which God would one choose Jesus ? Or St Paul? Which God would get higher ratings in followers? St Paul God? Or Jesus God? Remember after all apostles were gone, Temple distroyed Christ followers had no one to turn to, or to rebuke such Teaching of St Paul. Pauline letters got widely spread now with such opposite teaching of St Paul, who still was in prison, then died. But yet thousands did not accept them, thus Roman persecution continued, till they became less of and weaker, smaller. Thus who got the power controlled the message? Saul Saul Why are you persecuting Me? Jesus makes not St Paul an aposlte at all, Jesus does not change Saul name or states other wise, Jesus gives St Paul no mission or makes St Paul head of nothing, but Jesus only identifies Saul has persecuting Who? Jesus Himself and His followers. Interesting.