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John L. Esposito

John L. Esposito

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Safeguarding the Rights of Christians in Muslim Countries

Posted: 11/21/10 03:31 PM ET

Killings in Nigeria and Iraq and death sentence for blasphemy in Pakistan have renewed concerns about the rights and security of Christians in Muslim countries and in Nigeria with its large Muslim and Christian populations. They illustrate the dangerous and devastating consequences of intolerance and challenge Muslims to counter religious extremism and more aggressively and effectively safeguard and institutionalize the rights of all religious minorities. While majorities embrace religious diversity, a significant minority of hardline conservative, fundamentalist and militant Muslims, like their counterparts in Christianity and Judaism, are not pluralistic but rather strongly exclusivist in their attitudes towards other faiths and even co-believers with whom they disagree. These myopic religious worldviews can turn ugly. Substantive change can only come with strong leadership from government and religious leaders accompanied by religious and legal reforms.

Nigeria, home to one of the largest Muslim populations in the world, has historically been a country where Muslims and Christians have co-existed and interacted for generations. The situation changed dramatically with a conflict that dates back to 1999, and, according to Human Rights Watch, has claimed 13,500 lives and attacks against churches and mosques with no apparent end in sight. Though religion is increasingly playing an important role in the self-identity of combatants and their mobilization, it can mask deep seated economic, social and political tensions and conflicts.

Authorities believe that the mostly Muslim Hausa-Fulani ethnic group raided a Christian village and butchered six people. The attack was eerily similar to clashes that took place between Muslim herders and mostly Christian villagers in January and March that claimed hundreds of lives. Though President Goodluck Jonathan pledged to bring the perpetrators to swift justice, his warnings and admonitions were largely ignored: Another 500 people were killed in a nearby region shortly after his statement.

This incident took place during an equally tragic moment in Iraq. Armed gunmen who identified themselves the Islamic State of Iraq killed more than 50 worshippers at a Syriac Christian Church in Baghdad earlier this month and declared Christians everywhere as "legitimate targets." News reports were quick to point out the dwindling numbers of Christians in the Middle East as evidence of Muslim intolerance. Not often were reported was that Muslims in the neighborhood had interceded with the gunmen.

In South Asia, a court in Pakistan sentenced a Christian mother of four to death for insulting Islam. Asia Bibi, 45, is believed to be the first woman sentenced to death under Pakistan's blasphemy law. She strongly denies the charges. Pakistani Christians are rallying the United Nations in New York to pressure Pakistan to repeal the blasphemy law and overturn the sentence of Bibi.

Continued acts of violence underscore the importance of the ongoing debate in contemporary Islam on the status of non-Muslims in a predominantly Muslim country. Some cling to past practice, a "protected" (dhimmi) status, which enabled Christians and Jews to practice their faith in exchange for paying a tax. Such a solution, while progressive in its time, constitutes an unacceptable second-class citizenship today. Reformers argue that non-Muslims should have full and equal citizenship rights based on Quranic texts that reveal a pluralistic vision such as: "To everyone we have appointed a way and a course to follow'' (5.48); ''For each there is a direction toward which he turns; vie therefore with one another in the performance of good works. Wherever you may be, God shall bring you all together [on the Day of Judgment]. Surely God has power over all things" (2.148); and "There is no compulsion in religion" (2:256). These verses support religious diversity in the human community and reflect support for pluralism, not exclusivism.

Muslim leaders need to not only condemn religious extremism and terrorism as many have nationally and internationally, but most importantly implement reforms in law and in society to insure equality of citizenship and instill more pluralistic and tolerant attitudes and values in the next generation of imams, scholars and the general public. Failure to do so threatens the safety and security of religious minorities and the very fabric of Muslim societies.

John L. Esposito, the author of 'The Future of Islam', is University Professor of Religion and International Affairs at Georgetown University and founding director of the Center for Muslim-Christian Understanding. Sheila B. Lalwani is a research fellow at the center.

 
 
 
Killings in Nigeria and Iraq and death sentence for blasphemy in Pakistan have renewed concerns about the rights and security of Christians in Muslim countries and in Nigeria with its large Muslim and...
Killings in Nigeria and Iraq and death sentence for blasphemy in Pakistan have renewed concerns about the rights and security of Christians in Muslim countries and in Nigeria with its large Muslim and...
 
 
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09:38 PM on 11/29/2010
Safeguarding the Rights of Christians in Mus-lim Countries

should have read: Safeguardi ng the Rights of Mus-lims in America

ed.
09:37 PM on 11/29/2010
wrong...! error!! mis-titled!!!

Safeguarding the Rights of Christians in Muslim Countries

should have read: Safeguarding the Rights of Muslims in America

ed.
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bholly72
03:56 PM on 11/29/2010
Esposito has a good point, but his focus is a bit narrow. It's not just Christians who are persecuted in many Muslim nations, it's ALL non-muslims, including Buddhists, Hindus, Jains, Baha'is, atheists, and particularly ex-muslims. Pakistan likes to pretend it's a modern, civilized country, but their laws would embarass the Holy Inquisition.
07:33 PM on 12/01/2010
The main target is women, regardless of their religious beliefs. All religions with power seem to oppress and murder women and those of other beliefs. The christians targeted women when they tortured and murdered tens of thousands of women because they were witches. They targeted muslims en masse. They are still trying to oppress Americans with antiquated laws based on their particular doctrine of christianity. Yes, Islam is obviously a violent and oppressive religion. But it doesn't give a pass to other religions who have done, or continue to do, the same. As long as there are competing monotheistic religions, there will be violence.
10:09 AM on 11/28/2010
Religious violence will be the downfall of humanity. These people need to get jobs so they don't have so much time to hate everyone else for their spiritual beliefs....
11:35 PM on 11/27/2010
I have a friend from Nigeria who told me that Christians in Nigeria have both a Christian name and a Muslim name. You need it if you're in a Muslim area including a town with both groups.
You will be attacked for simply having the wrong name.
08:54 PM on 11/24/2010
WHAT GOES AROUND, COMES AROUND.
08:31 AM on 11/28/2010
Blaming the victims--how very enlightened of you.
07:47 PM on 11/29/2010
So if tolerance goes around...
07:09 AM on 11/24/2010
Thank you and kudos Mr. Esposito for speaking about this shameful reality. Apologists for this hatred just enable genocide.
04:52 PM on 11/23/2010
what about safeguarding the rights of muslims in christian countries? often powerful, longer lasting attacks against a group come in more insidious ways than direct violence or overt condemnation. fear of the 'other' breeds hatred, intolerance, and ignorance. this creates a hostile day-to-day living experience for many in what are supposed to be 'civilized' countries.
05:13 PM on 11/23/2010
This is pure fantasy. The FBI figures for "hate crimes" in the US show that 75% of the religious hate crimes in the US were against Jews and 8% against Muslims in 2009:

http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20101122/pl_afp/uscrimesocialracismreligiongay_20101122190340

Europe has been bending over backwards to accommodate Muslim immigrants, with massive welfare benefits and special privileges which they have been abusing over and over, with threats against the European native residents, and in some places creating huge crime waves where Muslim perpetrators of crimes are responsible for 90%+ of all crimes.

Slowly, the Westerners are waking up to this foreign culture that they have unwittingly allowed to settle in their lands. And this is responsible for the "hatred" and "intolerance".

But the way, tolerance of intolerance is no virtue necessarily, and Islam is the among the most intolerant belief systems on planet earth. Consult Popper's work on the tolerance paradox, but basically one cannot be infinitely tolerant of everything, or you will destroy your culture and create intolerance in the process by allowing it to flourish.
10:01 PM on 11/23/2010
I'm not talking about hate crimes. I'm talking about negative attitudes and stereotypes flourishing under countries that marginalize groups of people, which is evidenced in your comment. So many assumptions and just plain hyperbole in your statements, such as, "Muslim perpetrators of crimes are responsible for 90%+ of all crimes." Just an awful, ludicrous statement.
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bholly72
03:58 PM on 11/29/2010
"Tolerance of intolerance is no virtue." I like that.
07:34 PM on 12/01/2010
It does go both ways. At least christians are no longer legally murdering people in western countries because they have a different faith.
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02:55 PM on 11/23/2010
Sharia law, Pakistani criminal code and how Asia Bibi was convicted of blasphemy:


"Now look at this implication of the blasphemy law in Pakistan. [http://tribune.com.pk/story/79853/rights-activists-protest-against-aasias-sentence-blasphemy-laws/] Keep this in mind, Christians think Jesus as the greatest man while Muslims feel the same for Mohammed (pbuh). Now ask a Christian, “In light of your knowledge of Mohammed (pbuh), who is the best man who ever lived?”


If the Christian’s answer is in line with his religious dogma, he can be put to death. It’s 295-C taken to the legal extremities of its philosophy. The law is not just about outright, inflammatory or hateful blasphemy but even inferences from normal discussions between non-Muslims and Muslims. All you need is someone to litigate."

http://tribune.com.pk/story/80276/the-one-person-who-can-save-aasia-bibi/

Further proof that Sharia law is incompatible with the standards of justice in the West. One has to change. Western Muslims who claim to be Sharia compliant cannot follow both standards.
09:13 AM on 11/25/2010
If you read through Exodus and Leviticus you indeed find many sins are worthy of capital punishment according to the word of God. What you also find is punishment tempered with mercy beginning with God Himself showing mercy where His law allowed for death. When the Israelites worshiped the golden calf [clear idolatry] they deserved to be executed as an entire nation. However, God showed them mercy in the midst of their punishment.
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11:59 AM on 11/25/2010
I'm not sure I get your point. Can you clarify it for me?
07:35 PM on 12/01/2010
Actually, it was when I started reading the bible that I realized the judeo-christian god was NOT one of mercy. Actually, he is an angry, tribal, jealous, and terribly violent god.
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sandalwood
songs of the shamans...
02:02 PM on 11/23/2010
Nov 21: "Pakistan will not repeal its controversial blasphemy law but may amend it to prevent abuse because scrapping the legislation could fuel militancy, a government minister said on Tuesday."

http://www.dawn.com/2010/11/23/pakistan-will-not-repeal-blasphemy-law-minister.html

Seems the bigots are considered too strong to stand up to... shame.
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bholly72
04:03 PM on 11/29/2010
There are many Pakistanis who are as horrified by this sort of nonsense as we are, but the nutcases have the power. Repealing the law is only treating the symptoms. The indoctrination in hatred occurs in the madrases, and until they are closed, they will continue to produce generation after generation of hate-filled muslim zealots, but they cannot be closed until Pakistan has a real public school system.
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Vern58
09:19 AM on 11/23/2010
Religious intolerance and extremism is the problem- not the religions themselves.
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Ahmed Ahmad
Atheists UNITE!!
11:09 AM on 11/23/2010
You are categorically wrong. In the case of islam (and it may be the case with other religions as well), the so called "moderates" are those who disregard the more troubling teachings, sometimes by influence of other cultures.
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alterego55
Flash your citations or leave!
12:14 PM on 11/23/2010
Except for the fact all Abrahamic religions teach intolerance and extremism by definition. One has to be a member of the club in order to play.
05:25 PM on 11/23/2010
Not in equal measure.
07:37 PM on 12/01/2010
Fanned for speaking the truth. Most christians and muslims are non-violent because they ignore huge passages of their own holy books. The closer one adheres to a religion, the more intolerant it becomes. Let's be thankful most christians are luke-warm about their faith.
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LintLass
"When you can balance a tackhammer on your head...
12:51 AM on 11/23/2010
Have to admit, I'm out of patience for whichever of Christians or Muslims think they're holiest when they hurt everyone else and call themselves paragons of goodness.

Enough.

Can't you see people are getting hurt?

Can't you see?
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sandalwood
songs of the shamans...
01:37 AM on 11/23/2010
I'd fan you again if I could. People like me have been hounded for being "idol worshippers" for centuries. But at last, I think these bigots in the cloak of something that is supposed to be high minded are being backed into their respective corners/cages. I think the way ahead is safer than it has ever been in the past. I hope they get the message that the "glory days" of their past are O.V.E.R.
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ForeverXL
Religion poisons everything.
06:14 AM on 11/23/2010
Spot on. I am sick and tired of it as well. Disband religion.
12:15 AM on 11/23/2010
The biggest contributor to the hatred that some radical or extremist muslims harbor on non-muslims is the continuing occupation, enslavement or subjugation of Islamic countries which offer a threat to Israel..The muslim world are considered an interconnected pieces that understand and feel the pain and suffering of so many of their brother's and sister's around the world. And this sufferings are due mainly to the hope of america and europe of protecting the worlds greatest terrorist which is the State of Israel...
The desperation of some to get even with America, Europe and there minion, Israel are sometimes redirected to the innocent christian
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LintLass
"When you can balance a tackhammer on your head...
12:36 AM on 11/23/2010
No one's innocent till we get off the categories. And I say that as a Pagan. All you book-people wanna lay stuff on me, and all of you pretty much croaked anyone like me you could find for a long time.

So.

If anyone can call 'Whoa. Time Out.'

How bout me?

Whoa!

Time out!

Hold fire, Tex, and you too, Tamar! Hold the Mother-loving *phone!*

Oh. Phone? What's that?

Hello.

Hi.

How you doing.

Personally, you know, I'm getting a little tired of you guys fighting over who gets to like burn me at the stake or whatever your great goodness motivates.

How bout...

Stop.

Please?

Has anyone asked like that, yet?

Say it's a personal favor. Just for like ....me.

How bout it? Maybe if it don't work out you can each yank a limb off of me. That'll show 'em.

Come *on* people. At the very least get off the whole killing LGBTs thing till you work your deal out.

It's really just not fair waiting around in whatever limbo you believe in to find out who was more righteous about it and all.

So, Time. Out. How. Bout.
12:53 PM on 11/24/2010
The christians in nigeria are nigerians. The christians in iraq are iraqi. The fact that you excuse violence against these people based on the actions of countries they do not belong to, and have more than likely never visited, just shows that you have hatred against nonmuslims.
This comment has been removed due to violations of our [Guidelines]
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saami
Cranky old lady
05:37 PM on 11/22/2010
Given the crazies in this country, how about protecting Muslims from Christians here? Imagine a world without religions, nothing to kill or die for.....J. Lennon.
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hang319
had to sell stock to live on in college
05:58 PM on 11/22/2010
Exactly! Here's what I got in my mailbox today. I'm still trembling from anger.

"Please donate to your local "Plant A Pig Foundation" today. Not tax deductible, but well worth the effort.
In Spain, at Seville some local people found a way to stop the construction of another mosque in their town. They buried a pig on the site, making sure this would be known by the local press. Islamic rules forbid erecting a Mosque on "pig soiled ground". The Muslins had to cancel the project...this land had been sold to them by government officials... No protests were needed by the local people ... and it worked!!
Not dummies …. the Spaniards. They found a solution !!! No protests needed! In Texas they have an over abundance of feral pigs. They could send them all over the country and just plant them everywhere! After all…contaminated soil would surely drift and they could create new job programs by having soil testers to determine where contaminated soil existed. Of course, high on the mountain tops of the Rockies or other mountain ranges they might find some uncontaminated soil, but then…building a mosque there would pose some problems…Americans…put on your thinking caps and let’s find a solution to this problem of a spreading menace to the American way of life! If pigs are the answer…let’s do it!
Your Committee for the Betterment of America
Let’s keep this going….send it on!
08:57 PM on 11/22/2010
Are you sure this is going to work?
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HUFFPOST COMMUNITY MODERATOR
Weirdwriter
07:58 PM on 11/22/2010
Imagine a world without politics, nationalism, cultural chauvinism, patriarchy, testosterone poisoning, greed and plain old fear of the Other -- because once you've gotten rid of "religion" in ALL its many versions, that's what you'll still have left.
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TulsaMikel
Your micro-bio has been denied!
08:53 PM on 11/23/2010
Nice post,.................if Im understanding it correctly.