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Iran Nuclear Talks: What to Do in Moscow

Posted: 06/11/2012 2:49 pm

In March 2012, Iran and the representatives of the permanent members of the U.N. Security Council (Russia, China, France, United Kingdom, and United States) plus Germany -- the so-called P5+1 -- agreed to resume negotiations on the nuclear issue without preconditions. The prospects for a successful outcome are doubtful given the two sides' distrust and fundamental antagonisms. But if there's the will, there's a way: a suitable deal is actually within reach.

Iran's fitful approach to resolving the nuclear controversy has thrown up many obstacles, but now it appears ready to find an agreement. The U.S. and its partners, however, have not balanced their tightening sanctions policies with positive inducements to encourage Iran to reach a peaceful accommodation. In the absence of any olive branch, the escalating sanctions, accelerating pace of covert operations, and repeated threats of military attack could only be interpreted by Iranian leaders as indicators that the U.S. and its partners have no serious interest in a negotiated solution to the nuclear program.

It is high time to discard those attitudes and negotiate seriously. The P5+1 will meet Iran's representatives on June 18 and 19 in Moscow. The previous two rounds of negotiations this spring in Istanbul and Baghdad made some progress. The crucial issue is Iran's capacity to enrich uranium to the 90 percent purity needed for weapons. It can now enrich to 20 percent, which critics fear enables Iran to reach weapons grade in a few months if it wished.

At Baghdad, the P5+1 demanded that Iran suspend all activities regarding enrichment of Uranium 235 to 20 percent. Under their plan, Iran would also expatriate 140 kilograms of 20% U235, suspend activities at the Fordo uranium enrichment facilities plant near Qom, and comply fully with IAEA, the global nuclear watchdog, over Potential Military Dimensions (PMD) -- activities that look like they are weapons related. In return, the P5+1 promised no new sanctions on Iran, help to build a new light water reactor, and shipment of aircraft spare parts to Iran.

Iran countered by demanding to have their right to enrich uranium for peaceful purposes affirmed, and for some sanctions to be lowered in addition to no new sanctions. Importantly, Iran also offered to limit 20% U235 enrichment to 5 percent, to participate in an international consortium for nuclear activities, increase cooperation with IAEA, and participate in discussions on security arrangements in Middle East.

These positions, while not easy to resolve, are not terribly far apart. The key to an agreement from the U.S. perspective is to be certain that Iran does not have the capability to use Fordo to "break out" of an agreement and produce highly enriched, weapons-grade uranium. The Iranians want to see substantive progress on the current sanctions, which, after all, were imposed precisely to constrain enrichment.

One can argue ad infinitum about the tangled history of U.S.-Iran relations, about the intentions of each, about deception and assassinations and cyber war. We know that the U.S. election campaign complicates every calculation. We know that countries like Israel and Saudi Arabia are spoiling for a fight with Iran.

But we also know that should the negotiations fail, a war with Iran would be catastrophic. The United States has not only been down that road with Iraq, but now is a fragile moment in many Arab countries, in Afghanistan and Pakistan as well, where a war against Iran could produce enormous repercussions -- boosting the prospects of the most militant factions -- which last for a generation or more. A war would also spike oil prices to all-time highs and demolish hopes for economic recovery here, Europe, Japan, and indeed everywhere else.

President Barack Obama has in recent weeks signaled his intention to be serious about nuclear negotiations and seek a win-win strategy on Iran. He has differentiated between nuclear capability and building nuclear weapons; mentioned a recent fatwa (religious edict) by Ayatollah Seyyed Ali Khamenei that building nuclear weapons is haram (forbidden) in Islam; and emphasized Iran's nuclear rights as opposed to its obligations before the G-8 meeting last month, which can be viewed as a confidence-building measures that can facilitate verification of non-military activity in Iran's nuclear program.

Iran has been sending positive signals, too, even as it was disappointed with the paltry offerings from the P5+1 in Baghdad. It is negotiating with the IAEA on a site where some suspect nuclear weapons mechanisms might have been tested, which Iran denies, though an agreement has not been reached. More broadly, it has indicated its willingness to accommodate concerns about enrichment as long as its rights to a peaceful nuclear program, including low-level enrichment, are guaranteed.

Negotiating nuclear treaties takes time, and the expectations game -- the assertion that finishing a round of talks without agreement is equal to failure -- needs to be dampened. At Moscow, however, progress can be made on several important points:

1. Both sides could agree that as long as negotiations continue, they should avoid of provocative measures against each other. This means that Iran should clearly stop developing its nuclear installations and equipment while the P5+1 should avoid adopting new resolutions and issuing provocative statements, especially on the suspension of uranium enrichment by Iran. It should also not impose new sanctions.

2. During the Moscow negotiations, the P5+1 should affirm Iran's nuclear rights, as stipulated by President Obama, and unequivocally recognize Iran's right to enrich uranium up to 5 percent in its own facilities. Iran, in return, should issue an official statement in which it declares its readiness to stop 20 percent uranium enrichment.

3. The main concern of the United States is to prevent Iran's achievement of nuclear weapons and the most important problem for the Islamic Republic of Iran is to have its nuclear rights recognized within framework of the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). Therefore, the two sides would be wise to prepare a package on the best way for preventing diversion in Iran's nuclear program toward military purposes under supervision, for example, by the IAEA with additional monitoring by the United States and two impartial representatives chosen by Iran. In this way, the package can be discussed and approved in the fourth round of negotiations between Iran and the P5+1. On the other hand, Iran can propose a package on its nuclear rights in cooperation with two impartial representatives appointed by the United States for further discussion and approval in the fourth round of talks between Iran and the P5+1. Proposals for preparing both packages should be raised in Moscow.

The ultimate outcome -- an agreement acceptable to all parties -- is not always obvious beforehand. A great many policy professionals around the world are devising plausible proposals. It may involve, for example, a program of enrichment that is closely monitored to prevent accumulation of 20% enriched uranium as well as broad transparency and intrusive inspections. But without recognizing Iran's rights under the NPT, an agreement is far-fetched. That may be the sine qua non in Moscow.

Abbas Maleki, Robert E. Wilhelm Fellow at the MIT Center for International Studies, is a former deputy foreign minister of Iran. John Tirman is executive director of the Center, and is coauthor of Becoming Enemies: U.S.-Iran Relations and the Iran-Iraq War, 1979-1988.

 
 
 
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
NTT
Fighting rants with facts
10:47 AM on 06/12/2012
Balderdash.

There is every reason to suspect that the mullahs are using the "negotiations" just as a stalling device, in an effort to get to the point of nuclear non-return without being bombed.

To pre-empt such tactics, an ultimatum should be issued to the mullahs: if you want to negotiate, stop the enrichment centrifuges completely & immediately -- and keep them idle as long as negotiations are taking place. If the mullahs don't stop the centrifuges, then we should stop them. Permanently.
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tallen
panem et circenses
10:20 AM on 06/12/2012
Iran is laughing all the way to their bomb.

Islamic world must have nuclear weapons, says Iran
June 10, 2012
http://dailycaller.com/2012/06/10/islamic-world-must-have-nuclear-weapons-says-iran/#ixzz1xaZAaaRp
ThatsTheTheWayItIs
religion, ideology, partisanship are delusional
07:55 AM on 06/12/2012
Iran wants to control Gulf oil, that is what this is about. We'll attack Iran only on behalf of Saudis.
Israel is irrelevant to this issue. Iran is just using anti-Israeli feeling to gain sympathy.

Fact is, Israel already has one-megaton capability H-bombs. Iran's puny A-bombs will be toys in comparison, about 5% of the power of Israel's bombs. Iran can never threaten Israel, they'd be a cinder within 24 hours. But they can threaten the Saudis and other Arab nations with those toys.

Only the other H-bomb nations (US, Russia, China, UK, France) can tell Israel what to do. Those five run the world. Russia and China used to support Iran, but no more. Iran is now just like Iraq, a puny military that will be easily destroyed.
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Freenation
06:41 AM on 06/12/2012
Yep with Sarko calling Bibi a liar and this coming from a leader who was on right think about other world leaders who are on left...just imagine what they might have been saying about Bibi in private...
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Andre De Angelis
09:20 AM on 06/12/2012
>> just imagine what they might have been saying about Bibi in private...

just imagine what his own staff has been saying about Bibi in private...
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Freenation
06:37 AM on 06/12/2012
No dime from USA has been ever given to Israel...go feel happy
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Freenation
06:34 AM on 06/12/2012
Bas news for Israel apologies, India along with 5 other countries have got waiver from USA from the sanctions...
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Andre De Angelis
09:19 AM on 06/12/2012
Actually it's India plus 6 other countries.
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
oferdesade
03:02 AM on 06/12/2012
for the life of me i cant understand why the word catastrophic. for iran, perhaps. for the west? for israel? for the US? we've all seen worse, been through worse, and it was sad and tragic. but catastrophic? only if you're a mullah forced to enter the 21st century where you can't fly airplanes into tall buildings, mutilate your daughters, cut the throats of your sisters, send 6-year old boys with dynamite laden backpacks to do your dirty work for u, and blow up bombs in cafes with mothers and children sitting idly by.
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RagMag
still living a Ragtime Life
07:21 AM on 06/12/2012
Iran has never had anything to do with flying airplanes into buildings. Those guys were from Saudi Arabia, our ally against Iran.
12:07 AM on 06/12/2012
Can we all get along? .Do not blunder the golden opportunity.Iran can be help U.S. dealing with Israel,Afghanistan and Iraq.
03:03 AM on 06/12/2012
Iran help the US in dealing with Israel..? How is that possible?
The problem is increasingly more and more about Israeli greed and intransigence. The only way to deal with this is to loosen Israels vice like grip on Uncle Sams family jewels .. no one but the American people can help in this regard
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Richard Pearce
Atheistic-agnostic Canadian polymath
11:25 PM on 06/11/2012
In reality the 'nuclear controversy' is as artificial as the 'controversy' over Obama's birthplace. If you care to look at the totality of the evidence, that Iran's nuclear program is civilian in nature, compliant with the NNPT rules, and something that a country that is investing heavily in all sciences, and in all non-carbon sources of energy, would normally be doing. Add in the need for Iran (thanks to US policy and practices) to secure domestic supply of basically everything that any other country would be able to rely on obtaining on the open market and that Iran is insisting that its rights as a compliant NNPT signatory be not just explicity recognized by the US (which, seeing as the US is a signatory of the NNPT itself, it has explicitly signed an agreement to recognize, should NOT represent a change in US policy, but does, showing why Iran has to take the position it has) but that it has to see the US take the actions that show it is going to honour that recognition before it can agree to any further actions (it has tried all sorts in the past, including letting the IAEA inspectors go to Parchin to investigate almost the identical claims that the US is insisting need to be treated as credible again and having those inspectors find that the claims were as bogus as the claims Obama is foreign born) aimed at assuaging America's paranoic 'fears' about Iran's intentions.
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09:57 PM on 06/11/2012
The West has never substantiated Iranian enrichment beyond 20%. America either sponsored or looked the other way as Israel, India, and Pakistan made hundreds of nuclear weapons. America overthrew a democratically elected Iranian government in 1953.

Truth, justice, and kowtow.
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Cory Gudwin
examine thyself before blaming the system
11:49 PM on 06/11/2012
Nobody will look the other way with Iran.
Israel has been clear it will not tolerate a nuclear-armed Iran.
And it won't.
This user has chosen to opt out of the Badges program
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12:26 AM on 06/12/2012
Realistically there is nothing Israel can do but "huff and puff."

All of the military leaders in Israel (and the US for that matter) understand that Israel has no military option. Any Israeli attempt to attack Iran is basically suicidal.
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Andre De Angelis
01:20 AM on 06/12/2012
>> Israel has been clear it will not tolerate a nuclear-armed Iran.

It's not up to Israel. They're sense if entitlement is pathetic.
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
muck-raker
give me liberty or give me death
09:18 PM on 06/11/2012
Bush Senior: Hating Saddam, Selling Him Weapons
When Papa Bush was in power, United States did everything possible to make sure Iraqi president had all the materials he needed to gas the Iranians
"I hate Saddam Hussein," said Bush."I don't hate a lot of people. but I think he's, as I say, his word is no good He's used poison gas on his own people. So, there's nothing redeeming about this man."

Hatred in wake of Gulf War is not unique. For instance, Wasli el-Ghazali, most assuredly hated Bush and America. Ghazali was convicted back in 1994 for his role in a plot to murder George Bush the Elder during a visit to Kuwait. Ghazali told Robert Fisk of the Independent. "I am an Iraqi citizen. Bush killed 16 members of my family."
http://www.alternet.org/world/14160/bush_senior%3A_hating_saddam%2C_selling_him_weapons/
In response to the failed -- and some would say bogus -- plot to kill Bush, Clinton fired 23 Tomahawk missiles into Baghdad on June 26, 1993 (more than a year before conviction of Ghazali . Seven of these "precision guided" missiles missed their target and hit civilian housing, killing eight people, including renowned artist Leila al-Attar. Clinton later told American people they could "feel good" about attack. No word if Clinton, like Bush, hates Saddam Hussein -- or, for that matter, innocent Iraqi civilians,
more:
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
muck-raker
give me liberty or give me death
08:59 PM on 06/11/2012
today the USA wants IRAN to kneel down and kiss our feet or we will sic the dogs (Israel) of war on them....and it is a threat. why, we did it all before: Arming Iraq: A Chronology of U.S. Involvement

What follows is an accurate chronology of United States involvement in the arming of Iraq during the Iraq-Iran war 1980-88. It is a powerful indictment of president Bush administration attempt to sell war as a component of his war on terrorism. It reveals US ambitions in Iraq to be just another chapter in the attempt to regain a foothold in the Mideast following the fall of the Shah of Iran.
Arming Iraq and the Path to War

September, 1980. Iraq invades Iran. The beginning of the Iraq-Iran war. [8]

February, 1982. Despite objections from congress, President Reagan removes Iraq from its list of known terrorist countries. [1]

December, 1982. Hughes Aircraft ships 60 Defender helicopters to Iraq. [9]

1982-1988. Defense Intelligence Agency provides detailed information for Iraq on Iranian deployments, tactical planning for battles, plans for air strikes and bomb damage assessments. [4]

November, 1983. A National Security Directive states that the U.S would do "whatever was necessary and legal" to prevent Iraq from losing its war with Iran. [1] & [15]

Donald Rumsfeld -Reagan's Envoy- provided Iraq with
chemical & biological weapons
Iraq's missile, chemical, biological and nuclear weapons programs. [14]

much,much more: http://www.iranchamber.com/history/articles/arming_iraq.php
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
wwoody
Retired fishing for the truth.
08:31 PM on 06/11/2012
It time to bit the bullet, we don't need another war in the Middle East...going to war in the Middle East would be our Nation back breaker, we would never recover economically.
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
muck-raker
give me liberty or give me death
08:21 PM on 06/11/2012
Robert Fisk: An attack on Tehran would be madness. So don't rule it out
After invading Iraq over weapons of mass destruction, we plan to clap as Israel bombs Iran
If Israel really attacks Iran this year, it – and the Americans – will be more dotty than their enemies think. True, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad is a crackpot, but then so is Avigdor Lieberman, who is apparently the Israeli Foreign Minister. Maybe the two want to do each other a favour. But why on earth would the Israelis want to bomb Iran and thus bring down on their heads the fury of both the Lebanese Hezbollah and Hamas at the very same moment? Along with Syria, no doubt. Not to mention sucking the West – Europe and the US – into the same shooting match.

Maybe it's because I've been in the Middle East for 36 years, Leon Panetta, the US Defence Secretary no less, warns us that Israel may strike.
And here is his "kicker" which is as near as you can get to playing the propaganda ragtime. "After speaking with many [sic] senior Israeli leaders and chiefs [sic yet again] of the military and intelligence, I have come to believe that Israel will indeed strike Iran in 2012.
good short read: http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/fisk/robert-fisk-an-attack-on-tehran-would-be-madness-so-dont-rule-it-out-6358872.html
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Richard Pearce
Atheistic-agnostic Canadian polymath
07:50 PM on 06/11/2012
"We know that countries like Israel and Saudi Arabia are spoiling for a fight with Iran" Well, actually, we know those two countries are eager for someone else to attack Iran, both for the same reason, that Iran's ability to maintain a democracy and growth in the face of everything the US has thrown at them in its efforts to crush Iran threatens their ability to maintain their brutal oppression of their own population (yes, folks, the refugees from the parts of Palestine now known as Israel are part of the Israeli population just as much as Nelson Mandella was part of the South African population even while the government of South Africa was denying that)