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Judith J. Wurtman, PhD

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Does Posting Calories Really Change How People Eat?

Posted: 06/07/11 09:24 AM ET

I passed a billboard today with a picture of half of a hamburger on a bun and a whole turkey sandwich. The message said, "For 300 calories you can eat half of this hamburger, or this entire turkey sandwich." The message was compelling. If I want to get the most food for my calories, I would choose the turkey sandwich. But would everyone? Perhaps someone would look at the picture of the hamburger and think, "Only 600 calories for an entire hamburger? Why eat turkey when I could have beef for only 300 calories more?"

Have you noticed that the calorie contents of foods seem to be posted everywhere, not only on billboards, but also on boards listing the menu options of most fast food restaurants? Earlier last week I was wandering around a food court in the Philadelphia train station, waiting for someone whose train was late. I amused myself by reading the caloric contents of foods sold by various chains like Dunkin' Donuts, Auntie Anne's Pretzels and a pushcart selling ice cream. Several customers who were ordering pretzels with dipping sauce glared at me as I remarked out loud on the amazingly high caloric content of these seemingly innocuous pretzels. Would they have preferred not knowing how many calories they were about to consume?

Indeed, this is the question that is still awaiting a definitive answer: Will information about the calorie contents of restaurant food produce better food choices? Are billboards an effective way of getting us to eat fewer calories? Will we, as a country, be thinner a few years from now because we are finally aware of the calorie and fat contents of the foods we buy at Starbucks or McDonald's or Subway?

The answer is yes and no.

Yes, those who are dieting or trying to prevent themselves from gaining weight, will note the calorie content of foods they are buying and make their decisions based on this information. I asked a few people who are losing weight or concerned with not gaining back what they have lost, and how this has affected their eating. Here are some of their replies:

"I was in the mall and felt like having a muffin and coffee. But when I saw that the least caloric muffin had more than 350 calories, I just ordered coffee."

"Now I know why losing five pounds has been so hard. I am eating an extra 500 calories or more just from the whole milk in my several daily lattes. I am switching to fat-free milk from now on."

"Do you know how many calories those little containers of salad dressing contain? Here I thought I was being so good by eating plain, boring chicken and a salad every day for lunch, and then I obviously ruined it by dumping 200 extra calories of salad dressing on top."

"You know those cookies that you pass on the way to the checkout counter at Au Bon Pain? I always buy one for an afternoon snack. Do you realize that a chocolate dipped shortbread contains 380 calories and 60 percent of your daily saturated fat requirement? From now on I am eating pretzels."

But a colleague who works in obesity research told me, "Posting calories in restaurants is like preaching to the choir. What about people who are not interested in losing weight, even though they should? I doubt that giving them calorie information will change what they eat."
How will we really know? Simply asking most people this question will give false positives. Many people, especially those who are conscious of being overweight, might say, "Now that I know that a triple cheeseburger has several thousand more calories than an egg white sandwich, I will definitely choose the egg white sandwich."

Asking people after they have already made their choice may reveal more information. Think about this scenario: Someone in a food court is digging into a triple bacon cheeseburger, fries and a soft drink. You ask him, "Did you notice the calories listed for the food items before you ordered?" If the answer is no, find someone else to ask. But if the answer is yes, then find out what influenced him to buy the 1,000 or more calorie meal, compared to one with far fewer calories. The answers could range from: "This is my only meal today; I was very hungry; I just biked 50 miles; The price was right; I eat this every day for lunch; I don't know how many calories I should be eating; I don't care how many calories I am eating because I like triple cheeseburgers with bacon and love fries; I hate salads; When I am ready to lose weight, maybe I will pay attention to calories; I am drinking a diet soda so I am saving calories; and my girlfriend is always watching my weight, so when she isn't around this is what I eat."
There are likely even more reasons to rationalize ignoring the caloric content of what one eats.

Sometimes we just conceal from ourselves why we choose foods we know will make us gain weight.

Billboards and posters with healthy food suggestions are useful for people who are dieting or maintaining their weight loss. It is also useful for many of us who had no idea how many calories are in foods that don't look fattening. Who knew that fancy coffee drinks were so caloric, or that adding pesto to a sandwich drastically increased its calorie content, or that a healthy-looking cheese and spinach quiche contained more calories than a grilled chicken sandwich?

Will listing calories on a billboard or menu board halt the obesity epidemic? It's a step in the right direction. However, I suspect that significantly reversing the national trend toward weight gain will require solving the reasons people gain weight and keep it on: stress, lack of sleep, no time to exercise, work and family problems, financial issues -- the list goes on and on. In the meanwhile, seeing the calories up on that menu board gives us something to read and chew on while we are waiting in line for our order.

 

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I passed a billboard today with a picture of half of a hamburger on a bun and a whole turkey sandwich. The message said, "For 300 calories you can eat half of this hamburger, or this entire turkey san...
I passed a billboard today with a picture of half of a hamburger on a bun and a whole turkey sandwich. The message said, "For 300 calories you can eat half of this hamburger, or this entire turkey san...
 
 
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03:57 PM on 08/01/2011
I disagree with Judith. I use the traditional method of weight loss. Two weeks ago, so I started using weight loss plan, which was written on the website http://quickdietsolution.com/slim-down-fast-with-easy-dieting-tips/

Currently, already showing early success:)
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progressive man
One man, trying to do good in the world
12:50 PM on 07/26/2011
Calorie counting is a flawed science; and our belief in it causes us to choose the wrong foods.
Calories are measured by setting a food on fire and measuring the energy output. The thought is that the same amount of energy that is released by enzymatic breakdown will be released by combustion in the lab.
For one thing, they say that "calories in minus calories out equals your net loss or gain". Calories in is what you eat, calories out is what you burn. But what about excretion? In the calorimeter, 100% of the food is burned. In digestion, different people will absorb and excrete different amounts. In China they eat 25-40% more calories than the average American, and have much less obesity. It is not the number of calories but the types.
They also say that "A Calorie is a Calorie". Wrong. Refined carbs and simple sugars give a sharp spike in blood sugar and a sharp drop- resulting in a rebound hunger. Complex carbs from vegetable and whole grain sources have a slower release of energy and don't stimulate our appetite the same. Eat good natural food, as much as you like, and you'll be less likely to be obese than if you try to follow all this calorie hype. This obsession with the calories, fat, carbs, sugars, etc. is just designed to sell us products. Stick with natural foods and you'll be much better off.
12:22 PM on 07/19/2011
Posting the calorie counts of foods in eateries is all well and good (and calorie counts have been on packaged foods in stores since the 1960s) but it doesn't address the fact that many foods are simply empty calories (meaning: nutritionally poor and mostly composed of carbohydrates and fat).

For example, while a McDonald's small fries has far fewer calories than a large fries (230 vs. 500) the product itself is mostly carbohydrates and fat. It's a smaller portion. It's a smaller number of calories. But it's not nutritionally dense.

In other words: People watching their calories can still make poor nutrition choices (and do so constantly). A 100-calorie "snack size" candy bar is still a candy bar.
01:27 PM on 07/08/2011
Posting calories CAN change the way that people eat...IF they have a good basic knowledge of calories, what their OWN caloric needs are, and if they are honest with themselves about their body's needs. For example: I know what my BMR is. And my BMI. I know that if I do NOTHING all day but sit here and type, I can eat 1400 calories a day and that I probably won't gain weight. I won't lose it, but I won't gain it.
Until people step up and take responsiblity for learning about how the body processes fats, carbs, and proteins, and have a realistic idea of where they should be in terms of daily consumption, posting charts won't help. People still use the 2000 calorie a day guideline, where for some people, it's far too much, for others, it's not enough. But I do support the restaurants that do. (I just have to have my Chipotle!)
08:49 PM on 06/20/2011
Moving from the US to South Korea, they have calories plain & simple next to everything you can order in most restaurants. It has helped me tremendously. I'm not over weight and I'm in good shape, but even the most healthy people fall out of line when something smells too good to pass up. When I see how many calories are in my "little sweet treat" I pass it up.
06:04 AM on 06/20/2011
It's not about counting calories, it's about learning about your food.
I've never counted calories in my life, and I am able to stay perfectly lean and healthy all year round. Our food should be packed with nutrients. When I look at food labels, I only look at the ingredients list - never calories.

http://www.lovingfit.com/nutrition/my-complete-guide-to-nutrition/
03:00 AM on 06/19/2011
Look, the journey of a thousand miles begins with a step.

From my own personal experience, the great, great majority of people have no idea how many calories they are eating, nor do they have a clue about how many calories particular foods have. So if we begin the education process, it will be a big help.

But I agree that it will take a long time (the average IQ is 100, which means half have below 100 IQ), and even after decades of education, there still will be a sizable majority who will not be fully educated about the relationship between the foods they eat and calories and weight gain/loss (e.g. National Geographic Magazine reported that only about 15% of the U.S. population firmly believed in evolution).
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onionboy
Blessed are the Cheese Makers
11:41 PM on 06/22/2011
Agree. A little extra and simple knowledge is never a bad thing.
01:47 PM on 07/10/2011
I concur. Knowledge is power and sunlight is a great disinfectant. We should be realistic that posting calories can not make measurable impact instantaneously, but over time, I believe (and hope) that the effect will be significant once a critical mass is reached.
Even change of attitude by one person at a time creates the potential for peer-pressure. When even one person in the group eating out is paying attention to the food constituents and calories, others are likely to take a moment to think.
Anil Minocha, Shreveport
09:05 AM on 06/12/2011
I wish posting calories really did affect how we eat. The fact is that we are hard-wired to like junk food as junk food was hard-wired by their makers to be as addictive as possible to us. Personally, I know exactly what and how much I should be eating, but it is often nearly impossible to live by that knowledge as I give into temptation. It has been discussed at length at http://www.ladat.com, and it seems a lot of people share the same challenge on this. If junk food is there, it will be eaten! Ug!
07:33 AM on 06/12/2011
we will be a thinner country because we will not be able to afford to eat the way we want
01:34 PM on 07/04/2011
Really, I think the poor are able to afford lots of cheap, shelf stable carbohydrates...which according to the Gary Taubes books will yield for you the answer as to why the poor are often obese. Quality high protein and healthy fats are generally expensive and require effort to prepare.
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04:07 PM on 06/10/2011
Posting calories on menus and billboards will not change eating habits. It is a personal choice of when and what to eat. Ultimately it is up to you to set realistic health and fitness goals that work for you.

Posting calories on menus and billboards will not change eating habits. It is a personal choice of when and what to eat. Ultimately it is up to you to set realistic health and fitness goals that work for you.
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onionboy
Blessed are the Cheese Makers
11:42 PM on 06/22/2011
Posting calories on menus and billboards will not change eating habits. It is a personal choice of when and what to eat. Ultimately it is up to you to set realistic health and fitness goals that work for you.

Posting calories on menus and billboards will not change eating habits. It is a personal choice of when and what to eat. Ultimately it is up to you to set realistic health and fitness goals that work for you.

Posting calories on menus and billboards will not change eating habits. It is a personal choice of when and what to eat. Ultimately it is up to you to set realistic health and fitness goals that work for you.
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chamberwindow
Socialism or barbarism.
05:25 PM on 06/09/2011
Since calories from pasta affect the body differently than calories from eggs, just the caloric information is essentially useless. Let's say you gave two identical twins the same number of calories, 3000. One is given 50-60% carbohydrate, and the other between 5-7% carbohydrates, and holding protein constant for both between 25-30%. With the same number of calories, in a couple of months you would have two drastically different sized twins.
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redsongia
is not Chicago
01:06 PM on 06/10/2011
It's true, and in the heat of the moment, I've been guilty of rationalizing myself into ordering a donut or some kind of sweet at starbucks with my coffee, once I see that it's the exact same calorie content as an egg sandwich or multigrain bagel. I have to think that the "tiny" treats they offer, all under 200 calories, are attempts to benefit from the marketing potential of posting calories. [On the other hand, it is nice to have the option of a 190 cal. lemon square instead of only GIGANTIC treats with your 3pm coffee, even though, in some ways, it is more tempting].
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onionboy
Blessed are the Cheese Makers
11:51 PM on 06/22/2011
I disagree. I think caloric count helps for just the reason you pointed out. Look at what those two foods would be...the one that's all carbs and one that's not. I think posting calories helps educate people on caloric density, which is one of the problems with carbs. They have high calories and little satiety. So, if I'm hungry and I see that I can get an enormous turkey sandwich for the same calories as smaller helping of pasta or sweet treat...I know that the ginormous sandwich is the better call. Same with breakfast. I can have a four egg omelet for the same calories as one blueberry muffin.
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baileywick
03:43 PM on 06/09/2011
Posting all the info about the food I hold in my hand definitely changes what I eat.
Salt, fat, high fructose corn syrup, and calories all help me to make up my mind.
Processed food is for the PROFIT of the company, or CORPORATION, that makes and sells and PROFITS from it.
It is NOT for your or my health.
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jdusaf
Peace and chicken grease
11:45 AM on 06/09/2011
It doesnt hurt to display the calorie content so why not, I get a benefit out of that and I always find it interesting just how many calories are in things that we may intrinsically think are "good for you". Even for people who dont care at all it does no harm, so no harm, no foul.
11:24 AM on 06/09/2011
I may be part of the choir being preached to, but I want to know the calorie counts. Maybe it won't help people who don't want to lose weight, but for those of us who do, knowing calorie counts is a huge help. It was even demonstrated in the article how people changed their food choices.

Also, my hope is that once they start posting calories, many of these establishments will start offering options for those of us who do want to watch our weight.
10:51 AM on 06/09/2011
I love having this info!! In Canada many restaurants still do not provide this info, but I frequent restaurants that do far more often. Having access to this info certainly has affected my choices (did you know a Tim Hortons danish has just over half the calories of a muffin?? and a Taco Bell salad is one of the highest calorie items they have??).
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Kalie
Left of Center
11:25 AM on 06/11/2011
Its called being able to make an educated choice and I like it too. Much like putting nutrition info on the grocery foods, I like to know what Im eating everywhere I go.