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Kate Martin

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A Peculiar and Pernicious Myth: Domestic Military Detentions

Posted: 01/12/2012 10:14 am

As reported here yesterday, there is an extraordinary claim being widely circulated: that the defense bill recently signed by the president authorizes the detention without charge of Americans and other terrorist suspects found in the United States. That is simply untrue. While some senators hoped the bill would authorize such detention, the language of the bill is quite explicit that it does not "expand the authority of the president" or "affect existing law or authorities relating to the detention .... of persons captured or arrested in the United States." No such authority existed before the signing of the bill and the bill didn't create any.

Yesterday was the tenth anniversary of President Bush's opening of the Guantanamo prison, and it is three years since President Obama promised to close the prison. Despite the bipartisan consensus about the national security benefits of closing Guantanamo (President Bush, candidate McCain, and former Secretary of Defense Colin Powell were all in support), Congress has imposed almost insurmountable obstacles to doing so, most recently in the defense bill signed by President Obama on December 31. But the bulk of public attention and outcry about this bill has not been focused on the absurd and counter-productive congressional roadblocks to closing Guantanamo. Instead there has been an almost hysterical over-reaction to other detention provisions in the bill, which simply do not do what has been reported. The new legislation does NOT authorize the detention without charge of Americans or anyone else seized in the United States.

It is true that during the debates on the defense bill, some senators -- especially Lindsay Graham -- argued that the United States is a battlefield and that consequently any suspected terrorist seized here could be subject to military detention. But Senator Graham's speeches cannot put language into the legislation that isn't there. And the legislation itself could not be clearer that it doesn't change existing law and therefore doesn't authorize detention of Americans that was not previously authorized.

The peculiar aspect of the advocacy and coverage of the legislation is that it simply ignores the repeated references in the bill to reaffirming, but not expanding existing law. Existing law is found in the September 2001 Authorization to Use Military Force (AUMF) enacted by Congress after the 9/11 attacks. As the Supreme Court ruled in 2004, that AUMF authorized military detention of persons, including citizens, fighting in Afghanistan against our armed forces and allies. The Supreme Court explained that the law of war has always provided that enemy fighters captured in the course of hostilities can be indefinitely detained without charge until the end of the hostilities. (In this case, the hostilities in Afghanistan clearly haven't yet ended.)

But since enactment of the AUMF, civil liberties and human rights groups, including my own, have been clear that it did not authorize detention of individuals seized in the United States as suspected terrorists. And while the Bush administration initially claimed such authority, even it backed down in the face of public opposition and judicial skepticism. After the 9/11 attacks, President Bush issued a Military Order on November 13, 2001, which claimed the authority to pick up non-citizen "suspected terrorists" inside the United States and hold them in indefinite military detention without charge. In the spring of 2002, his Attorney General, John Ashcroft announced that they had taken an American citizen arrested in Chicago (Jose Padilla) and thrown him in a military brig to be interrogated and detained without charge. In 2003 the Bush administration took a non-citizen about to be tried on criminal charges (Ali al-Marri) and threw him in the same kind of military lock-up. From the very beginning, there was public outrage about these detentions and, tellingly, the Bush administration charged all suspected terrorists subsequently found in the United States in criminal court. The Bush administration eventually transferred Padilla, the citizen, to civilian court, when it appeared likely that the Supreme Court would take his case and that the government would lose. Al-Marri, the non-citizen was still in military prison when President Obama was inaugurated. On Obama's second day in office, he ordered a review of the case and al-Marri was promptly released from military custody and transferred to civilian court.

Since then, the Obama administration has continued trying all terrorist suspects seized in the United States, citizens and foreigners alike, in criminal courts. Just this week, the Justice Department announced the indictment of an American accused of plotting on behalf of al Qaeda. It doesn't seem that the administration even considered holding him in military detention instead, notwithstanding passage of the defense bill. Indeed, since taking office senior national security officials in the Obama administration have made clear that criminal law detention will continue to be the universal practice in the United States because "adhering to our values and our laws" strengthens our national security.

In light of this history and the explicit statutory language that the defense bill does not change existing law, it is astonishing that President Obama is now being attacked from all sides -- The Daily Show, the New York Times editorial page, the ACLU, Rush Limbaugh and Rep Ron Paul -- for allegedly signing new legislative authority for the military detention without charge of citizens and others picked up in the United States. The plain fact is that the new legislation changes nothing: the only military detention authority that the Obama administration has, or claims to have, is that conferred under the law of war by the 2001 AUMF and that authority simply doesn't exist for persons picked up inside the United States.

The myth that President Obama has signed legislation expanding detention authority seems intended by some to be used in the 2012 presidential election. Harder to understand is why opponents of such authority would perpetuate the myth that they've already lost the fight and domestic detention authority is somehow now the law of the land. That myth itself, unlike the legislation, will make it easier if any future President wants to ignore the law and the Constitution and start locking Americans up without trial. But perhaps the most pernicious effect of the myth is that in other countries, governments and human rights advocates alike will mistakenly believe that the United States and President Obama have surrendered to those who believe that military detention rather than criminal law enforcement is the way to respond to domestic terrorism, making the fight for human rights in those countries that much harder.

 
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
xenubarb
Nebulon V
05:27 PM on 01/18/2012
History is full of abuses of laws that weren't meant to support such things. Pardon me if I fail to trust the assertions by our "leaders" that this law isn't what it sounds like.

What it sounds like to me is a placeholder for when the shizzle gets real, and American protesters labeled terrorists before being hauled off without hope of due process.

But that's just me. I'm a suspicious and cynical sort.
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White Raven
Eyeballs are tasty
04:28 AM on 01/17/2012
President Obama acknowledged in his statements after signing the bill into law that he saw the potential for abuse in it. A number of legislators involved in sponsoring and voting for the law have said similar things. If the persons who crafted this law have made their intent clear that it is to allow detention of Americans which exceeds previous powers of detention, then what good is an article written by a member of some consulting organization going to do my peace of mind?

I'm going to give Kate Martin the benefit of the doubt here and assume she means well, but that doesn't help a thing. The NDAA is poisonous and one of the most shameful acts of Obama's administration.
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eaglespark
"Why waste time learning? Ignorance is quicker."
10:47 PM on 01/14/2012
I still agree with my Oregon Senator, Ron Wyden, and the ACLU on this issue:

"He signed it. We’ll fight it.
President Obama signed the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) into law. It contains a sweeping worldwide indefinite detention provision.
The dangerous new law can be used by this and future presidents to militarily detain people captured far from any battlefield. He signed it. Now, we have to fight it wherever we can and for as long as it takes.
Sign the ACLU's pledge to fight worldwide indefinite detention for as long as it takes."
https://secure.aclu.org/site/SPageServer?s_subsrc=120103_NDAA_redirect&pagename=120103_NDAAGOLAsk&JServSessionIdr004=oh9tzft3f1.app226a
06:21 PM on 01/12/2012
Ms. Martin is correct. Reading legislation is a difficult exercise in understanding the precise wording written into said legislation. I've had to develop the ability to read the precise wording in working with military specs and standards and FAA regulations. The section of the NDAA that gets everyone excited is Sec 1021. But, if you read all the paragraghs of both Sec. 1021 and 1022, the bill does not allow indefinite detention or military detention of US citizens or lawful resident aliens. There is one exception, if a citizen or lawful alien is apprehended outside US jurisdiction, i.e., in a foreign country, all bets appear to bo off and that person could be detained indefinitely without charge. But the bill doesn't allow what everybody seems to be all excited about. Really read it very, very carefully. http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-112hr1540enr/pdf/BILLS-112hr1540enr.pdf and go to pages 265 through 267.
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11:36 PM on 01/12/2012
Carl Levin, one of the bill sponsors, said on The Senate floor that it authorizes the indefinite detention of Americans, as did Lindsay Graham, one of the its chief supporters.
Not only that, but after insisting that the bill needed to apply to Americans - again, as stated by Carl Levin on the Senate floor - Obama felt the need to issue a signing statement saying he wouldn't apply it to Americans to deflect the political backlash he faced for supporting it.
Do you honestly expect us to believe that the lawmakers who wrote, voted for, and/or signed the bill into law don't know what it says?
Or do you expect us to believe that you are somehow better versed in Constitutional law than the ACLU, Jonathan Turley, Glenn Greenwald, and the countless other experts who have stated it DOES apply to Americans?
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
rbspickles
04:57 PM on 01/12/2012
Oh really? Then what's up with all the new FEMA camps, and the Army hiring new directors for civil internment camps? and the law stripping Americans of their citizenship when authorized by the president, the Patriot act, the signing statement promising Obama would never actually use this? If the law didn't have this power, why would Obama have to sign a statement saying that HE would never use it? FAIL!!!
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
xenubarb
Nebulon V
05:29 PM on 01/18/2012
And why are we, the people, watching these camps develop and just sitting on our butts?

At what point do we demand the removal of these signs of impending Best Koreahood?
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Freddie27
Liberal Gay Jewish Atheist
04:44 PM on 01/12/2012
The amendment that clarifies that the NDAA change nothing is a red herring. A number of congressmen and Senators have claimed that the AUMF authorizes the indefinite detention of US citizens if designated "enemy combatants". Hamdi v Rumsfeld didn't overturn this claimed power, it simply limited it. The author of this article simplifies the horrendous NDAA far too much.
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Danish5666
What makes life worthwhile isn't measured by GDP
04:20 PM on 01/12/2012
"In light of this history and the explicit statutory language that the defense bill does not change existing law, it is astonishing that President Obama is now being attacked from all sides". It is only astonishing to you.
http://www.salon.com/2012/01/08/the_evils_of_indefinite_detention_and_those_wanting_to_de_prioritze_them/singleton/
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Danish5666
What makes life worthwhile isn't measured by GDP
04:15 PM on 01/12/2012
"But since enactment of the AUMF, civil liberties and human rights groups, including my own, have been clear that it did not authorize detention of individuals seized in the United States as suspected terrorists". Is there a court ruling you can point to? So as long as we have you opinion that is as good as settled law?
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Danish5666
What makes life worthwhile isn't measured by GDP
04:12 PM on 01/12/2012
"the language of the bill is quite explicit that it does not "expand the authority of the president" or "affect existing law or authorities relating to the detention .... of persons captured or arrested in the United States." No such authority existed before the signing of the bill and the bill didn't create any."
Maybe you could explain what the settled law is, that you are referencing to? Because.there is no settled law on these issues, you point is mute, and do try and read the law.
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gutenmorgen
a.k.a. crowsnest
03:36 PM on 01/12/2012
We already know the chasms that exist between what the constitution demands and what presidents do. Why should I be happy even if Ms. Martin were correct?
03:21 PM on 01/12/2012
I'm hard-pressed how to explain my reactions to this post. The provisions say what they say and leave room for the president, whether this one, or the next, or the next, to make pretty much any interpretation he wants in terms of who gets detained, for what reason, for how long. This issue goes well beyond left-right spitball tossing. If it doesn't mean what is says-why was it written? C'mon-the Patriot Acts were written well before they were introduced. The government has built a string of detention camps across the country. At the same time this bill passes the government begins to contract out staffing for the camps. Who will be first? Will aggressive protest against something like war with Iran, or further financial collapse, be used to round up people in military buses instead of police vans-to be sorted out eventually? Or will it be group-by-group until, at some point, every dissenter will be interpreted as a threat. Extreme concern about this law is not paranoia. This post represents a truly naive belief in our power structure.
03:13 PM on 01/12/2012
Really scary .....and not what I voted for.
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03:10 PM on 01/12/2012
So, the ACLU, numerous constitutional scholars & lawyers, the bill's sponsors & congressional supporters, and The President himself - all of whom reached a different conclusion than this author - are all wrong?
03:00 PM on 01/12/2012
Much of the article draws on recent the history of what President Bush did and what President Obama has done.

I don't think that what was done should be a part of the conversation about a new law. The president can promise not to exercise some "new powers", and that is not the issue either. If there is a bad law enacted, it may be exercised at some future time.

Having said that, I hope you are correct. The ACLU and many others seem to view it differently.
I will post one link; there are dozens more one can find. The ACLU is not a right wing propoganda organization...

http://www.aclu.org/national-security/president-obama-signs-indefinite-detention-bill-law
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
the Omniscient Advocate
without the law, there can be no freedom
02:39 PM on 01/12/2012
Omnisciently I speak to you.... I wonder how long it will take for you people to understand that the greatest threat to our Republic is not Guns, Marijuana, Environmental Regulation, National Healthcare, Islamic extremists, terrorists or the Chinese. The greatest threat to our republic is the unbridled power of the State over it's citizens and you should notice this power is always unleashed in the Name of Preservation of the state.
terrorism has existed for thousands of Years- it is not a new concept, terrorism. infact its a very old one- and when you ignore that we actually HAVE detained Americans your view on the issue is less than relevant.

how can you speak with any authority about - what American Government WON'T DO.

The state of Wisconsin demands I pay for a License to Operate my automobile on public streets-while the supreme court says- Driving a car is an extension of Liberty and you can not License an inalienable right you can't convert a right into a Privilege & there can be no sanction or penalty imposed because of an exercise of constitutional right, the claim of a constitutional right cannot be converted into a crime---

talk to me some more about what government won't do......