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Lee Block

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Divorce And The Marriage Contract

Posted: 10/26/11 03:15 PM ET

One of the articles I wrote for The Huffington Post regarding alimony brought up a lot of emotion from women who have been raising children and feel they deserve to be paid for the service. It seems that some feel that marriage is a contract and when that contract is broken, the person who broke the marriage must pay -- and pay dearly.

It may sound surprising, but plenty of cultures do have marriage contracts. For instance, in Judaism, it is called a Ketubah. The Ketubah, as described on Judaism 101, spells out the husband's obligations to the wife during marriage, the conditions of inheritance upon his death, and obligations regarding the child support. It also provides for the wife's support in the event of divorce. There are standard conditions; however, additional conditions can be included by mutual agreement.

In Judaism, they believe that the Ketubah will discourage the man from divorcing his wife, because of the financial obligation that is set upon them with this contract. Interestingly enough, the divorce rate for Jews is around 30 percent.

Followers of Islam take their marriage contracts very seriously. In order for the marriage contract to be considered legal, some conditions must first be met. Both parties must be adults and sane, and the man and woman being married cannot have been breastfed by the same woman. According to Islamweb.net, the marriage contract must follow certain pillars, including offer and acceptance. For most scholars, the offer must be from the woman's side and the acceptance from the man -- the prospective husband and the guardian of the woman. Some scholars count the presence of witnesses and dowries among the pillars as well.

Research conducted in the early 1990s by the late New York-based sociologist Ilyas Ba-Yunus estimated the North American Muslim divorce rate stood at 31.14 percent, three times higher than the highest divorce rate in Muslim countries, which was 10 percent in Egypt and Turkey. According to 2008 figures, the divorce rate in Islamic countries was 20 percent.

In American society, we call a marriage contract a prenuptial agreement. The prenup is a contract between two people who are about to wed that spells out how assets will be distributed in the event of divorce or death. Rather than being required by religious or other beliefs, however, prenups are often used between two wealthy partners, and are a common pre-requisite for celebrity marriages.

Of course, others may view wedding vows and the exchange of rings as a form of a marriage contract, with the marriage license serving as the documentation. Regardless of what you consider a contract, the question remains: are marriage contracts good or bad? Do they add a layer of protection and security to the marriage, or are they viewed instead as binding, restrictive documents that leach all of the romance out of the union? Those are questions that must be answered by every person who decides to enter into marriage. What works for some certainly doesn't work for others, but regardless of what you decide, don't let others make you feel bad about your decision. It's your life and your marriage, and if you opt for a religious-based contract or prenup agreement, that's your business.

Things to consider when drafting a prenuptial agreement:

That being said, if you go the prenup route, you may want to consider inserting a protective clause into your prenup or contract that outlines financial support in the event of divorce. With the divorce rate continuing to hover around 50 percent, it's no wonder that married couples want to feel more secure in their decision.

Your prenup may outline several conditions that must be fulfilled should one person be at fault for ending the marriage. That way, if those conditions aren't met, you have documentation that will give you additional legal recourse. It's a rather stark way of looking at the situation, yet it's practical, too.

And lastly, be smart. If you're entering into a prenup, it's only smart to have your own attorney take a look at it and make sure you're protected. Taking steps like this now can potentially save you heartache (and money) in the future. The process gives new meaning to Stevie Wonder's "Signed, Sealed, Delivered," doesn't it? But in the business world, contracts are entered into all the time -- and a prenup is often just smart business.

A piece of advice? Consider a marriage contract or prenup from a practical point of view instead of demonizing it as a wholly unromantic document. A marriage is about the merging of two people and their lives, but it's also about protecting yourself and your assets. And there's absolutely nothing wrong with watching out for me, myself and I. If you don't, who else will?

 

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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
EdCorey1971
09:45 AM on 12/09/2011
The problem with fulfilling emotion needs is there is no clear evidence that all those needs are reasonable. If you divorce based solely on those reasons then you maybe a selfish controlling narcissist. Such a theory also puts all the blame on the man for the failed marriage. Do men, (we are not robots), have emotional needs that aren't being fulfilled? I would say yes indeed, but I think that men understand marriage is for better or for worst. It is also more likely that men are more mature in that we understand that you can't always have your way. Therefore we are able to deal with most situations as long as there is a good balance. In my opinion too many women take the easy way out always thinking the grass is greener on the other side. And it also doesn't hurt that they know they will get custody of the children and support in most cases.
07:24 PM on 11/17/2011
Your state legislature has already written a pre-nuptial agreement for you.

They wrote it about 25 years ago. It was actually written for the legislature by special interest groups who have no regard for the best interests of the general population.

It appears as the state's divorce law in the statute books.

It is unfair, outdated, gender-biased, unclear and ambiguous.

And it has created a very profitable divorce industry.

Divorce lawyers make a fortune -- converting the marital assets/college savings of divorcing households into legal fees -- by using the unfairness and ambiguities to fan the flames of divorce conflict/litigation.

==> Two smart people planning to get married certainly can write a better pre-nuptial agreement for themselves and their situation than the pre-nuptial agreement on the statute books.

There should be no stigma attached to that wise collective/joint action taken before a wedding.
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Al Kero
Born free...think free
03:15 PM on 10/31/2011
Take them hunting. Buy that fur jacket they always wanted. Lend them your lucky hat...the one with the antlers. Think outside the box.
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Jeremy Perron
08:34 PM on 10/29/2011
I think pre-nups should be mandatory as a condition for getting a marriage license. Since half of marriages fail this would unclog our court system by making the marrying party be forced to plan the break up of their marriage ahead of time.
06:27 PM on 10/28/2011
Ok, let me ask you a question then. If it's so important to keep this idea of "me, myself and I", then why get married in the first place? What's the advantage of marriage? I guess the answer probably depends on your gender ...
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
GTWiecz
Sociologist, Liberal with fiscal accountability, a
12:55 PM on 10/28/2011
The United States is one of the few countries in the world where people spend thousands of dollars protecting themselves from their future spouses. And like open marriages, marriages with unfair prenups have a higher chance of divorce.
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Shaun Hensley
The American Experiment has failed
04:28 PM on 10/28/2011
What's an unfair pre-nup? I happen to think that any document which protects ALL premarital assets, as well as income stemming from premarital assets, to be completely fair.
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HUFFPOST BLOGGER
Lee Block
Post-Divorce Coach and Author
10:19 PM on 12/08/2011
If the prenup is unfair, you have a choice to NOT sign it. Make it fair. That is the beauty of it. Get it worked out before you get married. Go into it knowing exactly what you will get if you get out of it!
07:33 AM on 10/28/2011
The hard, cold, truth is difficult to hear sometimes, isn't it?
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Shaun Hensley
The American Experiment has failed
02:14 AM on 10/28/2011
I wasn't aware that prenups were viewed as anything but a godsend.
11:50 PM on 10/27/2011
Woman looks at man as a means: end result is a child

... Fritz N.
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
DrVeronicaEyeMD
01:12 AM on 11/03/2011
This is so true especially in New York where the Child Support laws absolutely castrates fathers even those who are good fathers meeting their financial responsibility.
09:38 AM on 11/03/2011
Guy said this in 19th century. I am sure we can track similar thoughts back to mammoth days..

P.S. I like my balls stay with me
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
WSAY
Res ipsa loquitur
11:02 PM on 10/27/2011
Let's get something straight. Everyone who gets married has a prenup. EVERYONE. When you get married, the state dictates a prenup for you. You can create a different (unfair) prenup if your future spouse is foolish enough to sign it, but either way, you will have a prenup.

It is kind of like a will. When you die without a will, the state uses their best guess will for you. If you prefer, you can write your own, instead.

So to be clear, everyone who gets married has a prenup.
08:21 PM on 10/27/2011
Man and wife are essentially strangers. As Josef S. said , " Healthy distrust is a key to a good relationship". Of course, he did not mean it about marriages but I had to use it to fit my point.
06:55 PM on 10/27/2011
If your male and you want to avoid losing everything you have worked for and will work for, the rules today are simple. DON"T GET MARRIED. American divorce courts have devolved into nothing more than "rape rooms" for men. You have been warned.
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
WSAY
Res ipsa loquitur
10:58 PM on 10/27/2011
Now go away.
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Ed Baker
All Hail Big Mother
05:13 PM on 10/27/2011
"One of the articles I wrote for The Huffington Post regarding alimony brought up a lot of emotion from women who have been raising children and feel they deserve to be paid for the service. It seems that some feel that marriage is a contract and when that contract is broken, the person who broke the marriage must pay -- and pay dearly."

But if she breaks the contract, she pays nothing, and is usually rewarded with a great financial benefit for doing so. Marriage is an asymmetrical contract where only males are held to adherence. Women are rewarded for violation of the contract.
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
DrVeronicaEyeMD
01:15 AM on 11/03/2011
The person with means gives up those means so sometimes this means women giving up their means to men. Now given that people are occupying Wall Street over financial disparity, why should it be different in marriage?
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Ed Baker
All Hail Big Mother
06:43 AM on 11/03/2011
Look at the statistics. 95% of all alimony is paid by men to women. 88% of all child support payments are paid by men to women. In the remaining 12% (child support paid by women) - most of these cases the woman is not paying a man - she is paying the state because her children have been removed from the home for one reason or another, and she is paying child support to the foster care system.

Women are awarded child custody in over 80% of all divorces.

More and more women are earning more than their husbands - and even in those cases, the male is usually paid nothing. But, a few cases have been resolved with the female paying the male in recent years. It is only now, that some alimony reform measures are actually being passed.

Children should not be a meal ticket. If one parent cannot support them, the children should be placed with the parent who can support them. If his wages supported them when the marriage was intact, why should that change now? Yet the children are placed with the mother, who then not only collects financial support from the father, but also government assistance for the children. This is foolish public policy. It encourages divorce, and one party to the divorce profits from the failed marriage. The taxpayer also subsidizes the destruction of marriages, and takes on great expense to do so. The taxpayer now supports children who were once supported by
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Zalkreb
01:03 PM on 10/27/2011
Why do articles on this topic never state the central fact about divorce?

That is, that divorce is overwhelmingly driven by wives. Surveys of divorced couples show that women initiate nearly three times as many divorces as men. This is well-substantiated, but hardly anybody seems to know it. Part of the reason is probably statements like: "In Judaism, they believe that the Ketubah will discourage the man from divorcing his wife, because of the financial obligation that is set upon them with this contract." How can a responsible writer make that comment without pointing out that the concern is misplaced?

Look at this way: If the number of male-initiated divorces fell by half, the overall divorce rate would decline from a little over 40 percent to a little under 40 percent. If the number of female-initiated divorces fell by half, the divorce rate would drop from a little over 40 percent to a little over 20 percent.

The problem is clear: Women energetically embrace divorce. The question is: Why? This author had a chance to explore that issue, but didn't. I'll give it a try:

It seems that women have an unwritten contract in mind which states that they are entitled to a marriage filled with romance, passion, sensitivity, communication and connection. If they don't get that, they consider the marriage a failure and, quite often, seek divorce.

Let's get that unwritten contract out in the open.
07:39 PM on 10/27/2011
I started to think that I am all alone here but no, there are "brothers in Thought" out there
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Zalkreb
10:36 PM on 10/27/2011
You are very much not alone, Lex. Millions of men are in the same boat. There is even some organization occurring, although it is still fragmented and successes are few and far between. Still, I hope that my young son will be able to marry without knowing that the odds are 1 in 3 that his blushing bride will someday decide she'd be happier without him, have him evicted, separated from his children and forced to pay her a third of his income for 10 or 20 years.

It's very unfortunate that you feel alone. Divorce more than doubles a man's risk of suicide, and suicide is a major male cause of death -- 25,000 a year in the U.S. If 4 percent of those could be traced to divorce -- I've never been able to track down good data on it -- that would be 1,000 men dead by their own hands due to divorce. By comparison, husbands kill 600 women in the U.S. each year. And yet every hamlet big enough for a McDonald's has a government-funded women's shelter, while to my knowledge there is nothing remotely similar to help men survive divorce.

Basically, nobody cares about us. And nobody knows about us. They believe a pack of myths -- men initiate most divorces, women suffer more from divorce, etc .-- and until science replaces myth, it'll stay that way.

Meanwhile, I'm with you, man. Hang in there. You're not alone.
06:32 PM on 10/28/2011
Let's add to that that many women have a financial incentive to divorce because they get half the maritial assests, custody of any children, child support that is not linked to the actual cost of raising a child, and alimony. That's also part of the contract. Change that part of it substantially and you'll see the divorce rate plummet.
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Zalkreb
07:32 PM on 10/28/2011
Thanks, Jefferson0467. It's sensible to assert that divorce would decline if we changed the financial and custody terms of the typical divorce, but it might not.

According to Margaret F. Brinig and Douglas W. Allen in "These Boots Are Made for Walking: Why Wives File for Divorce," The percentage of divorces initiated by wives was well over 60 percent during the 19th Century in America, when presumably divorce law was less favorable to women, who were after all not even full-fledged citizens. In the 20th Century it averaged a little over 70 percent, peaking at more than 80 percent in some localities after the introduction of no-fault divorce. Brinig's analysis concluded that expectation of custody was by far the most powerful factor controlling who initiated divorce. But I'm not sure that it would make a very big difference even if universal equal custody was actual practiced (as opposed to merely given lip service.)

I guess I'd like to start by making it plain to men who are getting married that women typically expect far more from marriage than most of them will admit, or perhaps are aware of. And these expectations are strong enough to make them take actions clearly harmful to their children and former partners if not satisfied.

What we do about it besides putting it in the open -- and enacting real universal equal custody -- I'm not sure. But thanks for the comment.
10:53 AM on 11/05/2011
You think getting 1/2 of all the couple has in incentive to divorce? That's crazy. Women's standard of living, one year after divorce goes down significantly; not so for men. The idea that "1/2 of all" is (from a material perspective) better than "all" is illogical. You are much closer, I think, with the tirades about "what women expect." I do think women expect too much from marriage. But, that's because I think men aren't willing to fulfill what we think is a reasonable set of requirements. I do think that if more couples participated in pre-marital counseling, they would either not marry, or would have better marriages, based primarily on both parties' adjusted expectations. THOSE would be good things to put in a prenup!
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Christine Chew
01:02 PM on 10/27/2011
After reading the legal definition of alimony, no one (mother or father) should feel they deserve to be paid alimony for the service of raising children unless they are paying family support (pre-tax) instead of child support (after tax). I take issue with people feeling entitled to essentially be paid for getting married and divorced. And what if your the one who left, you cheated, you fell out of love? You still think you're entitled to alimony when you end the marriage? You both got married voluntarily, at least hopefully you did. If you were a stay at home husband or wife, then I don't have a problem with some temporary support until you get on your feet. But these people who collect alimony as long as they can just bother me.
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Ed Baker
All Hail Big Mother
04:21 PM on 10/27/2011
Get paid for raising your own children.....hmmmm what a concept.
11:06 AM on 11/05/2011
Just curious what you would do, as the judge, in this (very common) hypothetical: Sam and Sue get married out of college. She works as an asst. manager while he goes to and completes law school. She has the first child the year he starts practicing law. She continues to work until child #2 comes along. They both agree that, since he now earns over 100k and she's only making 30k and they would have to pay for child care for 2 kids, she'll stay home with them. Since he continues to earn more and more, and they both recognize the advantages to the children of her staying home, they agree that she will do so. When he decides, after 20 years of marriage, that he'd rather be with his paralegal, and files for divorce, should Sue get alimony?
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HUFFPOST BLOGGER
Lee Block
Post-Divorce Coach and Author
03:49 PM on 11/08/2011
No. Sue will get half the assets plus child support if her children are under the age of 18. If they are over 18, she can get an agreement that the bread winner, ie Sam, pay for education. Sue should go out and get a job, not collect alimony because she was afforded the luxury of staying at home and raising children.
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07:30 PM on 11/08/2011
Women initiate most divorces and for rather mundane reasons such as growing apart, unhappines­­­­­­­­­s, not feeling loved. Infidelity is well down the list. So it is far more likely that Sue became bored of Sam. Sue is also likely to receive full custody of their children. Since Sam is a practicing attorney, odds are Sue will be able to collect tax free child support. Over a decade ago the Ohio Supreme Court Task Force on Family Law found,

"At the upper levels of income, child support awards clearly represent thinly disguised alimony in that amounts awarded are far in excess of what is required for reasonable child support."
http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/JCS/taskforce/report_final.pdf