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Linda Darling-Hammond

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A Test for Our Nation

Posted: 10/21/09 04:22 PM ET

It's fall, and students are back in school, albeit in larger classes with fewer supports as school budgets are slashed. Much of their energy will be focused on preparing for the legions of tests purporting to drive accountability.

Here's one question they won't be asked on any test: In what category does the United States lead the world?

A) math and science achievement

B) high school graduation rates

C) participation in higher education

D) college and career readiness

E) support for teacher quality

The answer is "F" -- none of the above.

The U.S. has fallen further behind in each category. High school graduation rates have slipped to the bottom half of the industrialized world. College participation has fallen from first to 16th. As demand grows for scientists and engineers, the U.S. ranks 35th out of 40 nations in math and 29th in science, according to the 2006 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA).

The timing could not be worse. "Education is the currency of the information age," President Obama has noted. "The best jobs will go to the best educated, whether they live in the United States or India or China." We're struggling just to keep up with Latvia and Azerbaijan.

What went wrong? Forty years ago, America educated more citizens to higher levels than any other nation. In the last two decades, a blizzard of initiatives has been launched to improve schools, including, most recently, billions of dollars in "Race to the Top" incentives for states with innovative reforms. President Obama has set a new goal of leading the world in college graduation by 2020.

Goal-setting, however, is not magic. In 1989, President Bush and the nation's governors vowed to graduate all students and become first in the world in math and science by 2000. Today, the U.S. is the only industrialized nation whose next generation is on pace to be more poorly educated than the last -- a shocking blow to the American Dream.

Changing our schools requires changing our strategy. Americans are great innovators, and educators have created thousands of exciting and successful schools and programs. But bottom-up innovation, while necessary, is not sufficient. We must end our love affair with passing fads and small-scale projects that live at the margins of the system, often in hostile policy environments. These cannot be spread to other schools that lack the knowledge, resources, and capacity to adopt them.

Instead, like high-achieving nations, we must invest in a comprehensive teaching and learning system that can routinely produce excellent schools.

It starts with equitable funding. A yawning "opportunity gap" has driven the achievement gap ever-wider. Most states have a 3-to-1 ratio between high- and low-spending schools. African-American and Latino students increasingly attend severely segregated, under-resourced schools with larger class sizes, a lower-quality curriculum, and a revolving door of inexperienced, untrained teachers. "The kids with greatest needs don't remotely get their fair share of the highest-quality teachers," said New York City Schools Chancellor Joel Klein.

By contrast, high-achieving nations fund schools centrally and equally. Dramatic inequalities are not tolerated. Educators are valued. Finland and Singapore, for example, competitively select teachers from a pool of college graduates and provide several years of top-quality preparation, free of charge. Once in the classroom, they are carefully mentored and well-supported, with salaries comparable to those of engineers.

Meanwhile, aspiring teachers in the U.S. often go into debt to earn about 25 percent less than other college graduates. Those in the poorest schools earn even less, and must dip into their own pockets to buy basic supplies. Is it any surprise these schools suffer severe teacher shortages?

In high-performing nations like Singapore, Canada, and Australia, curriculum is integrated with assessments. Teachers help develop and score the exams, spurring continuous improvement in instruction. The exams focus on higher-order skills in high demand by universities and employers -- essay writing, scientific investigation, research, and complex problem-solving. The U.S. is still wedded to factory-model multiple-choice tests, which are poor measures of students' capabilities.

We have a chance for real reform. Recently, governors and state education leaders drafted common college- and career-ready academic standards that are "fewer, higher, and deeper" than our current mile-wide, inch-deep standards. States such as Connecticut, Kentucky, Vermont, and Wyoming, to name a few, have already designed 21st century assessments featuring research, writing, and complex problem-solving.

This is just a start. We must build comprehensive teaching and learning systems in every state. We must equalize resources for students, support thoughtful assessments, help schools learn from success, and create an infrastructure to recruit, train, and retain the best teachers.

Americans cannot be satisfied with islands of innovation amid seas of mediocrity. Our mission must go well beyond leaving no child behind. A high-quality system that makes innovation permanent will push all children to worldly heights.


Linda Darling-Hammond is the Charles E. Ducommun professor of education at Stanford University where she founded and oversees the School Redesign Network. The national program works to transform schools to teach 21st century skills and support student success through innovations in district and school redesign, as well as in curriculum, teaching and assessment. Darling-Hammond is a 2009 recipient of the Harold W. McGraw, Jr. Prize in Education.

 
 
 
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
dlo2
MS RN
09:57 AM on 11/07/2009
The reality of secondary education has to do with funding (increasing accessibility to Pell grants, scholarships, accessible low interest loans for struggling families with economy oriented repaying structures) and the current framework is preferential to the wealthier families who can afford the high tuitions of private schools and the raising tuitions of state schools (which have been the preferred alternative for many families in this downturned economy). This phenomena bodes poorly in a society with egalitarian instincts and poses a tremendous disequilibrium in socio-economic structure, further decreasing higher education in the American populace. This has grave consequences in our competitiveness with the rest of the world (in countries who subsidize their students throughout higher education). Some say that China will be more advanced within the next 20 year period than the United States. Economists, educators, and social scientists are only beginning to look at the implications when China finds itself assuming what was once US international status. Accessibility and utilization of higher education for a modern society is the sine qua non for international power status that we have enjoyed for the past century. We cannot allow this to happen and policy makers, economists, educators, social scientists, legislators, academic lawyers need to be on this bandwagon. immediately. Diminishing accessibility to higher education also has critical import to democracy for this form of government requires a highly literate, educated population to prosper if not just to survive. Sociologically, upward mobility for all =a spirit of nationalism and shared ethos.
06:14 PM on 10/22/2009
I concur that America must invest in a comprehensive teaching and learning system. I also agree with governors and state education leaders that differences in state standards no longer make sense. However, ensuring that students reach the to-be-determined standards does. An environment-friendly approach to reform must first get students wanting to attend school, motivated in the classroom, feeling good about themselves, and trusting that the system cares. What good are the same standards, if large numbers of students of color, particularly, are not academically motivated? America’s reform efforts, including the 1983 National Commission on Excellence in Education’s “A Nation at Risk” and the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, clearly focus on standards, however lack an emphasis on pedagogy. Placing pedagogy at the bottom of the reform agenda is a mistake. Relevant and engaging pedagogy is a prerequisite for learning, as is teacher professional development. By now we should be clear about what students must know to be competitive globally. If not, look at the syllabuses and education models of America’s largest competitors. Our challenge is “how” (which the Common Core State Standards Initiative disregards) to ensure students’ motivation to academically succeed and successfully process, apply, negotiate, critically think about and/or analyze content. Unequivocally, Common Core State Standards (CCSS) are vital, however, consistency in providing excellence in core teaching methodologies is also paramount. I agree that CCSS is just a start. “We must [also] build comprehensive teaching and learning systems in every state. “
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HUFFPOST COMMUNITY MODERATOR
tacevad
American SS Card Carrying Socialist
10:47 AM on 10/22/2009
thanks to the misnamed No Child Left Behind unfunded mandate.Thanks to the anti union crowd who decide that teachers must be low paid just because it is against a teachers union.I am not saying all teachers are underpaid but the really good teachers should be compensated accordingly.a system that rewards mediocracy is broken.Unions were originally formed to help even the playing field ,they have achieved some of those goals and failed terribly on others.As a society we owe it to our children to provide a quality education,these children ARE our future.I personally pay taxes based on the greater good ,not having children of my own I still pay school taxes because I understand the concept involved.There are far too many who do not pay their fair share in this new look out for number one society we have been headed towards for 30 years now.
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
errol44
Just in town for the GOP circus
10:02 AM on 10/22/2009
Linda, I see this as direct fallout from Bush education policies. Years ago, when he was governor of Texas, he put the standardized tests into place, the results of which were used to determine funding for the schools. The problem was then that the schools' focus shifted from educating our kids, to making sure they passed the standardized tests. So for weeks leading up to the test, teachers were instructed to 'teach to the test' effectively shutting down any education which was not on the test. And the test only covered basic reading, writing, and math. Consequently, my 7th-grade daughter's Science class stopped teaching Science for four to sixs weeks before the test, instead having the children work out basic (5th-grade) math and reading problems. This situation played out all over the US with No Child Left Behind, even though legions of scholars and academicians had roundly debunked the Bush education model. This goes to show what happens when the country trusts a guy who can't even speak proper English to set up our education system; all of our children were left behind.
06:23 AM on 10/22/2009
And, of course, comes not a single word about the corrupt teacher's unions who are bleeding the taxpayers dry. Why don't you start there, and get back to us. And it has been proved over and over again that money doesn't make any difference. The problem is parents who don't give a crap whether their child has success or not.
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Dolmance
07:14 AM on 10/22/2009
Yeah, those teachers with their gold plated boxes of Hamburger Helper are just sooooo greedy.
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09:53 AM on 10/22/2009
What you say is untrue. You missed the part in the column about how teachers in high-achieving countries are valued, competitively selected for teacher training programs, and nurtured during a comprehensive training process. You also skipped the part about how American teachers are paid 25% less than their college-educated peers. As a retired teacher, I can assure you that, while unions have had their missteps in large urban areas, they are a very small factor in most districts around the country. Their chief role has been to advocate for fair wages and professional standards.

We can't improve our educational system when the profession doesn't attract and keep the best and brightest. That means just what it always has, regardless of scoffing from people like you, who want something for nothing. We have to pay teachers a desirable salary and make class sizes and teacher loads small enough so they can feel effective in handling their workload, not constantly overwhelmed. Administrative leadership must set a standard of collegial support, actively monitor student progress, and clearly communicate and support academic expectations, especially in math and science. Finally, we have to fund technology and ongoing, quality staff development so teachers can integrate the use of new tools, strategies, and resources into their instructional practice.

If Wall Street bright lights won't work where they're not paid millions, it's a no-brainer to wonder how we attract any good teachers to a field for which the median salary is under $50,000 a year.
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05:38 AM on 10/22/2009
Fortyish years ago came Brown vs Board of Ed. I'd love to see the decline in public education in the USA as unrelated to this cataclism, but I don't think it's possible.

Brown lead to white flight, which has lead to home schooling, charter schools, vouchermania, and the war on teacher unions.
02:16 AM on 10/22/2009
And this is why I'm ultimately pessimistic about the role of the US in the next century. I'm telling any student with a clue to have their passport and consider other parts of the world if they want a better life. Once the landslide to oblivion starts, no number of well-meaning people are going to able to fix it.
02:42 AM on 10/22/2009
Hope they have a good grasp of at least one other language as well.

I've been pushing that for my own kids.

Though I found it interesting that the bustling business in Amsterdam is conducted mostly in English. Très bien!
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01:06 AM on 10/22/2009
My 13-year old daughter began high school this year. She goes to a state-funded girls-only school that routinely matriculates in the top 50 high schools in the country. The only requirement is to live in-area and there are no entrance exams. The annual school fee is around $700. All the girls must wear a school uniform and the seniors must engage in a volunteer program. The academic workload is not negotiable neither is pride in your school (despite the hideous uniform) or your community (charitable works are part-and-parcel of the ethos). My daughter thrives in this atmosphere. She plans to study overseas on funded study-modules, and studies German on this presumption.

I moved to Australia nearly 20 years ago with my husband. When I first arrived, I believed this country was like the US - just 20 years behind the times. I assured Australian friends this was not the case. I now realise that they took a different path to us - kinder than our rampant dog-eat-dog capitalism, more motivating than the cradle-to-grave welfare system of Europe. Ironically, I grieved at leaving opportunities and a lifestyle that are no longer comparable to those I now enjoy here. I now grieve for my beloved country, principles betrayed and a generation whose future we have scorned. I come home most years to visit ageing family and friends. It is getting harder every year to believe that I can ever come home for good.
01:46 AM on 10/22/2009
"It is getting harder every year to believe that I can ever come home for good."
_____________________________________________________________

America is gone, (and probably was always gone even before it arrived),
but it also remains as an idea no matter where you live.

Even the newest and best tech, and the biggest and greenest
bottomless piles of cash,

have no power in the face of that fact.
HUFFPOST COMMUNITY MODERATOR
TeeLolly
12:53 AM on 10/22/2009
"Today, the U.S. is the only industrialized nation whose next generation is on pace to be more poorly educated than the last -- a shocking blow to the American Dream."

Well, that's one strategy for Republicans to take "their country" back ...
01:11 AM on 10/22/2009
Funny, sad, and true.

The United States of America: We don't pay you to think.
02:51 AM on 10/22/2009
Actually, NCLB is a means to encourage kids NOT to think. Memorize; perform; don't ask questions.

My own then 10-year old son understood the problem of NCLB when we took him out of public school and placed him in private school.

"Don't they realize that memorizing the answers isn't the same as understanding the material?" he asked.

Of course not dear, and you're obviously smarter than them and that's why I don't want them trying to teach you.

A great decision I'll never regret.
No offense to teachers: it's the system I abhor.
11:47 PM on 10/21/2009
One thing we need to consider is to stop using the 4 walled classroom model of education. We need to start looking at the world as our classroom, and while we are teaching the facts and figures and people and places that form what has been the basis of education in recent years, we need to encourage and inspire kids, and their parents to put those facts and figures, people and places to good use. Kids need to SEE and even actually physically feel what it's like to make a discovery, or create an object, or implement a plan, and that discovery, or object or plan needs to mean something to the child for him or her to best retain it. SHOW how fractions are used in baking and cooking, and the kid very well may end up a world class chef. SHOW him or her how measuring feet and inches on a 2X4 can lead to being an architect, etc. Give them the clear and concise steps toward the goal of a profession, and kids will stop asking the almost now cliche question "where am I ever going to use this?"

SHOW them where they're going to use it, and they will want to use it, and they will learn more
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12:09 AM on 10/22/2009
And I wish we could. But we are so busy teaching to the test, there is no time for anything but rote memorization and regurgitation.
12:11 AM on 10/22/2009
True, we need an entire reboot of the system from one of quantity to one of quality. Maybe if we dispensed with the standardized testing and extended the school year as they do in most other countries, we might have a shot at rebooting the mentality
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12:10 AM on 10/22/2009
We need to get rid of "No Child Left Behind" and replace it with essays, hands-on learning, and critical thinking before It does any more damage.
12:22 AM on 10/22/2009
Agreed

People have to aknowledge and accept the fact that not everyone is cut out for college and life as a scientist or businessman. That doesn't make them any less a person, it just means their drives and desires, capabilities and interests are different than the potential future scientists or businessmen.
02:36 AM on 10/22/2009
And alternative forms to demonstrate mastery.

And knock of this absurd "pay for performance". That's simply a sleazy way to divert money back to schools and districts that don't need it.

And for G.0ds sake: quit diagnosing curious and engaged learners with ADHD and MEDICATING them so that their brilliant BRAINS are NUMBED enough to sleep through another dumbed-down lecture.

Not all kids are losers and slackers when they enter the system. It's just that the system is becoming better at spitting them out that way.
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
William1950
everything I say could be wrong.
11:01 PM on 10/21/2009
this is a sad commentary on America... we must all look in the mirror... for our children will only learn what we teach them, and we have grossly failed to teach the value of education.. just that, if we valued the goal of education and imparted that value to our kids.. encouraged the nerds... see that word?..nerd, it has a negative connotation.. why is that? we did that.
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Trittydi
Special on pap smears at Walgreen's this week ....
11:01 PM on 10/21/2009
30 years of failed re=Thug policies brings our educational system crashing down.

As always - with the democrats help of course.
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Jimboy17
07:05 PM on 10/21/2009
"What went wrong?"

The shift from proper capitalism to corporatism and the closing of the middle class has produced a situation in which it has become politically advantageous to dumb the populace down. It isn't the only factor, and it would be facile to say that any governing party is directly to blame. Rather, the growth of a consumer society, the idiocracy of the media and the influence of the corporation have produced a perfect storm in which an intelligent populace/electorate/consumer is not advantageous to the economic ruling class. The politicians follow suit and maintain the status quo, because they get their funding from this stratum of society. No amount of money or effort can fix the problem unless there is a fundamental ideological shift.
12:40 AM on 10/22/2009
Jimboy17, you said it very well. I see it the very same way. Corporatism as you put it has starved America of resources for infrastructure including the resources necessary for education.

I would disagree with you regarding not blaming any governing body; I think the republicans have been a disaster for America, and they have been systematically ruining this country for decades, American education being just one more example of their destructive effects.
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Jimboy17
09:44 AM on 10/22/2009
I say blame both...that's what I meant. The politics of division is just another tool of corporatism, as it keeps people fighting each other instead of the problem. If you look consistently at government policy since Reagan, there is precious little difference in the direction that has been taken. Sure, the occasional social policy is different, and repubs tend to me more hawkish on war, but there isn't really any clear difference in office as far as I am concerned. They both worship mammon.
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
katmeyster
We don't have a spending problem.
12:47 AM on 10/22/2009
This is not a completely new concept as the church attempted to keep any one but themselves from reading, and slave-owners would punish their slaves who were caught reading -- because uneducated people can be more easily manipulated to follow the ruling class. We have learned here to provide just enough education and welfare to keep the masses from revolting, and hold up the myth that (just work hard enough and don't ask much from us) there is no class division and you too could become wealthy. And yes, the media is mostly corporate-owned and needs to maintain the structure as well (even the esteemed HP and MSNBC). How ridiculous is it to have an elite educated person make fun of elite educated people? To encourage the idea that education somehow makes you "unamerican." It would be funny if you didn't see it every day.
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05:57 PM on 10/21/2009
My father has been an educator all his life and he'd be the first to tell you that students only get out of education what they put in. It doesn't matter what the government does or how many ways we can think of disguising entertainment as education- if the kids don't want to learn (which they mostly don't,) and their parents aren't going to make them learn (which they can't cause they're AWOL,) we going to continue to decline.
I believe in the power of government a lot of the time, but this is not one of them.
07:22 PM on 10/21/2009
"and their parents aren't going to make them learn (which they can't cause they're AWOL,) we going to continue to decline"
You don't expect parents to miss Sportscenter and Dancing with the Stars, do you?
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08:04 PM on 10/21/2009
Using your statement as a reference, it sounds like your father isn't a very good teacher and is just collecting a check at this point if this is his outlook on the education system.
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09:02 PM on 10/21/2009
No, it sounds like he is recognizing the truth--that parental involvement in raising and educating their own children has decreased dramatically over the years. This causes the children to come to school unprepared and with the attitude of, "Why should I care?"

Parents have a responsibility to instill in their children that education is important to their future. they also have a basic responsibility to see that the kids get to school on time, well-rested, fed, and prepared to learn. This is not happening.
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10:38 AM on 10/22/2009
He probably wasn't the best teacher, that's why he became an administrator and later principal and superintendent.
05:40 PM on 10/21/2009
Please ... let's get beyond the Teacher's Union myth ... granted there are some teachers who are under-performing (and usually they are dismissed), the teachers I have worked with put in very long hours and purchase many of their supplies ... as long as intelligence is treated as "elitism", and worthy of scorn, schools will not be improved ... where science is ignored in favor of the latest blithering fad from the religious right, schools will not be improved ... and without greater parent participation and encouragement, schools with not be improved ... teachers must not be treated as day-care providers ...