Stage One: Trauma (Denial)
"This didn't happen. It couldn't have happened. I can't believe it happened."
As one of my patients whose husband and child had been killed in an auto accident explained to me, "It's like one moment you're Bambi prancing through the forest and then, wham, your mom is killed by hunters and suddenly you're reduced to a deer frozen and staring into the headlights."
If your personality, or even your self, is composed of your thoughts, feelings and actions (some would add to that your spirituality), and their relationship to each other is created and "hard-wired" over time according to how you perceive reality, trauma suddenly and monumentally changes reality to such an extent that your pre-constructed personality no longer applies. At that point you may experience the complete disconnect between your pre-constructed personality and your new reality as horror.
In the state of horror, your thoughts, feelings and actions decouple and uncouple. That may be why we refer to such states as "wigged out," "losing your mind," "becoming unglued" and "becoming unhinged." In that state of feeling disconnected externally from reality, and internally from your prior "normal" self, horror leads to feeling vulnerable. Feeling vulnerable is a very unstable emotion, and unless something intervenes to make it go away, it quickly can escalate to feeling that the next blow will shatter you. This triggers the feeling of terror. Then, terror internally moves very quickly into panic, and then panic pushes you to "fight or flight."
Sometimes the shock of it all triggers what is called a "repetition compulsion" an example of which is when spouses and family members go back to the place where a loved one was washed away, and waiting and hoping to see them come back. On a more mundane level, that explains how a three- or four-year-old might keep circling around the escalators in a big store if they have become separated from their parent.
This repetition compulsion is a repetitive behavior built upon magical (wishful to an extreme) thinking that the trauma didn't happen.
One of the reason people remain stuck in this phase is a deep belief that if it turns out to be a reality, that they won't be able to tolerate or live with it.
Stage Two: Loss (Depression)
"It did happen. It's not a bad dream. It's not going away. I don't think I can go on."
Within hours (for the most resilient and most battle worn individuals), or days, or weeks, or never (for those who stay almost permanently frozen, literally in suspended animation), the realization sinks in that life is forever different and never going back to the way it was.
To the degree that you cannot attune, align and reconfigure your thoughts, feelings and actions to a new and different and forever changed reality, you may become and remain depressed.
This may explain the greatly increased death rate of widowers following the death of a wife that they had been so deeply dependent on.
Even though many who have lost so much think nothing -- especially talking about it -- will help, talking does help. One of my other traumatized patients expressed it best by saying, "Having horror heard helps heal hurt."
If you don't believe that, think of an incident of someone drawing you out and deeply listening to you so that you not only vented, but you were able to exhale perhaps after they asked you such evocative questions as:
The final question helps serve as a transitional link from Loss to Recovery when people hear themselves say and realize why they haven't given up.
Stage Three: Recovery (Resolution)
"It's learning to live with life never being the same again."
This is what a woman whose husband and child were killed in a car accident told me several months after seeing me, and this was something she arrived at on her own.
The woman above was, of course, still deeply sad, but was no longer devastated. Furthermore, the slightest glimmer of life had returned to her eyes when she came in and shared this with me.
She continued:
Life never being the same again doesn't mean that it is over. It doesn't mean that I'll never laugh again, never enjoy being with friends. And even the toughest realization, it doesn't mean that I'll never love again, because that is something my husband, and even my child, would get angry at me if I let happen.
As time passes, and if you are able to keep from withdrawing and keep talking (as the woman above did with me and with a support group) about what you've lost, your thoughts, feelings and actions will be able to attune and align themselves to the new reality and then configure themselves to each other in a new way that enables you to adapt to the new reality with your entire personality. In essence, talking with others helps you adjust to doing without something you've lost.
I can't take much credit for the woman's recovery above, since most of what I did was "just listen" to her. She insisted that helped, but also said that the "Seven Steps to Recovery" she had learned from our sessions and trained herself to do also enabled her to finally have the breakthrough above, which involved the Sixth of the Seventh Steps.
The Seven Steps to Recovery is a way to talk and walk yourself through any upset you've had, and make things better instead of worse:
If you are a person for whom self-talk does not work (I am such a person), imagine doing the above exercise with someone who cares or cared about you (I imagine my deceased parents and deceased mentors going through the seven steps with me).
Why do the Seven Steps to Recovery work? I view trauma as a horrendous and horrifying event that splits apart the thinking, feeling and acting parts of your personality. When that happens, you feel that the next step will be for you to shatter, or what some patients describe as "fragmenting." At that point, you begin to panic.
The Seven Steps to Recovery works because it reconnects the thinking, feeling and acting parts of your personality. More than that, it enables you to adapt to the reality of what is, as opposed what no longer is. One patient told me it felt like suturing their personality back together again.
The "tipping point" of the Seven Steps are the Fifth Step, Reality Awareness, Sixth Step, Solution Awareness, and Seventh Step, Benefit Awareness, because those are the three steps that push you perceiving the world differently and into taking positive action. Taking action into life is essential to recovery. It's only when you take action that you create a new memory. Thoughts thought do not create new memories as profoundly as actions taken. New memories are important in order to dilute out the impact of the horrendous traumatic ones. If you don't create new memories through action, you can remain stuck.
To help reinforce this, imagine looking at the rings of a hundred year old tree that has been cut. Each ring represents a year. The ring from a year of drought looks different than that of a year of rains than that of a year of floods than that of a year of fires. All put together they give the tree character and each ring is less important than all of them put together which is the life of that tree (kind of makes you wish someone hadn't cut it).
Applying this to your life, if 2011 is the year of an awful disaster, when you keep acting into life, 2012 could become the year you met the love of your life, had a child, moved into a new home or a job you love. And although the disaster of 2011 doesn't go away, the life you live after it dilutes its impact on you.
The Seven Steps to Recovery is also a great tool to teach your children to help them overcome setbacks, disappointments and to master stress, and for them to internalize a way of pausing, calming and centering themselves when they hit obstacles later on in life.
For more information, see "Just Listen," Road Back from Hell blog and "PTSD for Dummies."
Follow Mark Goulston, M.D. on Twitter: www.twitter.com/markgoulston
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Mark - I applaud you. This kind of article can really make a difference to someone who has experienced trauma. However, I ask you to remember that everyone is unique and therefore, statements like “talking really does help” can be somewhat patronising to someone where talking has not/does not help (eg VirgoLinnea). I for one have experienced trauma where talking did not help, and then a different trauma where it did help, and another experience where at moments I wanted to talk and others when I didn’t.
Trauma by definition can be applied to a vast number of events. Most people focus on trauma being related to death but it can also be, for example, when a drug addict is going through “cold turkey”. Trauma is essentially a deep-rooted change in our life brought about involuntarily and usually out of our control.
Common to all trauma experience regardless of its nature, whether talking works or not is the self-analysis that takes place. Your 7 Steps to Recovery are a perfect catalyst for this self-analysis and recovery. I have never really thought to break it down into as many specific questions/actions and this is genius! I would add context that it depends on the person and the trauma as to whether you need all 7 steps, or they are part of a quiver of steps that can be used as appropriate.
Craig Ing
www.craiging.com
This is a great way for all of us to embrace life: "...learning to live with life never being the same again."
This really touches the impermanence of living.
Thanks for the structure toward healing.
I completely agree with you and as posted on the article about dealing with grief (http://tinyurl.com/6xoyg4p) it’s always unique. I know from personal experience, the uniqueness of the relationship you are grieving for, dictates the uniqueness of the method for dealing with it.
An observation if I may, it appears from what you say you are looking to associate yourself with someone who shares a similar trauma experience as you. Am I correct? This is a very common desire of someone grieving. That person (as I certainly did) would like to know that what they are going through, what they are feeling, what they are thinking is not weird, is not different and that in fact, are the same things that others have felt and thought.
One of the hardest things to cope with is the seemingly compulsory self-analysis that occurs in such situations. This is where I believe I would have had most help had I have found someone I could relate to, that I respected, and that I also could talk to. This is where I feel (and forgive me if I wrong as I only have this comment from you and another on the above linked post to go on) you are right now.
Because of my own experiences I have the “luxury” of always offering empathy to my clients rather than sympathy. Unfortunately, sympathy can often be projected as un-interested, non-caring or worse, patronising.
Craig Ing
www.craiging.com
Nonetheless, i keep talking until I find someone who WILL listen. It doesn't have to be a shrink