iPhone app iPad app Android phone app Android tablet app More

Featuring fresh takes and real-time analysis from HuffPost's signature lineup of contributors
Mark Juergensmeyer

GET UPDATES FROM Mark Juergensmeyer
 

Why Breivik Was a Christian Terrorist

Posted: 07/27/2011 12:20 pm

Many Christians cringe when Norwegian mass-murderer Anders Breivik is described as a "Christian terrorist." But that is what he is.

It is true that Breivik was much more concerned about politics and history than about scripture and religious belief. But much the same can be said about Osama bin Laden, Ayman al-Zawahiri and other Muslim terrorists. Bin Laden was a businessman and engineer, and Zawahiri was a medical doctor; neither were theologians or clergy. Their writings show that they were much more interested in Islamic history than theology or scripture, and imagined themselves as recreating glorious moments in the Muslim past in their own imagined wars.

Breivik, in his manifesto, writes of al Qaeda with admiration, as if he would love to create a Christian version of their religious cadre. Though he only occasionally quotes scripture, and admires the church in Norway largely as a cultural center for Christendom, he is captivated by Christian history. Breivik is fascinated with the Crusades and imagines himself to be a member of the Knights Templar, the crusader army of a thousand years ago. He would like to have a Christian army comparable to al Qaeda's Muslim militia.

So if bin Laden was a Muslim terrorist, Breivik is a Christian terrorist. The symbol that Breivik designed for his movement, and that was made into a medallion in India, portrays a cross penetrating a skull on which are scrawled the crescent symbol of Islam, the Marxist hammer and sickle, and the Nazi swastika. How much more Christian can you get?

Still, no one wants to think of their own religion as capable of horrible acts of violence, which is why most Muslims around the world still question whether a Muslim could possibly have perpetrated 9/11. Conspiracy theories in the Muslim world blame the CIA or the Israeli secret police.

While Muslims shirk at the implication that their religion of peace is identified with terrorism, Christians blame Islam for any terrorist act committed in its name. Why not admit that Christianity is also, alas, at times linked with terrorism?

This question arose after Christian terrorist Timothy McVeigh bombed the Oklahoma City federal building in 1995. At that time and since, many Christians have refused to think of him in Christian terms. The similarities between Breivik and McVeigh are striking.

Both were good-looking young Caucasians, who imagined themselves soldiers in a cosmic war to save Christendom. Both thought their acts of mass destruction would trigger a great battle to rescue society from liberal forces of multiculturalism that allowed non-Christians and non-whites positions of acceptability. Both regretted the loss of life but thought their actions were "necessary." For that, they were staunchly unapologetic.

Their similarities even extend to the kind of explosive used in their actions. Both used a mixture of fuel oil and ammonium nitrate fertilizer, which Breivik said he needed for his farm operations. The farm, it turned out, was rented largely because it was a convenient place to test his car bombs.

And then there is the matter of dates. McVeigh was fixed on the day of April 19, the anniversary of the Waco siege. Breivik chose July 22, which was the day in 1099 that the Kingdom of Jerusalem was established during the First Crusades. The date, 2083, that is the title of his manifesto, is the date of the Battle of Vienna in which the armies of the Ottoman Empire were defeated and Europe was prevented from becoming a Muslim territory.

The threat of Islam is a dominant motif of Breivik's 1500-page manifesto, "2083: A European Declaration of Independence." The writing of a manifesto is a major difference between Breivik and McVeigh, who was not a writer. Instead, McVeigh copied and quoted from his favorite book, the novel "The Turner Diaries," written by neo-Nazi William Pierce and the pseudonym Andrew MacDonald.

But the novel McVeigh loved explains his motives in a matter eerily similar to the writings of Breivik: He thought that liberal politicians had given in to the forces of globalization and multiculturalism, and that the "mudpeople" -- non-White non-Christian non-heterosexual non-patriarchal males -- were trying to take over the country. Sympathetic Whites had to be shocked into reality by the force of an explosion signaled to them that the war had begun. These were McVeigh's ideas from "The Turner Diaries," but they were also Breivik's.

Like the Oklahoma City bombing by America's Christian terrorist, the horrible events of July 22 by Norway's Christian terrorist Anders Breivik were symbolic attempts at empowerment, aimed at showing the world that the imagined war to save Christendom had begun. It is a tragic fantasy -- that Christianity is under siege and needs to be saved -- but one that echoes throughout the world of the Christian right, and sadly erupts, at times, in terrorism.

 

Follow Mark Juergensmeyer on Twitter: www.twitter.com/juergensmeyer

FOLLOW RELIGION
 
 
  • Comments
  • 75
  • Pending Comments
  • 0
  • View FAQ
Comments are closed for this entry
View All
Favorites
Recency  | 
Popularity
Page: 1 2  Next ›  Last »  (2 total)
04:34 PM on 07/31/2011
This is absurdly and, I am concerned, purposely, misleading. His own writings clearly indicate that the term "christian" is a cultural position and he uses it often to describe people like him as "christian-atheists" It is completely a cultural indicator for him and has nothing to do with the christianity that is practiced in the world today, either protestant style or catholic. In his manifesto he goes so far as to bash the religious christian community as not being tough enough. He says his goal is a "secular European society"! He reveres darwinism and liberal economic policies. Again, christian to him means culturally white and western.
02:25 PM on 08/04/2011
I agree wholeheartedly.BUT OF COURSE, count on the media to immediately jump on "Oh, and by the way, he was right-wing, anti-Muslim, and a Christian fundamentalist."
Just bolster the minds of the people against Christians, make them the enemy.The enthusiasm of the media in jumping on the christian fundamentalist label, based on this madman's mere assertion is not only unabashedly biased but dangerous. What if he had claimed to be a left wing atheist doing this in the name of secular humanism? We'd be unlikely to hear one mention of it. Those that make these comments don't even have a remote understanding of what christianity is yet they revel in bandying the term about with reckless abandon as soon as it suits their purpose!The world refuses to recognize the differences between self professed religious "Christians" and those born of the spirit, they can't understand the latter and refuse to face it otherwise they would be accountable for what they know.
photo
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
politicky
just follow the $$$
11:17 AM on 07/29/2011
Norway Terrorist Anders Breivik Purchased High-Capacity Gun Clips From the United States
http://thinkprogress.org/security/2011/07/28/282174/breivik-gun-clips-united-states/
This user has chosen to opt out of the Badges program
photo
04:07 AM on 07/29/2011
McVeigh's primary motivation was anti-government.
Breivik's primary motivation was anti-immigrant, anti-multiculturism.
07:47 PM on 07/28/2011
The point is, and I think what the author means to address, is that religion is a force for tribalism.
It was not necessary for Andres to be a very infused with theology, nor did he need to even care much about actual relgious belief in order to want to be a "Knights Templar".
The religion aspect did not need to be related to theology...as religion is so tied up in tribalism.
07:38 PM on 07/28/2011
This Breivik guy would fit the definition of christian terrorist, as would the Hutaree guys who were taken down by the FBI some time ago....To call them otherwise does involve a no true scotsman fallacy.
McVeigh however, was not a christian terrorist. Not in a no true scotsman way, but in a he said he wasnt a christian kind of way.
photo
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
gregory57
Micro-bio, was one of my favorite classes.
10:48 PM on 07/28/2011
Brevik, himself defines his Christianity as "cultural" in his manifesto:

"So what is the difference between cultural Christians and religious Christians­? If you have a personal relationsh­ip with Jesus Christ and God then you are a religious Christian. Myself and many more like me do not necessaril­y have a personal relationsh­ip with Jesus Christ and God. We do however believe in Christiani­ty as a cultural, social, identity and moral platform. This makes us Christian"

Brevik uses Christian HISTORY as a justification for his violent acts,not the teachings of Christ. There is nothing in the New Testament that can reasonably interpreted as justification for the horror of the crusades.
photo
BornOKtheFirstTime
pedicabo ego vos et irrumabo
05:09 PM on 07/28/2011
Start racially profiling blond, blue-eyed whites immediately.

Anyone wearing a cross, a religious collar, or nun's habit must be not be allowed on an airplane unless stripsearched, body cavities included.

Fair is fair.
12:56 PM on 07/28/2011
By directly associating religion with the acts of people like Anders Breivik or Osama Bin Laden, we accomplish nothing but to empower these monsters. For them, religion is but a tool, a weapon used to fight an ideological battle. Why should we identify criminals foremost by their weapons?
photo
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Watching rock grow
FE = Iron, and Female = Iron Male :)
03:10 PM on 07/28/2011
I disagree embracing the truth frees real religious teachings from the cloud of their historical actions. Allowing those like Breivik, and bin Laden to distort easily, both for their own purposes, just as Mark documents in his article. I have never heard that the truth empowers anything but good. While hiding it under comfortable feelings of “you are wrong” only allows for continued abuse of doctrine, and its history IMHO.
This user has chosen to opt out of the Badges program
12:10 PM on 07/28/2011
The author concludes:
Breivik and McVeigh are caucasian christian terrorists saving christendom from muslims ?
Bin Laden and Zawahiri are arab muslim professional people recreating muslim glory ?

But:
Breivik and McVeigh were killing their own people and Bin Laden and Zawahire were also killing Breivik and McVeigh's people? This cant be good news for this christendom place. Does the recreation of muslim glory require the taking over of, and the submission of, the entire world to, islam ? (if allah wills it)
07:48 PM on 07/28/2011
I highly doubt McVeigh was concerned with either christendo­m or muslims
photo
ShackBibleGuy
Fresh engagement with life and with the Bible
11:52 AM on 07/28/2011
I don't think it's possible to divorce Breivik's behavior and ideology from his spiritual beliefs. The different pieces of a person are all connected to each other. I believe that when Islam and Christianity are practiced truly, they are both non-violent, but both groups have sacred texts that include holy war. What are we to do with this? I think it is good when we can look at the way terrorists use our texts to support what they do, and to talk about how WE relate to those texts differently. Being a person of faith means being honest about my faith's history, good and bad.
03:53 AM on 08/12/2011
Yes, it is. He did not have any spiritual beliefs to speak of. The Norwegian academic Egil Asprem wrote a great article in reply to this very column, which is worth reading:

http://heterodoxology.com/2011/08/07/terror-in-the-mind-of-who-a-response-to-mark-juergensmeyer-on-breiviks-christianity-and-much-besides/#more-858
DrSnuggles
You label me and I'll label you
10:16 AM on 07/28/2011
This aritcle is absolutely correct, but only in the mirror universe. Any rational person knows that without Islam; Osama Bin Laden would have found another ideology to back up his hatred and without Christianity so would Breivik. The conclusion to draw from this is that like Islam is not to blame for the actions of a few, Christianity is also not to blame for the actions of the few.

Because the article is suggesting that Christianity can be directly blamed for this attack, it is tacitly suggesting that the current realm of Islamophobia is somewhat justified.
photo
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
gregory57
Micro-bio, was one of my favorite classes.
10:50 PM on 07/28/2011
The author is close, Brevik uses the history of Christianity as justification for his violence. The difference is subtle, but important.
09:09 AM on 07/28/2011
I call this 2000 years and no JC syndrome. (In Islam, they have similar eschatological issues, but I digress)

No more miracles; no second coming, so "true believers" keep pushing the issue by evangelism, political pressure, and occasionally, violence.

But there faith is hollow, and their actions prove it. Many of these extremists, deep down, don't do this stuff for any reason other than the power it gives them to feel superior to their fellow men and women. Brevik was one extreme, Christo-Fascists like Bachmann are another. Can't you envision her waking up at 2:00am in the White House, activating the nuclear football, and telling her advisors that "The eagles are flying, glory hallelujah!" (With apologizes to Stephen King, I am paraphrasing Greg Stillson in The Dead Zone)

T.'.
08:23 AM on 07/28/2011
according2ryan is exact proof that this article and ungroundedfaith's post are exactly right. Trying to claim that this man is not a Christian. The sad truth is that the man IS a Christian and he killed these innocent people in the name of Christianity. Yes, it might be against what the bible tells you but he ultimately did it for his Christian fundamentalist beliefs. This is exactly the case with Muslim extremists. They are willing to do anything for Islam and to spread Islam and they get so much into it that they do crimes that God explicitly said was forbidden but they can't see that and believe they are actually doing Islam good which is definitely not true.
08:16 AM on 07/28/2011
Excellent article. Now Christians get to know how we Muslims feel when some people stereotype us and our religion into being "violent". I remember one time someone on youtube actually put some of the blame of the terrorist attacks on me as a Muslim. He/she told me "After the US decided to invade Iraq, many Americans were out in the streets protesting, I didn't see Muslims protesting after 9/11"
We were just as responsible for Osama Bin laden's actions as you are to Anders Breivik's actions. Everyone represents their own self. It is ridiculous to associate terrorism to one religion or ideology and call it "an act of violence" otherwise. Any crime done in the name of ANY religion or ideology is terrorism.
photo
ShackBibleGuy
Fresh engagement with life and with the Bible
11:27 AM on 07/28/2011
Good point, itsahmed1. As a Christian, I do feel violated by someone taking my faith and using it as an excuse to hurt people. And then being lumped into the same category as that guy bc we claim the same deity. I don't like how it feels, and I bet it's only a small taste of what Muslims felt on 9/11. Salaam, friend.
ungroundedfaith
My best posts were killed by the moderator
11:41 PM on 07/27/2011
The religious will quickly try to distance themselves from anything that will threaten to stain their sanctity. The reality is that we are simply what we identify ourselves to be and the thoughts that dictate our actions. Breivik is no less a Christian than the man next to you in church sleeping around behind his wifes back. No different than you who cower in your homes unwilling to reach out to the muslims and refusing to make any attempt to understand their religion and culture.
They recognize the sabbath on the wrong day and pick apart the scriptures that fit their personal feelings with the least reistance. Most have never read the Bible and even fewer have actually taken the time to study the history of the religion. They lack education in the most fundamental areas of life including their own beliefs... and yet they feel like they can judge who "is Christian" and who is not.
Maybe you can enlighten us quickly... what was launched in 1095 by Pope Urban II? announced by Pope Eugene III in 1145? what happened in 1692? Something easier... who wrote Mark or Genesis?

Blind following the blind... and pointing fingers all along the way.
12:17 AM on 07/28/2011
"The reality is that we are simply what we identify ourselves to be." Really? What if I call myself an atheist... but believe in God... Am I an atheist? If we take this approach of unquestioningly accepting people's self identification we risk having the very terms we use loose their meaning. Breivik calls himself a Christian, but doubts the very existence of God, doesn't believe in the authority of the Bible (he asserts that logic and science are the ultimate authorities) and does not think a relationship with Jesus is a necessary part of being a Christian. If you accept that he is a Christian just because he says he is then you have no working definition for what it means to even be a Christian other than "a Christian is someone who says they are a Christian."
ungroundedfaith
My best posts were killed by the moderator
01:58 AM on 07/28/2011
You have completely jumped to conclusions and confused a title with a self identity. You also stopped halfway through my sentence conveniently leaving out "and the thoughts that dictate our actions." As an atheist I could never believe myself to be a Christian any longer... even if I told my family I still was. My mind craves a rationality in thinking that religion simply cannot offer with its premise of faith. In no way would Christianity further dictate the way I thought or acted. On the other hand
Breivik identified with the history and culture of the religion. He didn't quite agree on all of the principles but what part of your religion actually does? What denomination would you conclude is the correct form of Christianity? Your argument echoes that of a debate I recently heard where a radio host defended that Mormonism was in no way a form of Christianity.
ungroundedfaith
My best posts were killed by the moderator
01:59 AM on 07/28/2011
continued
Human are humans and all are flawed. Not because of a "fallen nature" but because we are from an imperfect nature to begin with. Even by your admission judgment is left to your God alone... I have personally read a good deal of the manifesto by Andrew Berwick and it struck me as incredibly similar to many emails chains I have been sent by Christian relatives who feared Muslim neighbors. Much of the exact same wording.
Christians have jumped on the Q&A section of the document where he answers that belief in Jesus wasn't necessary to become a Justicair Knight and fight for the "Christian cultural heritage" in Europe. Never once did he write that he didn't personally believe in Yeshua. He simply stated that he didn't have a personal relationship. In fact he criticises certain people in the manifesto who believe they can just accept Jesus before dying and be forgiven. He preaches more from the Bible in that document than most Sunday sermons i have heard. It may do you well to read it yourself and not just take second hand information from the Christian "experts".
photo
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Nigel Goodnow
10:25 PM on 07/27/2011
Whether of not Breivik is a Christian is uninteresting as a question. What would an anthropologist say? Yes, of course he is. A theologian? Of course not. It depends on who's doing the defining. My prediction is that most of the comments that follow will ultimately revolve around who gets to decide the definition. He believes what he believes, and I'm sure there are already a few books in the works planning to explore this and associated definitions. Some will be sensational, some academic, most not worth the read.
Perhaps more interesting would be to ask, "why do we care?" Christians will be eager to disavow him, not wanting their religion besmirched. Anti-Christians (sceptic, atheist, Muslim, or whatever) will want to define him as Christian to bolster their own opinions. Most non-religious people simply won't care, or will sensibly label him "an evil human being" and leave religion and non-religion out of it.
Whatever your opinion, I think humility will require that each of us do a motive-check and realize that, whatever Breivik believes, he doesn't believe in humility or tolerance or love of neighbor. Let's not follow him down this road, at least.
11:29 PM on 07/27/2011
"Whether or not Breivik is a Christian is uninteresting as a question." Bingo!
This user has chosen to opt out of the Badges program
c-tom
Badges we don't need no stinking badges
02:39 PM on 07/28/2011
" A theologian­? Of course not " From the little I know of theologians many would in fact say he is a Christian. And many Christian theologians would say we should love him- hate the sin not the sinner. And some might say his actions were a sick and misguided attempt to show love of his neighbors by protecting them from Islam.