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How it Became Acceptable to Publicly Reveal Bias Against Muslims in America

Posted: 04/14/11 01:38 PM ET

Before gauging whether you are in line with most of America in your opinion about Muslim immigrants, here are two things you should know: Firstly, Americans are no more opposed to granting citizenship to Muslim immigrants than Christian immigrants. Secondly, despite no real difference in opinion, Americans are significantly more open about their opposition to a Muslim becoming a citizen. In other words, what is unique is not the extent to which opposition exists, but the extent to which it is out in the open.

About a year ago, in the spring of 2010, with funding from the National Science Foundation's Time-Sharing Experiments in the Social Sciences program, we decided to see if Americans really felt differently about the incorporation of Muslims into American citizenry. Because the U.S. has a long tradition of religious tolerance, we worried that Americans might feel uncomfortable expressing an intolerant view toward a specific religious group. To get around this, we randomly assigned the 2,366 participants in our study to three groups. One group we asked directly whether they supported or opposed giving legal Muslim or Christian immigrants citizenship. A second and third group we asked about these two religious groups separately and indirectly, never forcing respondents to reveal their opinion to the interviewer or anyone. This approach, called a "list experiment," has been used to consider other controversial topics such an affirmative action and same-sex marriage. Its unique insight is not just into the level of opposition, but the degree to which it is hidden.

Here are the facts. A more detailed description of our work is currently in process, but we wanted to share what we know so far. When allowed to express their opinion indirectly, about 30 percent (±6 percent) of Americans oppose granting citizenship to Muslim immigrants. However, this sentiment is not unique. A nearly identical percentage of Americans, 31 percent (±6 percent), also feel that way about Christian immigrants, suggesting that the religion of the immigrant does not play a prominent role in forming public opinion. However, the difference is not the level of opposition, but the openness of its expression. When asked directly about granting citizenship to legal Muslim migrants, about 28 percent (±2 percent) express opposition, which is almost identical to the proportion that express this opinion indirectly. When asked about Christian immigrants, only about 11 percent (±2 perecent) of Americans directly reveal their opposition. In other words, there is nothing politically correct or socially desirable about hiding opposition to extending citizenship to legal Muslim immigrants, quite the opposite, in fact. Citizens are quite comfortable not only opposing it, but also being public about that fact.

We could interpret these results as revealing that Americans, in their heart of hearts, do not see Muslims differently than any other immigrant groups. However, the public expression of this opposition is more important. Given that opposition to Christian immigrants is significantly hidden, Muslim immigrants are justified in feeling that they are being singled-out publicly. The politicization of Islamophobia by some public officials, who vocally and unapologetically create a public forum to express targeted intolerance toward Muslims in the U.S., cannot help. For the day-to-day lives of Muslim Americans, it is not the true underlying sentiment that most directly affects them, it is the degree to which that sentiment is expressed.

Americans have little or no personal experience with which to form an opinion about Muslim immigrants. In May of 2007 the Pew Center projected that about 975,000 first-generation Muslim immigrant adults reside in the U.S. -- about 0.3 percent of the total population. If you made 100 new friends a year, you would be lucky to add one Muslim immigrant to your Facebook roster every three years. If it is not upon personal experience that we base our opinion, why then do we feel more comfortable expressing opposition toward one group and not another? In principle, there is nothing wrong with expressing opposition to citizenship for legal migrants, although the legality of that position is dubious. What is troubling is that despite identical true opposition to Christian and Muslim migrants, Muslims are disproportionately an accepted public target.

Mathew J. Creighton is an assistant professor of sociology at the Universitat Pompeu Fabra in Barcelona, Spain. His research focuses on the causes and consequences of human migration.

Amaney A. Jamal is an associate professor of politics at Princeton University. Her research focuses on democratization and political development in the Middle East and the political incorporation of Muslim and Arab Americans.

 
 
 
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12:40 AM on 04/23/2011
Can't we finally give credit where credit is due and pin the whole mess on Chuck Norris?
04:48 AM on 04/19/2011
Americans see how Muslims behave in Europe where they are becoming dominant in many cities. There is no assimilation. The Muslims live parallel to the native societies.

I don't care who worships what. What I have a problem with is the imposition of Islamic religious requirements on public domain. Keep Islam private, keep it home, stop praying publicly in streets.
If you work in a grocery store scan my package of bacon. If I hail a cab drive me and my dogs and bottle of wine where I pay you to take me. If you need to pray while at work, do so quietly to yourself. No extra time off, no extra breaks that add to the work burden of co workers.

If it is too difficult for a Muslim to abide by the social norms of my country leave. Dar al Islam has room.
08:31 AM on 04/18/2011
"Is history repeating itself. Before the Muslems, it was the Jews and the Catholics and Moromons and non-Purita­ns."

None of them have committed violent jihadi attacks on almost every non other community. The two are incommparable. Why Hindus, Jews etc are not facing this problem?

"why then do we feel more comfortable expressing opposition toward one group and not another?"

Because they drive planes into high rise buildings.

"So, the superpower­s that brought those evils upon those people in Palestine and in other parts of the third world or the Islamic world; they are responsibl­e for the terrorist."

Rubbish. US fought the barabary wards to kill the Islamic pirates and there were no Palestine and other excuses.

"Agreed. Fortunatel­y there's a lot of evidence suggesting that most American Muslims don't think this way. Not even a little bit."

How did Fort Hood happen? As long as they read the Book, trouble is bound to happen. I have already quoted the former UK Premier Gladstone on this.

"Couldn't the same be said about reading the Bible?"

Dough, you know you can not. It is true OT contains violent verses but later Jesus comes, NT comes and it virtually replaces the violent verses. In the case of Islam peaceful verses are abrogated in favour of the later day violent verses. Christianity has evolved; no one kills for religious reasons any more. Muslims refuse to move away from 7th cenntury.
07:37 AM on 04/18/2011
We are a melting pot of immigrants where each ethnic group and Religious group, Italians and Irsh and Poles and Greeks and Catholics and Mormans etc. etc. came to this great country for the opportunities to better themselves and were proud to become Americans? Now the Muslims and the Mexicans etc. are told they don't have too learn our lanaguage (English) or are customs or work long hours or work at all because -Liberals- will use our taxpayers money to support their hatred of America? The reason that the melting pot concept worked for hundreds of years is that their were no liberals around to make it so easy for immigrants to be lazy and hate America? The Muslims only have too do one thing to stop all the anti muslims feelings for them, take an oath in public that they renounce violent radical Islam teachings? Now of course all the -Liberals- will be up in arms over this idea but it will solve the problem of anti muslim sentiment in this country, or do the -Liberals- want a real solution or just something to Bi... about?
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
DevonTexas
Eternal Optimism
04:26 PM on 04/17/2011
It's history repeating itself. Before the Muslems, it was the Jews and the Catholics and Moromons and non-Puritans. All the way back to the Native Americans and before the Europeans came here. There will always be a group to direct our prejudice towards.
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BurtonDesque
Fear a Blank Planet
01:24 AM on 04/17/2011
It is one thing to be biased against Islam, which is an idea, and quite another to be biased against Muslims, who are human beings. One can scorn an idea and treat it with disrespect. The same should not be the case with people.
07:27 AM on 04/16/2011
"The problem is not Islam, its the current socioecono­mic state of these countries which all the western powers previously had their hands in."

Rubbish. Do not blame others for all your faultlines. India was also a British colony for about 300 years; it is a developing country and aspires to be a member of G20. Pakistan, created on the same day, is a failed country. Islam is the problem. Povertry and illeteracy can not be abolished, if muslims refuse family planning and adhere to single child norm. Religion prohibits them.
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HUFFPOST COMMUNITY MODERATOR
The Knocker
a mind is a terrible thing to waste
07:57 PM on 04/16/2011
How can you turn a blind eye on the deplorable condition the poor are living in India. India has one of the worse slums in the world, where in this video one will the horrible condition the lower caste people is living.
Also, since most of these people belongs to the lower caste, they stand very little chance moving up the ladder to a better live.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nCrI-KRqDnU
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
sandalwood
songs of the shamans...
08:09 PM on 04/16/2011
Of course there is work to be done. The economic projections show raising the middle class from 50 million to 500 Million in the next 15 years... its happening, but it won't happen overnight.
08:52 PM on 04/15/2011
Just saw this on the Christian Science Monitor website:

"As the dust settles in Afghanistan after sustained protest over a Florida pastor’s Quran burning, many residents in Kandahar are facing an unpleasant truth: More Qurans were burned in the course of their protests than by Terry Jones. The demonstrations, which started peacefully, quickly turned violent, killing at least nine people and injuring scores in Kandahar City alone. And as protesters vandalized a girls’ school and set fire to shops, Qurans also inadvertently went up in flames. “If they burn a shop, there is a Quran in every shop, so this is a big problem,” says Azizullah Aziz, a perfume and soap salesman in Kandahar City. “People don’t know how to protest.”

Again, authors, do you wonder that many Americans think that immigrants of this ilk will not benefit our country? They can't even figure out what is a death-deserving insult and what is just a mistake, nor can they figure out that you don't kill your own people to avenge an insult from someone 7,000 miles away.
10:41 PM on 04/15/2011
It demonstrates great ignorance on your part to assume that 1.7 billion Muslims around the globe are represented by a few thousand Taliban in Afghanistan or that the Taliban are the ones seeking immigration to the United States.
03:48 AM on 04/16/2011
1.7 billion? But there were only 1.5 billion yesterday!

At that rate, there will be millions of Taliban by next week!!
12:53 AM on 04/17/2011
A few thousand? Dream on.
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Doug Sandlin
We see the world not as it is, but as we are.
07:21 PM on 04/16/2011
Just FYI, actual demographics of Muslims in the United States:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States#Demographics
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12:11 PM on 04/15/2011
This is an interesting comment concerning extremism and terrorism that was made 07-09-89 by Imam W Deen Mohammed:

Superpowers are Responsible for Terrorism & Extremist; not Islam
By Imam W. Deen Mohammed

"….And people have been made to believe that our religion is a religion that condones extremism. We have terrorist that's put before us and they are called extremist. And we are made to believe that our religion is a religion that is giving birth to these extremist. That is wrong.

What gives birth to these extremist, these guerrilla fighters, or these freedom fighters, or liberators trying to liberate Palestine, or whatever they are trying to liberate. What gives birth to them is the evils that are put upon them by the superpowers.

The superpowers have taken away their life; have made it impossible for them to live the only life they know. They have taken away their land, their home and everything. And destroyed families, and killed their babies and their old people.

So, the superpowers that brought those evils upon those people in Palestine and in other parts of the third world or the Islamic world; they are responsible for the terrorist. They are the makers of terrorist. They are the makers of extremist. Not our religion…."

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Language-Commentaries-of-WDeenMohammed/message/707
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sandalwood
songs of the shamans...
12:21 PM on 04/15/2011
How does your theory explain this?

From: http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/Suicide-bomber-hits-Indonesian-mosque-wounds-26/articleshow/7988894.cms

"In the last year, however, militants seeking to carve out an Islamic state have said the country's moderate [Islamic] leaders and security forces would be their next target.

West Java police chief, Maj Gen Suparni Parto, said that the attack was the work of a suicide bomber, whose mangled corpse was found at the scene.

The suspect was apparently wearing a suicide vest beneath his black Islamic robes and sitting among dozens of worshippers when he set off the bomb, said Agus Riyanto, a police spokesman."
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sandalwood
songs of the shamans...
01:20 PM on 04/15/2011
Here is a Muslim columnist in the Pakistan Tribune who looks at these issues differently than you...

From: http://tribune.com.pk/story/144205/is-the-west-darul-harb-for-muslims/

"There is a perception amongst some Muslims that the countries other than the ones with Muslim majority populations, especially those whose rulers are non-Muslims, are Darul Harb — countries at war with Muslims — and Muslims should therefore consider themselves in a state of belligerence with them."

"The idea has come from the understanding of Fiqh (the formal legal understanding expressed by the earlier jurists) which basis its opinion on the perception that Islamic faith has come to dominate the entire globe. That understanding is based on a peculiar interpretation of a few Qur’anic verses and the attitude of the first-generation Muslims who went ahead to present the message of Islam by asking the rulers of non-Muslim populations to accept Islam, forfeit their right to rule in favour of the conquering army, or face them in the battlefield."
10:59 AM on 04/15/2011
I think you need to spend a little more time on this site and read the comments concerning conservative Christians
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gentlemanscumbag
Only sheep need a shepherd
11:12 AM on 04/15/2011
Fundamentalist Muslim, Conservative Christian six of one half dozen of the other, they both are suspiciously homophobic and prone to a much more revealing dress standard for men
03:49 AM on 04/16/2011
And they both kill you for lighting a book on fire.

Oh no, wait...
This comment has been removed due to violations of our [Guidelines]
10:41 AM on 04/15/2011
One must discriminate against actions of the person.Not the group.If we do not we risk harm.Does the fawn discriminate against the lion?
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cybersense
10:30 AM on 04/15/2011
It became too acceptable, especially after 9/11 and other attempts on American lives after that. Even my own kids had once tied it to "muslims" only type thinking. I did not know this, until a term paper on this particular subject had to be written. The discussion was revealing. I will say that I tired to keep my mouth shut, but was able to show research and information that changed that attitude. I am glad. 

There are plenty of examples of every country, group or religious ideals that help spread propaganda of every kind. Americans are bashed, (some of it deserved, but not all). Muslims are bashed (some deserved, but not all) and it is on going. There are even people in America and in other countries that post here emotionally condemning America and Muslims that only have on side of view, and are so emotional about it that they cannot let go enough to actually look hard at what they are doing. 

It would be pretty good idea to have more information about our American Muslims ideals. There are those who do lie, but most of them are afraid. There are Americans (take you pick from whatever immigrant nationality) who are duped into believing everything that is repeated over and over again. They want to feel safe, and some don't care what they spread. 

If there was ever an example of an anti christ, it is in the manipulation of religion to control others.  Fear allows that to happen. I think it is most important that those who are not Muslim should try to get to know those around who are, and those who are Muslim should also do the same. I have had the fortunate circumstances to get to know some who are, and in some instances it was difficult at first because of us both of us being very aware of predisposed perceptions. "What are they thinking" kind of awkwardness.
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SadButWiser
09:59 AM on 04/15/2011
I think any one who thinks it is fine to discriminate against any one because of their religion, color or race is a racists. Period.

Some of the comments below are basically saying it is fine to discriminate against Muslims because in Muslim countries, none Muslims are discriminated against. Since when two wrongs make it right?
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gentlemanscumbag
Only sheep need a shepherd
10:09 AM on 04/15/2011
no what they are saying is that the very tenets of the Religion are contrary to an equal and free society. Normally I spend my time going after the Christian Fundamentalists, but I am not giving Islam a pass just to measure up to somebody else's tolerance stick. When Islam adopts a watered down, loosely interpreted, more tolerant, more apathetic version of itself, I will be more comfortable with it. Until then, it disturbs me.
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SadButWiser
10:41 AM on 04/15/2011
Islam is not going to change nor any other religion. For every verse there is in the Quran that you may find disturbing there is one or more versus in the Bible that are even more disturbing. It is about people. If other religious groups are allowed to have exemptions, so should Muslims. I am quite puzzled why some people should even think about comparing Saudi or Pakistan with the US.
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satanlite
If ur neibor wtchs Fox Nws wtch ur neibor
10:14 AM on 04/15/2011
Those people are just frightened bigots. They lash out be cause understanding is difficulat and may end up making them change their minds (which conservatives find nearly impossible to do). Understanding other cultures is a difficult intellectual exercise for some and usually leads to reflection on ones own culture and lifestyle - something conservatives are actually afraid to do (honestly).
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gentlemanscumbag
Only sheep need a shepherd
10:45 AM on 04/15/2011
Ironic that you are calling me a conservative bigot for my distrust of a homophobic, misogynist, hardcore conservative society. To say that Islam has a crap record on female and homosexual civil rights is an understatement. If you can condemn Jerry Falwell, Pat Robertson, Sara Palin, GW for their intolerance, which I do, you can also condemn the tenets of Islam. When the Muslims embrace secular culture I will relax. For the record I am a performer and manager of a drag restaurant, hardly conservative. Some of us liberals have a deep distrust of religion.
11:02 AM on 04/15/2011
Let's see how well your intellect has been exercising: In some cultures, removing a little girl's clitoris is a common practice (90% of females in Egypt, for example). In some cultures, eating the brains of conquered enemies is an act of honor and respect. In some cultures, it is perfectly normal (and profitable) for middle aged men to marry (and consummate) 9 year old girls. In some cultures it is perfectly acceptable to abort a female fetus because male children are more desirable. Remember, we're taught that all cultures are created equal and any judgement is bigotry, racism and frightened self hatred.