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Matthew L. Skinner

Matthew L. Skinner

 

The Parables: Understanding Jesus' Strange Good News

Posted: 02/24/11 10:30 PM ET

Jesus said lots of wacky stuff, it seems.

I made a point like this once to a man I had just met, and it didn't go well. As part of a group-building exercise, a speaker asked each of us in the audience to discuss a passage from the Bible with our neighbor. Early in the course of my conversation with this stranger, I offhandedly noted how Jesus appeals to absurdities to make a point when he warns about salt losing its taste or someone sticking a burning lamp underneath a basket -- which are comments from his Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5:13-17).

"There's nothing absurd about it," my conversation partner snapped. "Jesus didn't deal in absurdities."

Clearly we were no longer discussing specific details of the biblical passage. He thought I was being flippant or not taking Jesus as a serious authority. I had offended his piety and he felt a need to defend either Jesus or the Bible. It's kind of an occupational hazard for people in my line of work.

Still, I couldn't help but wonder, "Does this guy really think Jesus is all about giving it to us straight? Has he even read the Gospels?" If you can't appreciate absurdity, and the positive effects it can have, then how will you understand all the parables?

Jesus has his moments when he speaks plainly, but much of what the Gospels convey is a lot more elusive. That's what makes his teachings so evocative, and sometimes offensive, and sometimes restorative. This is particularly true with his parables.

Parables were hardly uncommon in the ancient world. Thinkers and writers from various cultures in time before Jesus used them to teach. They're illustrations, comparisons.

The fun thing about Jesus' parables is he rarely bothers to offer explanations of them. Usually he just tells the story and leaves his hearers to contend with it for themselves. Gospel readers know this doesn't always work so well, especially if we've wrongly assumed that parables are supposed to make us feel good about everything. Mark's Gospel even proposes that Jesus' parables are meant to keep "outsiders" unaware of the truth and unable to find forgiveness (Mark 4:11-12) -- a deeply disturbing claim whose offense gets mitigated in Matthew 13 and Luke 8, which make adjustments to the wording.

When I was a kid, a well meaning teacher told me parables are "earthly stories with heavenly meanings." Unfortunately, that's not very helpful. It implies that parables somehow orient us away from this world, or that we can't quite participate in their real meaning from "down here." It suggests a greater divide than the Bible itself depicts between "heavenly" stuff and its visibility or accessibility in human experience.

I think Jesus spoke in parables because he wanted to describe a state of affairs he could imagine, but one still utterly foreign to business-as-usual, as the rest of us understand it. He describes a manifestation of God's presence -- a "kingdom" or "reign" of God. It's a state of affairs that remains very "earthly," in that it's expressible in real-life things: ordinary terms, familiar images, intimate relationships, common injustices, and refreshing acts of mercy. Yet it's different.

This is where absurdity comes into play. Most of Jesus' parables include a preposterous element or two. Someone apparently unaware of cost-benefit analysis leaves 99 sheep alone and vulnerable in the wilderness to look for one that got away. The reign of God grows from a tiny seed not into a magnificent cedar but into a mustard shrub, an invasive plant -- certain to stick around but a serious nuisance to our carefully planned landscaping priorities. A father whose son has utterly disgraced him not only welcomes the loser home but spots him from a distance and runs to embrace him. (Dignified men did not run in antiquity. At least, not unless they were in athletic contests. Or something was chasing them.)

That is, there's always something a little off in these parables. The parables are not mere moralisms, exhorting people to tidy up their lives. They are ways for Jesus to announce realities about life with God that are at once familiar (his listeners knew well how it goes with losing sheep) and radically different (absurd, from the perspective offered by conventional wisdom). Those are the places for our imaginations to linger and consider what kinds of comparisons the parables encourage us to draw between our status quo and the desires of God.

A shepherd who walks away from 99 sheep in the wilderness to locate one is irresponsible, a fool. Could it be that God's commitment to humanity is so all-encompassing that it appears recklessly obsessive, utterly frustrating to our typical methods of moral and religious calculation?

A parent eager to forgive a wayward child is a welcome sight if you're the one who's returning home, but the neighbors will grumble about the dangerous consequences stemming from authority figures who behave so indulgently. Could it be that God's willingness to forgive and restore is so overwhelming that God will risk the chance of being made to look like a chump?

Jesus' parables are supposed to be weird. Their atypical elements are supposed to rattle us -- not simply because strangeness possesses motivational shock-value, but because what Jesus announces is genuinely unsettling.

The parables, like a poem wielding a poignant metaphor, rouse our creativity from the patterns imposed by normal expectations, especially religious ones. Jesus' parables make us consider life and our place in it differently. They make us dream of outcasts getting seats at lavish banquets, and the trouble this can cause.

Their point isn't to summon us to the heights of a single, otherworldly meaning. In lively and even uncontrollable ways, Jesus' parables prompt us to imagine how God, in the here and now, surprises and even subverts our regular perspectives and convictions about what's possible.

And all this usually strikes people as rather absurd.

 
 
 
Jesus said lots of wacky stuff, it seems. I made a point like this once to a man I had just met, and it didn't go well. As part of a group-building exercise, a speaker asked each of us in the audienc...
Jesus said lots of wacky stuff, it seems. I made a point like this once to a man I had just met, and it didn't go well. As part of a group-building exercise, a speaker asked each of us in the audienc...
 
 
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02:00 AM on 03/02/2011
I want to know how Jesus' words were recorded exactly as he said them? Did he have a stenographer following him around or did he have an early version tape recorder. Does anybody think?
01:02 PM on 03/01/2011
Any great work is written to be viewed at multiple levels. Yet much of the most profound teachings in a work such as the bible is written to be understood by the soul, not the personality. One such passage is "The light of the body is the eye: therefore when thine eye is single, thy whole body also is full of light". This passage is consistently mangled in other translations and makes little sense until it is learned that the soul connects to its personality vehicle (the threefold physical, emotional/astral and lower mental body) through both the heart (life energy of the soul) and the single eye within the forehead (knowledge energy of the soul). Eastern meditation practices emphasize alignment at the brow and cultures even place objects there as reminders to maintain focus at this single eye that exists on the etheric plane of matter when developed. It is the lack of evolutionary development of the single eye that keeps many readers from 'seeing' the soul perspective of many of Jesus' most profound teachings.

"The statement of Jesus: “I am the way and the truth and the life; no one comes to the Father but by Me” means that only through awareness can we reach the Almighty. This truth is personified in Jesus in the Christian tradition. If you ‘de-personify’ this truth, it can be understood as the principle of awareness."
- World Teacher Maitreya through an associate as reported by Share International
07:59 PM on 03/03/2011
No. Im sorry. you have just de-personified this and made it completely untrue. "The statement of Jesus: “I am the way and the truth and the life; no one comes to the Father but by Me” means that he is the way and the truth and the life; no one comes to the Father but by him. Divorcing that statement from him makes it meaningless. just as any of the other statements that could be removed from his person become meaningless.
08:21 PM on 03/03/2011
Im not trying to snub you. My point is just that neither this nor any thing else of Him can in any way be de-personified. To do so results in the terrible situation Christianity is in today. I cant go into it in detail here because of space constraints, but if your interested, I just posted it on a blog at http://steve-ruyle.blogspot.com
New Yorker
Roman Catholic, Anti-DEATH, Combat Vet, Sinner
07:59 AM on 03/01/2011
Wisdom is the best thing a young man can seek. Not just education, but the wisdom of God. If a person follows the will and laws of God in life they will be blessed all the way through life, and have eternal life once they die. The more one knows about God, the better. Jesus is the way for the majority of humans to be able to gain the same reward after having lived a life of sin, and depravity, and shame. To say Jesus was 'Good News' is like saying Mount Everest was a hill. The Divine Mercy flows from the sorrowful sacrifice of Christ, and the Mercy it pours out from His Sacred Heart upon sinners will be marveled at through eternity by the occupants of paradise.
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EmmaDarian
All in all, I'm loving every rise and fall (RHCP)
08:42 AM on 03/01/2011
You don't seem willing to discuss anything you write. Occasionally, you're respond, but mostly, it's just the same paragraph rephrased. You ignore responses. At this point, I think you're talking to yourself, trying to convince yourself.
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aqueryan
Neo-gnostic, radical centrist
10:40 AM on 03/01/2011
"It is only by the EXERCISE of REASON that man can discover God. Take away that reason and he would be incapable of understanding anything and, in this case, it would be just as consistent to read even the book called the Bible to a horse as to a man. How then is it that those people pretend to reject reason?" - Thomas Paine

*

Hey New Yorker,

You do realize that WISDOM refers to the APPRECIATION of KNOWLEDGE, correct? However, you seem to unwittingly use an awful LOT of inherently FIGURATIVE language (in your above post) without seeing fit to acKNOWLEDGE it as such.

I can't say that strikes me as wise. ;|
03:59 PM on 02/28/2011
Jesus was clearly a man without vengeance.
04:45 AM on 03/01/2011
Matthew 7

7:19 Every tree that bringeth not forth good fruit is hewn down, and cast into the fire.

I would guess we're not talking about fruit trees or a bonfire?
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MoreDimensions
10:06 PM on 03/02/2011
It is more about the attainment of love.  Those who only spread fear and hardship will only have that.
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EmmaDarian
All in all, I'm loving every rise and fall (RHCP)
01:43 PM on 02/28/2011
Matthew 13 is parable central:

36Then Jesus sent the multitude away, and went into the house: and his disciples came unto him, saying, Declare unto us the parable of the tares of the field.

37He answered and said unto them, He that soweth the good seed is the Son of man;

38The field is the world; the good seed are the children of the kingdom; but the tares are the children of the wicked one;

39The enemy that sowed them is the devil; the harvest is the end of the world; and the reapers are the angels.

40As therefore the tares are gathered and burned in the fire; so shall it be in the end of this world.

41The Son of man shall send forth his angels, and they shall gather out of his kingdom all things that offend, and them which do iniquity;

42And shall cast them into a furnace of fire: there shall be wailing and gnashing of teeth.

As a nonChristian, I think Jesus meant, I'm a tare. I'm not wicked, but since I'm not a Christian, I think Jesus is saying I am. When he explains the parable, he says at the end of the world, the people depicted as tares will be burned (with wailing and gnashing of teeth, so he's not talking about tares).

What do you all think? Are nonChristians tares? Atheists? Who gets burned? Is it just for not believing Jesus' words?
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syntax facit saltum
We do not live in a 2 story universe
02:42 AM on 03/01/2011
The Eastern Orthodox interpretation of this parable is that, not considering the section that gives an interpretation, is primarily about patience. I will tell you the interpretation from the patristic literature, so the teaching of the early church, people such as St. John Chrysostom (4th C. CE).

First, we should know that what is translated as "tares" is a kind of false wheat (ζιζάνιον in Greek)-- it is a plant that grows in Palestine and looks like wheat, but is actually useless. St. John Chrysostom says that the tares are heretics within the Church who say they are bringing Christian teachings, but really are not. Most ancient commentators agree this is a parable about the church as a body of believers. Note that it is about a plant that closely resembles wheat, but isn't wheat. Moreover, this is a typical focus of Matthew which can be considered "Torah" in its goals, scope, and audience. Some people within the community of the church are overly zealous and want to rid it of any perceived or actual impurity. The parable emphasizes patience. The "weeder" cannot know the hearts of all the members. It is not theirs to judge and this kind of weed looks almost identical to wheat. It would be easy to make a mistake. Christ will judge, it is not the business of the Church as a body of believers.

The entire Gospel of Matthew is concerned about the believer, not the non-believer.
cont.-
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EmmaDarian
All in all, I'm loving every rise and fall (RHCP)
08:08 AM on 03/01/2011
"The entire Gospel of Matthew is concerned about the believer, not the non-believ­er. "

In the parable I quoted, Jesus divides the world in two classes, those who are tares and those who aren't. He divides them by belief. If he didn't mean all who don't follow him, he should have said so, because as written, he said all those who don't believe are wicked and will burn. He's doing what many Christians do to me--trying to scare his audience into belief.

A group of people is going to burn and wail and gnash their teeth, and it's tied directly to whether or not they are buying what he is selling.

You say it's about patience (though I don't think that's true). Then you think the impatient are burned up?

Who specifically, since Jesus is talking about people, burns? It's everyone who isn't wheat, so that's a lot of people.

Am I a tare? Are all atheists? Are all nonChristians?

I am often told to consider context, which I always do. And if you look at the whole New Testament, Jesus repeatedly says that it takes belief in him to be saved. So, your explanation goes against the rest of the New Testament, Salvation--avoiding the burning--is always tied to belief.

If you think nonbelievers aren't burned because of the second parable, you've just identified a contradiction in Jesus' words. There are plenty of them.
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syntax facit saltum
We do not live in a 2 story universe
03:09 AM on 03/01/2011
-cont-
Another Eastern Orthodox teaching about this parable is as follows:
‘I read the Gospel daily, and I respond to it very seldom. But I read it daily because I never know whether today, or tomorrow, or on another day I will be the barren roadside, or the weeds by the way, or, of a sudden, whether this word will not fall on a small patch in me which is capable of receiving it and bearing fruit’.The spirituality of the Eastern Orthodox is to keep one's death in constant remembrance and live like every day could be one's last. So one is cognizant of the final judgment.

There is a parable that the Eastern Orthodox hear right before the start of Lent. So we heard it this past Sunday. And this one is addressed to believer and non-believer. It is Matthew 25:31-46.Here Christ says to those who have been filled with compassion and love, "You have done all these things: you have fed the hungry, you have given shelter to the homeless, you have visited the sick, you have not been ashamed of recognizing as your brother the one who was in prison", and so forth, all those people will say, "But when did we see You. And Christ will say "What you have done to the least of My brethren, you have done to Me". The Last Judgment is not about belief. It is about action.
01:21 PM on 02/28/2011
Jesus came to do visible works, so the invisible God could be seen. And to do that was to use what human beings only know or understand, in their human forms. All knew what a shepherd did for a living, what it meant to be a good shepherd to ones own sheep. All knew the purpose of a Shepherd, his job, what it entail. And all knew sheep needed to be cared for, to be kept healthy from blemishes, put other sheep at great risk of sickness also, sheep depended on their good shepherd, to lead them to clean waters, keep all sheep together, if one wondered off, the Shepherd knew the wolves could eat them, etc. etc. Did you know if a sheep gets lost falls on its back, that sheep, within 24 hrs would die, for a sheep cannot roll itself back onto its legs, the shepherd hope he would fined his lost sheep.

Lesus used things that were - visible to compare_ the spiritual character of God. Like using the value of a gold coin, all people knew the great value of a coin, it was needed, to provide a better life, the families needs. One had to labor for that coin. Such is  Life is valuable, need to labor, to know God, become one with God. And so on. body and blood, is your food, for Jesus gave his body and blood, to pay the debt of our sins in the flesh, for eternal life. Same with the shepherd Staff, all knew why the Shepherd carried a Staff, to direct, protect, discipline, bring back the sheep. We cannot find God with our physical senses, for God is Spirit. We only know flesh body, have not see all things or know all things.
10:26 AM on 02/28/2011
Everyone has accusations and fault finding, everyone knows all the problems, but nobody lays out any real answer that could mean a good life for everybody. All we can do is argue about problems and no real answers. Parables tell a story, at least they have an outcome.
03:28 PM on 02/28/2011
Well I believe the Ten Commandments lays out a good life for all. If all human beings, acknowledged and lived by the "Ten Commandments", would there not be peace on earth? Yes, there would be. Ten Commandments were given BEFORE the chosen people, entered the Promise Land, in what not to do, what was done to them, ever. Ten Commandments were not a punishment, but meant for good, and for all to know good from bad, right from wrong.

Materialism, the worship of money, lovers of money, lead all into thinking materialism of products is the way to build a Nation prosperity, its economy is false. Prosperity, is human beings, LIFE  itself and some profaned, what God had intended human life to be. Love, Righteousness, equality rights for all,Peace, Joy, Life to be experienced.
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Herkv
Caught in a loop . . .
06:50 PM on 02/28/2011
The Ten Commandments do not lay out a good life for all. They treat women and children as property and they place everyone under the command of a dictator god.

They were supposedly given to the Hebrews before they either had or used writing. They could not have read them. There was no written Hebrew at that time. This story was written around the sixth century BCE - 850 years after it supposedly happened. The stone commandments never existed.
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EmmaDarian
All in all, I'm loving every rise and fall (RHCP)
08:13 PM on 02/28/2011
A commandment against slavery would have made a better life for many, many actual human beings were owned, beaten and killed because many Christians once believed God condoned slavery. Because he said so. He set up the rules, including that you could beat your slaves to death without punishment if they lived a day or two after the beating.

Exodus 20:
17 “You shall not covet your neighbor’s house. You shall not covet your neighbor’s wife, or his male or female servant, his ox or donkey, or anything that belongs to your neighbor.”
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Herkv
Caught in a loop . . .
10:11 AM on 02/28/2011
The earliest Christianity was a mishmash of groups and the sayings of Jesus were garnered from sources that didn't even know of his existence. The evangelists used different contexts for the same quotes - showing that they got the quotes from some source but without any background. It may have actually been that the sayings of gnostic leaders or others were incorporated into the Jesus story. It's difficult to know because we do not have a source document. (In fact, it may be that the sources were oral and had no documents.)
09:46 AM on 02/28/2011
This is one of the main reasons I "turned Eastward" for spirituality. The Bible was way too difficult to understand just reading it. The Bible always needs to be explained, interpreted, decoded by someone else and those who do have their bias from their church's take on it and different churches have different takes. The Gospels themselves often conflict with each other. So it is quite obvious that there is a lot of room for error and biased and conditioned interpretation...not what I look for in spiritual study.

And this doesn't include the fact that the Gospels were originally composed in Aramaic, Hebrew, Sumerian, Greek, and Latin and didn't get to the first archaic English version until 1,200 years later and the King James Bible until 1611. In contrast, Hindu and Buddhist scriptures were written in Sanskrit which is still read and spoken to this day.
jjtx
We need to look for the Third Way.
06:56 AM on 02/28/2011
A friend of mine calls "the Prodigal Son" the "Waiting Father" instead.

I have learned to really like that since it them emphasizes the father and his relationship with his TWO sons.

Sometimes, people forget about the other one - the son who didn't rebel. At the end of the parable, the father tells this son "all that is mine is yours". But, how can that be when you are still giving stuff to my brother. It, obviously, can not be in this material world. But, again, that is not what Jesus is talking about - he opens this parable like many others with: "the kingdom of heaven is like". A simile meant to compare and highlight the difference between the two "worlds" (the kingdom of heaven can be lived in the here and now). In this world (the kingdom of heaven) of infinite rich and graces, the elder son can indeed have all that is the father's.
03:44 PM on 02/28/2011
2 Lessons to be understood with the Prodigal Son. Both sons, learned.
One jealousy is not good nor accepted, and like God said. All have been given to so NO ONE BOAST.
The other son who remained with his Father,  labored, served his father on his land. But did so, NOT because he truly LOVED his Father, but because he expected even more, ALL that the Father had. that son felt  he was entitled, to inherit everything, not the son who left and spent his inheritance.

Father said, did I not share all that I have with YOU also? The son who remained, did so not because he LOVED His Father, but because HE felt because he labored, it was HIS Right, to get it all. That son did not do it out of LOVE of His father did he? No.

The son who returned, realized after his Father, great Love for HIM, all that the Father had given HIM< and knew how much HIS father truly Loved him. That son knew that what he had been given, he to did not earn. Thus he repented and returned and TRULY LOVED HIS FATHER. Even saying let me eat with the animals or what ever, to WORK for you.
2- Sons both learned each a lesson. About pure HOLY LOVE, to love with a pure heart, soul, mind and all your strength toward God . Do so expecting nothing in return and counting your blessings of Love given from God our Father, who also has provided for all.
03:54 PM on 02/28/2011
There was 2 sons that learned a lesson in the Prodigal son I believe. The other son lesson was not preached about. The other son, he not truly love his father for why he stayed.
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hayness
A wise man proportions his belief to the evidence
01:32 AM on 02/28/2011
What strikes me as absurd is the notion that an omnipotent god and/or his son would find it a good idea to communicate to humans in parables that are easily misunderstood.
10:34 AM on 02/28/2011
I'm sure there is a parable or illustration that explains that.
11:40 AM on 02/28/2011
The Christian of the future will be a mystic or he/she will not exist at all....Jesus calls us beyond a cultural hypnotic trance, beyond sleepwalking, by His countercultural actions. It's like the awakening clap of the Zen masters hand. He says we are trapped and that we can't see. He tries by every means He can, especially through parable, to subvert the normal way of seeing. Parables turn reality upside down
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syntax facit saltum
We do not live in a 2 story universe
05:56 PM on 02/27/2011
I found this "parable" and thought it was interesting:

11 reasons why I do not wash myself:

1. Because they made me wash myself when I was a kid.
2. Those who wash themselves are hypocrites - they think they are cleaner than others.
3. I Cannot decide which soap is better.
4. I Will start to wash myself when I become old and dirty.
5. I do not want soap producers to make money on me.
6. All soaps are the same. Different soaps were invented by swindlers.
7. All wars in the world are because of the soap.
8. Every soap has it's flaws. I wash myself with 3 different soaps at once. Only this combination of soaps is correct.
9. Science has proved it already since the 19th century, no soap, even the ideal, can wash down all molecules and atoms of dirt. That is why washing yourself is a hoax and "opium for homeless".
10. Every soap contains hazardous chemical ingredients affecting your skin.
11. You shouldn't teach your kid to wash himself. When he will grow up he will be able to freely decide whether to wash himself or not, and which soap to use.
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EmmaDarian
All in all, I'm loving every rise and fall (RHCP)
07:15 PM on 02/27/2011
Hey, you've been the parable police in this thread. And you're trying to pass that off as a parable? Oh, I'm sorry, "parable."

At least own it if you're going to try to sneak in a jibe at people who don't believe what you do.
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syntax facit saltum
We do not live in a 2 story universe
07:48 PM on 02/27/2011
I don't think it is a jibe. I think it can be discussed. Why are you so quick to see me as the enemy or as "the police"? When people have different points of view, that isn't a bad thing. I would like you to know that the adult I love best in this world, my husband, is an atheist. He is a good person. With a gentle heart. He has integrity. He is honest. He doesn't need to believe in Christ for me to see that. In fact, when we met, we were both atheists.

On these threads I have met many people of integrity. Some with wonderful senses of humor that make all of us laugh with their quick wit or appreciate (if disagree with) the vigor of their youthful rejection of everything status quo including what they saw as their religious upbringings. Some make us think with their interesting philosophical questions or their poetry. Some share some of their woundedness and help us see the world as they have experienced it.
12:22 PM on 02/27/2011
A parable:
If you base your life on parables rather than evidence and rationality you are probably heading for a gigantic screwup
06:22 PM on 02/28/2011
You'll find many treasures in those parables to expand your mind and understanding...I think you'll be heading for a giant screw up if you don't base certain parts of your life on the parables!
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MoreDimensions
10:08 PM on 03/02/2011
The parables are filled with wisdom about the human condition as is their intent.
03:03 AM on 02/27/2011
I'm sorry, i must have misquoted, it wasn't called the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5:1-3), It was really the Sermon on the Plain (Luke 6:17-20).
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syntax facit saltum
We do not live in a 2 story universe
06:06 PM on 02/27/2011
Matthew is Torah and Luke is History.
10:42 PM on 02/26/2011
Great article.

I must say though that I came to fully appreciate, at a very literal level, the parable of the Podigal Son after my children's often frightening journey through their late teens and early 20s. When they come back home safe and sound, no matter what they have done, it really is cause for giddy celebration for any parent.