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Michael P. McDonald

Michael P. McDonald

Posted: December 27, 2010 04:01 PM

Last week, the Census Bureau provided the first peek at the results from the 2010 census. As of April 1, 2010, there were 308.7 million people in the United States. Census Bureau Director Bob Groves also announced state population totals that are used to determine how many congressional seats each state gets. This story dominated the news headlines, but these numbers have other purposes, too.

The federal government uses these population counts to distribute federal dollars to the states. According to Andrew Reamer at the Brookings Institution, in 2008 the federal government distributed $866.5 billion in funds to the states based on the census population counts. Your state gets its share of the federal pie based on the number of people that are counted by the census. If there were $866.5 billion in funds to disperse in 2010, each person would be worth $2,807 in federal money to your state.

Note that I say "people" not "citizens." This is where Arizona may have lost as much as three-quarters of a billion dollars annually in federal funding. The Arizona state government could have easily put this money to good use, as according to the New York Times, the state faced a $2.6 billion shortfall in fiscal year 2011.

I come to this conclusion by comparing what the Census Bureau expected Arizona's population to be and what it really was -- or at least who was counted. Throughout the decade, the Census Bureau demographers estimate each state's population. The most recent estimates give a sense of what the Census Bureau thought the April 1, 2010, population of Arizona would be.

So, the Census Bureau demographers projected Arizona's population to be 6,668,079 but the actual number was 6,392,017 or 276,062 fewer people than what the Census Bureau expected to find. This was the largest shortfall of any state in absolute numbers. Since Arizona is a mid-sized state, as a percentage of the population this shortfall was nearly twice that of the next nearest state, Georgia.

So why was the Census Bureau wrong? Or were they wrong? It is not unreasonable to surmise one of two things were contributing factors: Either Arizona's undocumented population did not want to stick around in the state or they did not think it was wise to fill out a government form -- even if their confidentiality is strictly guarded by the U.S. Census Bureau. If the shortfall was due to the latter, then at $2,708 a person, Arizona lost out on $775 million in federal grants per year.

I suspect that this lost revenue is a high estimate. Likely the true number lies somewhere between zero and $775 million, as reluctance to fill out a census form was one among many contributing factors to the difference between what the Census Bureau demographers expected and what the actual number was. But, we will never know for sure since it is impossible to go back in time and count again.

 
Last week, the Census Bureau provided the first peek at the results from the 2010 census. As of April 1, 2010, there were 308.7 million people in the United States. Census Bureau Director Bob Groves a...
Last week, the Census Bureau provided the first peek at the results from the 2010 census. As of April 1, 2010, there were 308.7 million people in the United States. Census Bureau Director Bob Groves a...
 
 
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10:59 PM on 01/03/2011
youre funny with all this rhetoric. how about prtecting our country and if someone wants to come here, then do it the legal way. you are a self hating american is what you are.
i admire you wanting to help other, but other countries have governments also. start there.
03:47 PM on 12/31/2010
Yes, Arizona will lose some federal money. It could be as much as 775 million dollars. That's a lot of money.

What this article does not address however is the cost of those illegal immigrants to our state finances. The costs of illegal immigration to Arizona has been estimated to be 1.3 billion dollars a year. When you combine even the article's admittedly high estimate of lost federal money with the very generous estimate that illegal immigrants put about a quarter of a billion dollars a year back into the state's economy through sales and other taxes, losing that population block through deportation or voluntary emigration would still put our state about 300 million dollars into the positive each year.

Measures that reduce the population of illegal immigrants are still a net financial gain for Arizona despite the loss of federal money. There are other issues raised when people discuss irregular migration and these other topics should be debated, but since this article is about dollars the author should at least be honest enough to work through all of the math.
05:06 PM on 12/31/2010
"Eighty-five percent of eminent economists surveyed have concluded that undocumented immigrants have had a positive (seventy-four percent) or neutral (eleven percent) impact on the U.S. economy."

You should read this: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=881584
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Stewart Nusbaumer
09:42 PM on 12/31/2010
Is the economy all that matters? Or matters the most? Is this the United States of Economy? The assumptions that are being make are simply incredible.
12:17 AM on 12/31/2010
I am an older white male and I work at a community college in Texas. Our campus is in a predominat­ely minority area. I love working with these kids. What I am tired of is people thinking that all white middle aged people who are conserviti­ve are racist. I AM NOT. What I am against is people who enter this country illegally and cost this country millions in social services. Try working in my shoes and care for these kids who are here legally then spout your liberal ideas about letting everyone in (legeal or not) while you sit in your home and don't even know the poeple you are trying to support
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SocialistBoy
No pix no reply
11:40 PM on 12/31/2010
Professor, have you got some reliable link to your (social services) statement? I retired form a small texas college-need to know.
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RButler
"Who wouldn't love a person who had a pony?"
04:54 AM on 12/30/2010
Bottom line.  People who have lived in a area most or all of their lives resent having others move in, especially if they negatively impact the lives of the long time residents, EVEN IF THEY LOOK JUST LIKE THEMSELVES. 
 
Heck, southern whites still don't like northern whites, er, Yankees.  Residents of Washington and Oregon don't like Californians that look like them moving in to their states. 
 
Accusations of racism may or may not factor into the xenophobia but it's not always the case. 
gwix
The point of a micro-bio is?
11:57 PM on 12/30/2010
Bottom line: change happens. That's tough.

Rash generalizations about who does or does not like such-and-such group mask fear and intolerance.
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RButler
"Who wouldn't love a person who had a pony?"
04:12 AM on 12/31/2010
Your last sentence IS a 'rash generalization'. 
 
Quit trying to act smart. 
 
I was pointing out how pervasive it is to jump to the conclusion that 'racism' is behind every case of xenophobia when there are many cases of people resenting impacts by their own kind.  People don't like what they perceive as 'negative' impacts on their communities or lifestyles from whatever source.  You might call it 'impactism'. 
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go2goal
Business Consultant
03:19 PM on 12/31/2010
Don't Californicate Montana!

You can't repudiate that.....
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salesdude
Army Kid, world traveler, defender of the people
07:44 PM on 12/29/2010
It never ceases to amaze me the depths of fear that the older white population has when it comes to people who's skin is darker than theirs. They cite crime statistics, welfare queens, food stamps, and a host of other non-issues while supporting politicians that sell off parts of the US economy wholesale to the highest corporate bidder while complaining that its the "minorities" fault that the country is in decline. When will these people figure out you can't legislate away people you don't find desirable or who you are afraid of. The Hispanic population was in AZ long before it was even part of the US and certainly before most of these people moved there. What's even more laughable is that as the wealthy "anglo" population is driven to or hides in gated communities, they "import" Hispanic labor to do the work they don't want to do themselves. The question is what will these people do as the Hispanic population gains wealth and moves into their little suburban enclaves? It's not likely that they can keep moving farther out into the desert where lack of water resources prohibit more development. These people need to recognize that no matter how far they run, the minority population will follow them the minute they have the economic resources to do so. If they want to live in a majority white state, they should try Scandinavia or Australia. We all share the same dreams for ourselves and kids regardless of our color.
Pennsylvanianne
There is no sin but ignorance.
11:08 PM on 12/29/2010
Please do not lump all "older white" people into this prejudiced group fearful of minorities. I happen to be white, will be "older" sooner than I like to think and am NOT part of this group that fears anyone different from themselves. Other than that, I agree with much of the rest of what you say; however, I would prefer you characterize these fearful people as the "older conservative population." A recent study seems to indicate that conservatives have a larger fear center in their brains.
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salesdude
Army Kid, world traveler, defender of the people
10:45 AM on 12/30/2010
Your point is well taken. I was just trying to point out that just because people look different there is no need to fear them­. Also, thank you for being one of the enlightened ones! :)
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Sanity Inspector
He who laughs, lasts.
07:18 PM on 12/30/2010
Sweden, by way of its open immigration policies, is busily turning itself into rural Pakistan. Expatriate journalist Bruce Bawer is worth reading on the dangers of that road. Australia has also had troubles of over the years from jihadists, both naturalized and homegrown.
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salesdude
Army Kid, world traveler, defender of the people
11:17 AM on 12/31/2010
Terrorism is not so much a factor of immigration, race or ethnic origin as much as it is a matter of disenfranchisement. If a minority or immigrant population is never given the path or ability to acquire the dream of full citizenship with all that it entails, then pockets of terrorist criminals will form. This is not unique to Muslims as Northern Ireland, Columbia, and some of the former Soviet Republics among others can attest. Closed borders and a homogeneous population doesn't solve the problem of terrorism, all it does is limit a country's growth and ensure that it can't compete in the global market. Look at North Korea; homogeneous population, no immigration and no terrorists, is that the model you want to follow? Smart immigration laws and careful screening of people who wish to come here, and good police work is the proper way to weed out the Jihadists. The other way is to allow ALL immigrants to assimilate into the American dream on their terms and not by the standards imposed on them by the majority population. It only takes about one generation to make the transition. Diversity is a good thing. America is great because of its diversity not in spite of it.
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hrpmap
Retired man still active..
05:33 PM on 12/29/2010
My state of Washington has a projected shortfall of around 5 billion. and they give illegals full state benifits. Maybe they should follow AZs lead and go after the illegals and cut out projected shortfalle down to the less than three billion AZ has. 
04:22 PM on 12/29/2010
You're forgetting the large numbers of Glenn Beck and Sarah Palin fans who believed the rumor they propagated that the census is a predecessor to identifying conservatives for placement in Obama's concentration camps. Sounds too wacky for anyone to believe, but that's exactly the point.
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Cinnamonape
03:55 PM on 12/29/2010
There is a negative aspect to this for AZ and the GOP...but also a possible positive. Congressional districts must be based upon proportionality of population. If areas in which Hispanics (typically Democrat) are diminished in population then the boundaries will have to be reallocated and will include more Republicans and be fewer. 
This does get complicated, though, when you start determining how many of the persons in a district (based on total population) are citizens, and adult voters vs. children/non-voting adults. 

Furthermore, if foreclosures have moved people from the suburban areas that were typically GOP these areas might require an expansion in order to obtain the needed population size for their districts.

And much of this is based on 2001 distributions...certainly the legal Hispanic population has increased proportionately since then and most of those people were disproportionately UNRepresented for most of the 2001-2011 period.
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hipichick7
I'm still walking, so I'm sure that I can dance!
02:55 PM on 12/29/2010
Ahh, Arizona she puts the South in Southwest.
02:12 PM on 12/29/2010
Arizona is cool!
01:27 PM on 12/29/2010
It always amazes me how many people think that taxes are only paid by legal citizens. In my state, as in most, taxes come in many forms. Gas taxes, sales tax, and yes, property taxes are all ways in which the gov. benefits from illegals. If you're a landlord you pass the costs (i.e. property taxes) onto your renters. If my county were to suddenly be illegal free (close to 1:5 residents) it would be devastating to the local economy, and in turn the state.
Part of what the Feds saw as a problem with the Ariz. law, to profile every suspicious person, is about the reality of our court systems. They are generally overwhelmed with our normal docket of cases. I had a past girlfriend who was here illegally. After the ICE sent out their five people and two SUV's to pick her up, she spent three days with the general population in the county jail. Her family paid $1,500 to bail her out, after which she was given a court date thirteen months in the future. Oh, and by the way, don't work since you're here illegally. But do stick around for the court date over a year away. What would most people do? I don't blame her for running.
04:30 AM on 12/30/2010
How about her just following the law and leaving the country?
03:22 PM on 12/30/2010
Wow that's just so special..... Btw "how about her"? Why don't you just learn the language the law is written in first lol
03:22 PM on 12/30/2010
Good post
12:29 PM on 12/29/2010
Ah, that Jan Brewer. She is quite the wily politician. Chases all those nasty Mexicans away, then complains that the government isn't giving her enough money.
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Arturo Ramrez
12:01 PM on 12/29/2010
There has been a lot of pressure from the American government to get Mexico to stop protecting maize and beans, which are a huge part of Mexico's agricultural economy and diet. Afterwards, the market is flooded with cheap subsidized corn from the U.S. Small farmers can't be self-sufficient any more (large scale agriculture isn't practical in most of Mexico, due to its diverse orography), so they either flee to "misery belts" in Mexico's cities or to the U.S. I

I just wonder who's fault is that.

Most of Northern Mexico and its Pacific Coast is sunk deep in a "war on drugs" to stop the drug flow to the U.S., but who stops the cash and weapons flow? Poor people's choices are: join the military and kill their brothers, join the drug cartels and kill their brothers or flee to...yes, you guessed it...

Also, there is plenty of pressure from the American government to have Mexico slow down the migration from Central America, having a de facto Arizona law in South eastern Mexico. The only problem is that in that case it is enforced by corrupt migratory officials, the Zetas and the Maras...
Linda from Deerfield
Paying attention
03:51 PM on 12/29/2010
Stop -- you're making me feel queasy. You forgot the long drought in the south of Mexico, last I knew making it impossible for many farmers to survive -- some unwanted immigrants could actually be climate refugees. Don't forget as well that the border factories of American corporations couldn't be abandoned fast enough when outsourcing with China became possible, leaving countless unemployed Mexicans looking hungrily northward. Let us also wonder who's fault is that.
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Arturo Ramrez
12:44 PM on 12/30/2010
Indeed
04:46 PM on 12/31/2010
Mexico is not alone in suffering economic and more importantly social upheaval from the trend for agriculture to transition from small scale family farms to large corporate growers. Do you remember Farm Aid?

It's certainly not the fault of American farmers who lost their land and livelihoods over the last quarter century that Mexican farmers are now suffering under the same competitive disadvantage that they did and are now enduring a similar result in the loss of land and livelihood.

Small scale farmers who own their own land were once the foundation of both countries, and the loss of this culture is in my opinion a tragedy to both us and the people of Mexico. I really don't like the implication that Americans are responsible for this in Mexico when our own people suffered the same misfortune.
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Arturo Ramrez
07:01 PM on 01/01/2011
I never said that it was the fault of Americans, actually. Small scale agriculture is endangered pretty much everywhere. But it is definitively the fault of large corporations and the American government.
11:31 AM on 12/29/2010
I always wanted to return to Phoenix and Tucson Arizona after visisting a few years ago, however now I'm not so sure, beautiful country and lovelt people but I still don't know if I want to visit or not..
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11:03 AM on 12/29/2010
Why would I want to vacation in Arizona when there are many choices? The state is dominated by right-wing wackos. I'll spend my money elsewhere.
04:22 PM on 12/31/2010
Sounds like my kind of state. I live in the Great State of South Carolina. Maybe I will buy a winter home in Arizona so I can support my Conservative sister Gov Brewer.