iPhone app iPad app Android phone app Android tablet app More

Lyme disease-where is "House" when you need him?


It is 3 am Pacific Standard time and I am wide awake. One of my doctor calls this time of insomnia in patients as "Lyme-time". This is usually in the middle of the night when you are desperate for rest, to get through another day. Unfortunately those little critters have different plans. Lyme time is when those nasty bugs wake up and create more havoc-after a year of this, I don't need more havoc! I want to scream at them to "GET OUT", but they are great at camouflage-and besides some doctor, somewhere will state that my problems are psychological in origin. Ha! To help me get through the insomnia, I have become an avid watcher of the Television show, "House". http://www.fox.com/house/

"House" is an entertaining and well written show about a group of hospital doctors that tackle complicated diseases and discover the underlying cause of the patient's illness. Gregory House, the obnoxious infections disease doctor, is played by the British actor, Hugh Laurie. I ache for a doctor like house in the Lyme disease community. House we need you!

As an information junkie, (at least enough to make me dangerous), I have been doing research on Lyme disease. All of the research, the internet sites, the books, are somewhat contradictory. It is very confusing to get some clear answers and figure out the right treatment protocol, particularly when I have brain fog from the disease.

What is clear to me from the research is that our country has a major Lyme disease problem. The disease has developed in every state. If I look at the emails, the twitters, the phone calls I have received in the last few weeks-Lyme exists everywhere. The problem is not being taken seriously by the medical establishment. Fellow "Lymie" and successful author Amy Tann says: ""I now know what is the greatest damage that Borrelia has caused: It is ignorance." http://www.canlyme.com/amy.html

When surfing the net I found some information on Dr. Kinderleher, a New Mexico based doctor who appeared on the Today Show. http://today.msnbc.msn.com/
Based on his comments during the show, a paper was developed by Dr. Ralph Stricker, a San Francisco based Lyme specialist. http://lyme.kaiserpapers.org/drdan.html

Some stats from Dr. Kinderlehrers comments on the Today Show:
• Lyme disease is an epidemic, already the fastest growing in the US with new cases surpassing AIDS.
• The epidemic proportions of the illnesses are staggering, but are being minimized by the government and insurance industries because of financial obligations.

IF this doesn't scare you, the fact that these comments were made in 2002-should! And still the disease is largely ignored close to a decade later.

Testing for Lyme:

Let me explain a little bit about the testing procedures that diagnosis Lyme disease. Even in 2009, we are far from getting proper testing in place that addresses the many issues surrounding a LYME diagnosis.

The ELISA test. This is the least expensive and easiest to perform. This test detects the antibodies made in response to being exposed to Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb). This test misses 50% of patients later found to be positive for the disease.

The Western Blot test. This is a map of the different antibodies that the immune system makes to specific proteins that are tested, some specific to Bb and other specific to the Spirochetes. There is a disagreement regarding how the Western Blot is interpreted. The CDC developed criteria that exclude 70% of symptomatic children that had confirmed a bull's eye rash. Recently a few labs that specialized in the diagnosis of Lyme disease developed better criteria. I went to one of these labs after my initial two false negatives.

Other forms of testing include the Polymerase Chain Reaction, Lyme Blot essay, blood examination and bacterial culture. All have varying degrees of success or failure depending on what stage the disease is in. To read more on this: http://columbia-lyme.org/patients/ld_lab_test.html

Still will all these tests up to 30% of patients still have negative results!

Controversial Treatment:
One of the controversies surrounding treatment for Lyme is the extended length of time one is prescribed anti-biotic for treatment. The reason I am told and Lyme doctors concur, that long term antibiotic use should be considered when Lyme disease is suspected is because of the following:

• Bb divides very slowly and often has periods of dormancy during which antibiotics will not kill the bacteria.
• Bb can invade the immune system and hid within the cells.
• Bb can actually coat itself with host membranes to avoid detection by the immune system.
• Bb can also exist in three forms, Spicochetal, L-Form and Cystic form, two of which are relatively resistant to antibiotics.

INSURANCE COMPANIES DENIAL of Lyme disease is staggering. I am old enough to remember the days when insurance companies actually paid your medical bills and cared enough to not make the process work. WHAT HAPPENED? Currently, Insurance companies have adopted guidelines reflecting short term treatment approaches, which are governed by cost-containing considerations. However the legal standard of care for treating a condition is determined by the consensus for physicians who actually treat patients-not by treatment guidelines. This has not happened with Lyme disease.

One survey found that 57% of responding physicians that treated Lyme disease did so for 3 months or longer. Brian Fallon, MD and director of the Lyme and Tick borne disease center at Columbia University: http://www.columbia-lyme.org/about/director_message.html notes that for over 3400 patients screened at Columbia University study of persistent Lyme disease, the mean duration of IV treatments was 2.3 months and the mean duration of oral antibitiotics was 7.5 months. http://www.columbia-lyme.org/

Insurance companies have placed their full weight of their economic clout behind the less expensive short term protocols. The longer term options are discredited as experimental or "Not evidence Based".

I am trying to go back to sleep now, hoping for a wonderful dream. In my dream, I am finally able to get admitted and cared for in a hospital. As I lay in bed, Hugh Laurie walks into my hospital room. (Of course, you know this is a dream, since I can't find a hospital that will take a "Lymie"). He walks over to the bed, says something obnoxious, rattles off instructions to his team, and moves towards the door. Before he leaves, he actually gives me a brief smile and I thank him. I am not sure he has constipation or he actually is responding to my gratitude. Then he says, over his shoulder as he walks away. "I am always right". Perhaps he took some instruction from the American Medical Association after all.

*Special thanks to Dr. Metzger and Harmony Women's Health for providing access to their research for this blog. http://www.harmonywomenshealth.com/

 
 
  • Comments
  • 42
  • Pending Comments
  • 0
  • View FAQ
Comments are closed for this entry
View All
Favorites
Recency  | 
Popularity
Page: 1 2  Next ›  Last »  (2 total)
12:56 AM on 05/19/2009
I love that HuffPo has a great writer writing on this (though sorry you have lyme!). I love even more knowing that I am not the only one who is up every night (just about) at 3 a.m., since the other lymies I know don't have that symptom!
(A possible hint for other lymies though....I will NOT however be on the computer at that hour, unless I want to be up ALL night. If I stay away from electromagnetics after 9 or 10pm, I can usually go to sleep by 3 or so). Sigh!
I agree with the comment someone made that suicide can be a result of this. It is not a lightweight disease.
03:21 AM on 04/23/2009
Michaelene, I can't help but note the irony in the fact that I am reading your article at the same hour of the night you wrote it - 3am. Insomnia would be a wonderful thing were it not also accompanied by fatigue and brain fog. I must say, though, that Lyme has turned my time clock so completely upside down that oftentimes my best part of the day is late at night.

At least I know now where I can find company. Keep up the excellent writing. It's important to let the public know about the abuse we are experiencing at the hands of "doctors", the IDSA and the insurance industry. As I'm sure you know, the politics of Lyme are as nasty as the disease.
06:58 AM on 04/23/2009
HA! Maybe we should start a campaign on civil disobedience during lyme time. I too have had my clock turned upside down. So sad, that we are all suffering. I think you said it best, and it is disheartening, "The politics of Lyme are as nasty as the disease".

Take care of yourself.
05:35 PM on 04/23/2009
There is a doctor whose patients refer to him as "HOUSE." He is the only MD who has written multiple books and self funds his own research on the real culprits that make us sick with TBD's - the co-infections, Babesia and Bartonella are far more serious and deadly than the lyme itself. They also create an opportunistic environment for lyme to flourish if left untreated. Sticking an I.V. in your arm will not fix the problem. Neither does HBOT, RiFE or any of the other "alternative" stuff that has been tested via double blind clinical trials. Dr. HOUSE can be found at personalconsult.com There are many articles posted for free, and his books are available on amazon.com To all of you suffering and not sleeping - have been there. Light does exist at the end of the tunnel. To those who get it that docs are ignorant, don't understand this disease or how to treat it, you are absolutely right. My kids would be dead by now and I've lost several adult relatives to this horrible disease. Imagine the animal activists near where I live are fighting to keep the entire deer population in tact. Guess no one bothered to explain to them that PEOPLE are dying because of the tics that use them as hosts, then bite humans.
12:26 PM on 04/26/2009
I do know who you are talking about. I know he is doing great work. Thanks for passing this on to everyone. You are right too, it so often the co-infections that hurt and create further illness. As for the deer, we are long past the "Bambi" stage, but so many people don't realize it!

Thanks again.
11:48 PM on 04/22/2009
Michaelene,

Thanks for another excellent post.

A friend of mine with a (different) chronic illness refers to "House" as medical pornography for those of us who are sick (with chronic or difficult to diagnose conditions).

. After many years of excellent health, when I got sick, I was shuffled from specialist to specialist (by the way, often having to wait weeks to see each one). After being give 7-12 minutes of their time (and some really, truly were barely hearing me), I was offered painkillers and antidepressants.

When I really pushed, I started getting differing diagnoses from doctors (some from their own referrals). An infectious disease doctor said I had some atypical autoimmune disorder, sent me to a rhuematologist, who disagreed. The ID doctor wouldn't speak to the rhuemetologist, and somehow it was left to me to try to decide who was 'right'. And on and on.

When I have seen "house", the premise that a team of people will try to come up with some sort of solution, be at least somewhat understanding (if not empathetic), and spend some TIME pursuing an answer...I mean, that is so incredibly far from my own experiences.

Trying to explain that I was getting to a point of disability, after a long slide into it.....seemed to mean nothing. Explaining that I had TRIED antidepressants, and was still increasingly sick.....meant very little.

In a very strange way, the world portrayed on "House" is as much a fantasy as Cinderella.
07:03 AM on 04/23/2009
It is absolutely true, that the idea of "House" in America is as much a fantasy as Cinderella. I don't know about other countries as I hear that Europe is ahead of us in many medical scenarios and with LYME. Would love to hear from someone in Europe!

True, the doctors do leave you to figure out what to believe; whether you have Lyme or not, and to figure out the method to treat the disease. A person almost has to go to Medical School just to figure out one's own health issues! : (
09:12 PM on 04/22/2009
The reason "mainstream" doctors don't prescribe antibiotics is that there is no evidence that it helps the plight of the chronically ill Lyme patient. That is why we folks with Lyme resort to an underground network of doctors who will prescribe antibiotics without benefit of research. Which is worse? Doctors who play it safe and do nothing? Or doctors who just keep throwing all kinds of antibiotics at you when there's no proof it works. You even said yourself the Lyme test is unreliable. So how do you know you are ever well? Many times massive doses of antibiotics will produce some new symptoms. So then what? Well, in the case of GI issues, my Lyme specialist doctor prescribed -- what else more antibiotics. My health is precarious enough without trying something else that may or may not work and that was actually producing more new symptoms that folks with Lyme shrug off as herxing. Well, since the doc says there is no cure for this, again, what good will antibiotics do? I'd rather feel somewhat energetic and have some quality of life off the hard stuff. I will try again next month with the four or five antibiotics I can ingest in an already weakened body. But for now I will live as I did pre-Lyme -- druggie free. I am trying to make the most of it. I don't like to live with Lyme, but I don't like to live on antibiotics either.
07:08 AM on 04/23/2009
After a very bad Herx, I stopped all my medications. At that point, I was at a hospital emergency room because the doctor thought I had pneumonia. At that point, I had just had ENOUGH.

I went off the drugs for a few weeks, and began to feel better. The scarey part about stopping the drugs, was thinking about the Lyme taking a further hold, and I did not want to get sicker...again. IT is hard to figure out the best course of treatment--and as I have said before-patients should not be the ones having to figure it out. Otherwise, what is the point of going to see a doctor? I know this may sound basic, but you are on a pro-biotic, right???
06:15 PM on 04/28/2009
Been There and Michealene
In my experience, I've had way more than my fair share, and from all I've learned you want to be VERY careful about stopping and starting. I know first hand just how bad it can get but instead of going off the antibiotics (that are working if you are herxing) you and your Dr. can lower the dose to lessen the herxing rather than stop all together. Every one is different and there are times when you may need to stop all together but when you do you run the risk of making the organisms stronger and making at least that antibiotic useless for you.

I think of them as intelligent as they are able to hide and transform and do so to not be killed off, much like resistant strains of staph for instance which have become stronger because they have been exposed to various antibiotics and not been completely killed off so they develop resistance the way we develop antibodies. The ability to hide and protect themselves sometimes with other organisms is why pt's are often on multiple antibiotics.

Michealene is absolutely right about the probiotics and while it seems basic once you know about it so many Dr's don't either know or tell you about it. The ID never said anything about it. The Lyme specialist I finally ended up with was the first to tell me about probiotics and "prescribed" them as well as several other supplements along with the antibiotics etc.
08:40 PM on 05/03/2009
Of course I took a pro-biotic.

After doing my own research, even under the care of an LLMD, I found out one of those LLMD recommened supplements was causing all the G.I. distress. I bet you're on it: magnesium.

Magnesium was needed to quell the twitching. But the twitching was induced in part by antibiotic overload, which can cause you're body to become deficient, which can in turn induce the twitching. Scary stuff. Both the Lyme AND the treatment.

The point I'd like to make is we can complain up a blue streak but that doesn't change the fact that NOTHING and I mean NOTHING is being done for us. Any of us. Rich or poor. Famous or not. We're all sick and I don't no a soul who's cured on these boards. Yet.

As for Brian Fallon's research that's great if you can pony up the 1000s to participate. What is up with that? What is up with all of this?

Thanks for writing about it. I just hope something comes of it. I'm sick of being sick. And I'm sick of theories and controversies and of arguing with doctors who don't care about helping people or getting to the bottom of squat. Seen enough of it in my life. Not just with Lyme but with my family's cancer. Doctor's let stuff slide. They don't do their jobs. I used to respect docs, be in awe of them. And then I got Lyme.
05:22 PM on 04/21/2009
Thank you for writing this excellent article! I'm sorry to hear that you are having to go through the Lyme boogie. I hope you can find your "House".
I, too, am a Lymie, ten years into my diagnosis. Infected in Western Sonoma County, CA in 97. I had a third relapse last spring and am 9 months into a 20 month antibiotic treatment. 60 days of IV and then 18 months of orals. We're switching the orals to a different class every two months to try and attack it in it's various forms.
I've been quite ill, but that means that the treatment is working. We have to get worse before we feel better.
I appreciated how clearly you discussed the 'shapeshifter' qualities of Borellia Burgdorferi. A few weeks ago I sent an e-mail to my Representative, Kurt Shrader OR, regarding HR 1179 and am inspired by your article to pick up the phone and make a call, too. A few years ago our former Rep, Darlene Hooley, was a co-sponsor to a Bill that unfortunately died in commitee.
Perhaps if everyone called their Representative we can get this new Bill passed. http://www.lymediseaseassociation.org/HR1179Text.pdf

Thank You again!
Nancy
Oregon Coast
10:35 AM on 04/22/2009
Thank you for you comments AND the link. All of need to call our representatives. I hope you get better soon!
04:47 PM on 04/21/2009
Excellent article and great for easy dissemination. I contracted Lyme last August. I never saw a tick. As a matter of fact, I've taken great pains to avoid serious time in the great outdoors because I didn't want to catch Lyme. I was lucky to get the bullseye rash otherwise I'm sure it would have taken months, if not years, to diagnose.

Because of the medical/insurance/government deliberate avoidance of the issue, ticks are now in suburban places that were recently "safe." This avoidance has also meant there is a dearth of Lyme-literate doctors (LLMD). And LLMDs are increasingly pressured to treat not only conservatively but as if Lyme was just poison ivy, thereby creating more LLMDs who don't take insurance. My LLMD is giving up his/her practice rather than risk losing his/her license, because he/she treated Lyme patients with intravenous antibiotics once, I guess, too often and was flagged by the hospital (I won't even risk IDing the doctor by gender). So I have to trek two hours to the nearest LLMD that takes insurance.

Insurance companies are killing people. That is not an exaggeration. If you can't find an LLMD that takes insurance, and you can't afford to go to one who doesn't, then you are SOOL. This kind of deliberate ignorance is rarely seen with other high--volume illnesses, e.g. If you are diagnosed with cancer, you get treatment and there are a lot of options. Why not for Lyme?
03:58 PM on 04/21/2009
Thanks so much for this article. Lyme is consistently marginalized by the medical profession... and this means months and years fly by before there is true diagnosis. The Infectious Diseases Society of America has no interest in diagnosing and treating people, which is why we are where we are today. The more "word" we can get out about the sordid state of Lyme, the better. So sorry for your suffering, but as you well know, you are not alone.
03:40 PM on 04/21/2009
Great article thank you for taking the time to write. I also love House; if only all doctors were willing to try and find out what is wrong instead of blaming the patient for being sick. We will not make progress until our legislators take notice; state and federal legislators need to hear from us, call them!
photo
HUFFPOST COMMUNITY MODERATOR
lisakaz2
Da ministero dell'interno di Snark.
12:23 PM on 04/21/2009
I am soooo mad. I had to see a convention doc because the one who found the lyme is too far away from me really to coordinate care. And I really want to try rocephin (prob its generic). Regular doc asks about seeing a neurologist but at least I said it was useless, given all I got was antidepressants and the urge to see a counselor. I guess I shut that down. But he wants me to see an infectious disease specialist and pushed the lumbar puncture, claiming it's not as far as portrayed (then he can have it, frankly; I need xanax for a blood draw; I see no point in more torture when I want treatment). He wants some info to evaluate if it's secondary or tertiary. Who cares if the clock is ticking? I have a window of opportunity to have this done in May-June and I think he might blow my window because specialists often take forever to see. I gotta move later this summer. I am sooo fit to be tied.

I'm thinking about biting the bullet and doing the communte instead, esp. if this "appoitment" messes with my window.
06:30 PM on 04/28/2009
Will the "conventional" doc you are seeing collaborate with the Lyme doc and facilitate what he or she feels should be done? This will more than likely require at least one trip to the Lyme Dr. but this is what I had to do to get proper treatment in my area. The trick is to find a local Dr. or PA who is ok with your insurance (if your lucky) who is willing to bow to the expertise of the Lyme specialist when it comes to that treatment. I don't know how advanced your case is although if they are talking spinals (I had one) it is probably somewhat advanced and my guess is you will need to continue treatment when you move as well. It's often not a short process unless you are fortunate enough to catch it shortly after exposure. But you do want to hit hard up front and stick it out for the best chance of success.

I sympathise and am happy to share if you want more of my experience.
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
asnevitt
11:19 AM on 04/21/2009
I am someone whose Lyme has caused Dysautonomia and is now in desperate need of IViG but can't get it because insurance companies not only refuse to pay for Lyme treatment, the docs who try to treat anyway are threatened. I can't find a single doctor in my area who would treat my Lyme *and* participates in any insurance plan.

As my heart is now beating irregularly, my breath at times is a struggle and I become more and more tired, I appreciate anything you can do to get the world to notice Lyme and the patients that are suffering.

I was diagnosed in Aug of 2007, after two years of testing and being told that I was having a psychiatric break down. It wasn't until January of 2009, that I learned that Lyme can kill. So, while I've been frustrated and anxious that I would spend a life debilitated, now that my heart has been affected, I'm suddenly aware of how much more grave the situation is. People need to know that Lyme can kill. The three leading reasons:

1. Brain shut down
2. Heart failure
3. Suicide

It's not hard to imagine that we could do a lot to eliminate number 3.....
photo
HUFFPOST COMMUNITY MODERATOR
lisakaz2
Da ministero dell'interno di Snark.
12:30 PM on 04/21/2009
I'm not surprised. I've only got the lyme diagnosis because I went to a doc not covered by insurance. I have had increased instances of healt palpitations. They started maybe in 2006 or 2007 and I didn't think much of them because I had that as a child. Now I know it likely is related to lyme because they start without any activity.

They have become less of a problem with "zapping" -- which involves a low level electrical current and copper handles and/or footplates. It cost maybe $200. I have tried holding it or having it sit near my chest. It feels funny while doing it but it isn't bad overall.

Also, you might benefit from one herbanists lymeaid supplements, esp. the "enhance the heart" pill which has CoQ10, hawthorne and a few other things in it. They're not great for me because the hawthorne part is aimed at those with higher blood pressure. My is kinda low, so I don't need the pills making it lower. His address is lymeaid dot net.
07:16 PM on 04/28/2009
Palpitations have been one of my symptoms as well for several years. I was put on co-q10 for them (just straight Co-Q10) which helped tremendously. Other treatments I was on as well have probably done there part in helping as well but I still take it because when I don't the palpitations come back and or get worse. I think I was first taking 400-500 mg's morning and evening at first. It needs to be "pharmaceutical" or good quality and is expensive (I get it mail order now). I have dropped to 200mg a day unless I feel I need more based on the return of palp. Then I up it to 200mg twice a day.

Hope that helps some. I also take Total EFA based on Dr's advice which may also help. As I recall he gave other reasons for the EFA but I have read since that it can also help with palp.
08:11 AM on 04/21/2009
Thank you so much for bringing Lyme forward. Now if more people would be vigilant about checking for ticks and better testing we would be in a better place.
It is time to get the government of LLMD's backs and let them heal the people who need healing!
Thank you!
10:29 AM on 04/21/2009
You are welcome. YES-vigilance is important but 60% of those who get bit never see the tick. I was pretty vigilant as I live in a deer populated area, but it didn't matter. I never saw the tick and never got any rash.

I believe cortisone injections had a dramatic effect on how sick I got. : (
04:23 PM on 04/20/2009
Thanks for another great article and keeping this miserable disease in the news. Maybe you can send this to the writers on "House" -- I'm sure they are always looking for more confounding, hard-to-diagnosis diseases, and we can certainly use all the help we can get!
09:32 PM on 04/20/2009
I think that is a great idea, let me see if I can find a way to get it to the writers. Keep spreading the blog, and get people to read this. The more people we get responding, the more we create some noise.
This user has chosen to opt out of the Badges program
photo
11:56 PM on 04/20/2009
Ms. Risley,
I appreciate your stories--you're one of my favs--right up there with Cesca!
Thank you.
10:30 AM on 04/21/2009
Thank you, appreciate it! Sorry to be so dense ( i always blame it on the lyme) but what is Cesca?

: )
03:23 PM on 04/20/2009
Here are some fun facts:

* In one study, 1/3 of patients tested in a mental institution showed positive for Lyme.

* A lab researcher has found Lyme bacteria in the brains of 8 out of 10 Alzheimer samples.

* The most money spent on Lyme research has been in its application for Bio-Weapons.

Like the lead in the dishes of ancient Rome, if this disease (and its co-infections partners) is not dealt with honestly and aggressively by our government, God help us all.
09:32 PM on 04/20/2009
Scarey, it is true. What I am really scared about-how many of you know blood banks that screen for LYME disease?
03:17 PM on 04/20/2009
Great article - one thing you might want to address if/when you write more on this is the fact that Lyme is just ONE of the diseases that you can get from tiicks, and it is often accompanied by one or more more of the others, such as Ehrlichiosis or Babesosis as a co-incident infection.

4 years ago I was diagnosed with an advanced case of Lyme with came with a side-dish of Ehrlichiosis. I was lucky in that 3 months on Doxycycline seems to have knocked them both out. However I still have some residual paralysis and and constant low-level arthritis pain.

Ticks and their little "gifts" should not be taken lightly by anyone, and if one spends any time outdoors it's in your best interest to get tested for Lyme and as many of these other ticke-borne illnesses as possible at least twice a year.
09:34 PM on 04/20/2009
You are right. It is often the co-infections that people get sickest from. You are lucky! that 3 months knocked them both out for you. What dose of Doxy were you on??
photo
HUFFPOST COMMUNITY MODERATOR
lisakaz2
Da ministero dell'interno di Snark.
02:36 PM on 04/20/2009
I also have lyme and I appreciate your piece, even if I know a good deal of this. But please, use a hyphen and not a dash. I get students who do this and it's annoying, esp. when word processors provide the hyphen automatically (space, dash, dash, space). I am trying several methods to help myself, including zapping, herbs and acupuncture.

After a Western Blot test determined that 42 days of doxycycline didn't do anything for me, I want to do the IV antibiotics. I'm concerned the doctor will refuse and want me to see a neurologist because I've had a diagnosis of MS. The neurologist is a waste of my time, however, given all I got were Big Pharma samples of lexapro and advice to see a counselor. Big Deal!

Have you had this problem? Any advice on how to prevent this?
09:35 PM on 04/20/2009
Keep going to you find a doctor that will listen to you. That's the key. You will find a caring, concerned doctor somewhere.

What did I need a hypen for, please explain. Always willing to learn. : )
photo
HUFFPOST COMMUNITY MODERATOR
lisakaz2
Da ministero dell'interno di Snark.
11:22 PM on 04/20/2009
Hi,

I may have transposed the names but there is a difference between what a copyeditor marks as "1/m" (an em dash) and a hyphen. In para one, where you have "camouflage-and besides..." it seems you need an em dash. There's more than one, if I remember rightly. Whenyou mark off a phrse you need am em dash. which is usually in Word processing (space)- -(space). I'm sorry but I have aquired many pet peeves based on what college students do in assignments that frankly I would think they should know better than do (but of course they don't). OMG, you can't image! Using "thrown" for "throne" or "to" for "too." They seem not to know or care. Indeed, American English uses "toward" not "towards" which is about as proper as "colour," "labour" or "whilst" (I actually had a student try "whilst" on me). It might be pedantic but I think they gotta learn these things somewhere sometime. So when I see stuff like this online, I say something just in case other college students try to copy it.