iPhone app iPad app Android phone app Android tablet app More

Featuring fresh takes and real-time analysis from HuffPost's signature lineup of contributors
Paul Stoller

GET UPDATES FROM Paul Stoller

In Search of the Public Good

Posted: 07/17/11 11:00 PM ET

A central notion in The Declaration of Independence is unmistakable: the role of government is to promote "the public good." If government promotes "the public good," then "the pursuit of happiness" is enhanced. These ideas, of course, are not unique to the Founding Fathers. They are central to the Enlightenment, the 18th century philosophical and political movement in which thinkers attempted to use Reason and science to create a utopian society, "a more perfect union." Accordingly, the founding of the United States had little to do with religious principles or notions of limited government. Instead, the inspiration for our republic came from the Enlightenment principle that "a more perfect union" would be based upon reasoned principles that would fashion utopian states in which people could freely pursue their goals. Enlightenment thinkers like Rousseau, Montesquieu, and Jefferson argued that "a more perfect union" would result from individual sacrifice -- life, labor, and taxes -- to promote the general well being of the state. In other words, you act not only to pursue your own goals, but also to enhance the lives of other people.

In contemporary American society, such notions may appear to be quaint or even naive. In many respects contemporary social life in the United States appears to encompass the endless pursuit of personal interest, an interest that seems to be part of the philosophical foundation of The Tea Party and an ever-more radically conservative Republican Party. The endless drum role for lower taxes and limited government is a case in point. By limiting taxes and government, the public good gives way to personal desire. In a world governed by principles of personal desire, your hard earned money will no longer be wasted on government programs -- scientific research, public education, Medicare, Medicaid, and Social Security, to name a few -- that have no immediate or direct impact on your life. Why should your tax dollars contribute to programs that help the sick, the poor, and the elderly? What have they done for you? Why should the government -- and your tax contributions -- help them? If they can't help themselves, their families should take care of them? If their families can't help, the sick, the poor, and the elderly will just have to tough it out and take care of themselves.

These days we all too often witness everyday behaviors that underscore this set of insensitive and narrow-minded attitudes. Every semester my students complain to me that that someone has ripped out the pages of book or a bound journal article that was put "on three-hour reserve" at the university library. If a book is on three-hour reserve, you are time-pressed to return it to the library before the limit has lapsed. If you tear out the pages, though, it becomes easy to read the assignment at your leisure. Such crass behavior, of course, not only gives you some competitive advantage, but also impedes the study of your fellow students. When you are waiting in line -- for an appointment, for tickets, or to pay a fine -- you may encounter a person, who, thinking that his or her time is more precious than yours, attempts to butt in front of you. For some reason they must obtain the ticket, pay the fine, or see the doctor, right away. Such bullying, which may create a scene or trigger an argument, makes the waiting process more time consuming for everyone. When a highway lane is closed, causing a traffic backup, most people cross to the open lane and wait patiently to move forward. There are drivers, however, who think that they shouldn't have to wait like everyone else. They speed along in the lane about to be closed and then squeeze into the free lane at the last minute, a behavior that clogs traffic even more, slowing everyone else's travel progress.

These examples are more than mundane cases of thoughtless and selfish insensitivity, perpetrated by a small minority of individuals who simple don't care about other people. They are prime examples of what happens when personal desire suppresses the public good. Such behavior not only generates infuriating behavior, but it impedes social progress. What is even more disturbing is that this kind of narrow-minded, radically individualistic behavior is being showcased in the current crisis about raising the debt ceiling of the United States. A minority of radically conservative Republican legislators in the US House of Representatives has demonstrated a profound lack of concern for the public good. If they don't get their way, which denies a sense of shared responsibility for the common welfare -- the public good -- of every American, they threaten to block legislation that would raise the debt ceiling, an act that would destroy our economy and shame us with the stigma of being a deadbeat nation. These legislators pay no mind to experts in international finance or economic projection who predict economic catastrophe. They, after all, know the "real truth," which enables them to know what's best for everyone. And if they don't' get their way, to hell with everyone else -- a classic case of how narrow-minded personal desire slows, stops or reverses social progress.

Proud of their ignorance these legislators swagger like bullies who butt into line. Is this the sort of person you want as your representative? If we continue to elect men and women who are willfully disdainful of the public good, our cherished social contract, signed and sealed by the Founding Fathers, will be broken. In a complex and unforgiving world, that means that the poor and not-so poor, the sick and the elderly will suffer needlessly as they are forced to face the ugly prospect of fending for themselves in an increasingly complex and unforgiving world.

As the debt ceiling clock ticks down, we will soon find out if we are a people possessed by selfish personal desire or a people who promote the public good. In what kind of society do you want your children to live?

 

Follow Paul Stoller on Twitter: www.twitter.com/stol1

 
 
  • Comments
  • 30
  • Pending Comments
  • 0
  • View FAQ
Comments are closed for this entry
View All
Favorites
Bloggers
Recency  | 
Popularity
Page: 1 2  Next ›  Last »  (2 total)
02:53 PM on 08/16/2011
Although Dr Stoller and I may disagree on appropriate driving habits :) he makes a interesting point on the intentions of the founding fathers and how contemporary conservatives seem to misconstrue their influences. Unfortunately, I do not think this is a situation where we can agree to disagree. I know many individuals who feel that they can better serve the public good by keeping more of their money in their own pockets and using it for charitable purposes in their own communities. Maybe there should be a box to check on our 1040s to indicate where we want our taxes to be spent. However I feel the underlying issue is not one of big vs small government but nurishing a culture of citizens who desire happiness not only for themselves but for every member of society. In a country such as ours--built on a foundation of migrants--the need to value diversity in all aspects of life is the only hope to end the tug-o-war that pervades our contemporary mindset in dealing with conflict.
This user has chosen to opt out of the Badges program
02:55 AM on 07/19/2011
I see this phrase "the public good"—and either of its permutations "the greater good" and "the common good"—used quite a lot, but so far I've never gotten a good definition of just what it is. Can anyone tell me what "the public good" actually constitutes? Is it what I believe to be good? Or what the author believes to be good? Or what the author thinks everyone believes or ought to believe to be good? If that's it, then what if it turns out that each person believes contradictory things to be good or bad? The author obviously believes that Medicare is in the public good because of its compassionate intentions, but what if I believe low taxes to be in the public good because of the increased fairness of everyone being able to keep more of what they earn? Who's right? How exactly does one arrive at what counts as being included in "the public good", and who possesses enough knowledge to make the necessary distinctions?

Seen in this light, it becomes obvious that the "the public good" is just a feel-good codeword for everything the author approves of and nothing the author opposes. It's a tabula rasa you can imprint your desires and hopes on.
photo
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
laurieanichols
je pense donc, je suis
10:29 AM on 07/18/2011
I applaud the author for reminding me that the central focus of our founding fathers which has been obscured by the christian right's desire to argue that this country was founded as a christian nation, was their resolute belief in the ideals of the enlightenment. All of our founding fathers were extremely well read and were heavily influenced by the principles that guided the Roman republic founded on the Greek philosophy of democracy. Washington, Jefferson, Adams, Franklin were but a few who drew from the great philosophers and they were not shy in their writings about it either. The christian right "historian" David Barton who is a consultant for the Texas board of education willfully puts all that aside because it really contradicts his worldview. Our founding fathers were for religious freedoms and were against the evils of a plutocracy and an oligarchy. It is all evident in their writings which are easily accessible in any public library.
This user has chosen to opt out of the Badges program
10:29 AM on 07/18/2011
I want my children to live in a world where "Ike" was wrong.

I want my children and everyone's children to live in a world where every shovelful of earth, every gallon of ocean, and every star in the sky is NOT part of one or more United States Military Commands.

I want my children and everyone's children to live in a world in which the United States of America is not a dishonest country, ruled by dishonest men and women with no respect for the law and no will to enforce the laws even that they themselves have written; let alone those of their ancestors.

I want them to live in a world in which their homeland nation did not blindly repeat history to its own perdition, but which instead resoundingly defeated "the enemy within" just as surely as it once did on the fields of battle.

My gaze is not turned to the right or to the left by all this talk of "debts" and "debt limits," but instead rests quite clearly upon a single realization: that all of this is the product of "High Crime," and a refusal to effectively deal with "High Crime." We live in an international world, and the crimes of a nation situated as ours is, are international crimes of the highest order and of the most dire consequences. Consequences that other nations can, and surely will, contain ... but, why should they have to?
photo
wwilcox
Laws are made by people, not gods.
10:26 AM on 07/18/2011
Having an interest in the welfare of others doesn't seem to me to be in conflict with self interest; rather it seems to be in lock step with self interest. Much is made of the large fraction of people who don't pay taxes because they are on the wrong end of the wealth spectrum, but if the wealth divide in this country were not so great, the tax base would be much broader and many more people would be paying taxes.

Not too long ago, it was considered common to have a single bread winner in the household and the spouse would be free to raise the children and instill the family values that conservatives so often espouse. Now, rarely can a household survive unless both parents are working, and the vaunted conservative family values suffer. Financial security was to be had from a well regulated financial system and from corporations with long term goals, as opposed to the short sighted goal of maximizing shareholder value, and consequently executive bonuses. CEOs that tanked a company (or an economy) weren't awarded with obscene payouts.

A rising tide lifts all boats, but you can only fit a few through a canal lock, and then only those with the price of admission.
iridium53
Semper Fi
10:22 AM on 07/18/2011
Excellent thoughts.

I'm not, however, in agreement that it is a "small minority of individuals" that behave this way.

This is, indeed, the time of "greed is good."

Ayn Rand gone wild. Narcissism as a societal meme.

Perhaps we are too disconnected as individuals from the whole.

Our country goes to wars, but it is a small group of so-called "volunteers" that act as mercenaries for the interests of the oil regimes - instead of America going to war.

Congress makes laws to spend money - then unilaterally repudiates the payments of that money - cynically trying to blame their laws on the administrator - the President.

The economy burns - while they play silly, immoral, unethical games.

Washington is a corrupt corporatist kleptocracy.
photo
RUKidding0
Freedom is Fundamental
09:53 AM on 07/18/2011
THE central notion in The Declaration of Independence is unmistakable: the role of government is to promote freedom, while promoting the public good through provision of public goods, narrowly defined.

It is the bastardization of its minor role to the exclusion of its fundamental role in preserving freedom that has brought America to the outrageous state it now finds itself in.

Thank God for the Tea Party Revolution determined to restore the fundamental role of government and dismantle the social democratic state that is a direct result of the bastardization of purpose created by the Social Democrat Party.
This user has chosen to opt out of the Badges program
10:35 AM on 07/18/2011
It is laughable to hear you say, "thank god for the MY_PARTY, which will lead us to salvation and glory from the sins caused by THE_OTHER_PARTY."

Laughable.

"Absolute power corrupts absolutely." We know that.

We can also see the tip of this rotten iceberg at places such as http://www.opensecrets.org, where we can see in a few clicks that, in 2010, $3.50 Billion dollars in .. bribes .. were -openly- paid out to Members of Congress (of both parties, I assure you) by 12,972 professional .. bribers.

I did not pull any punches here; I did not use any euphemistic words. I did not exonerate either political party because: "By their FRUITS shall ye know them."

I know exactly what it means when the US Supreme Court uses its self-appointed power to declare that "corporate $$ freedom $$ of $$ $peech" is a Constitutional Right, when I can plainly read in the actual document that "all civil officers ... shall be removed from office for ... bribery ..." None of the motivations for any of this are the slightest bit transparent.

It's called "high crime," ladies and gentlemen, and you and me are: "Plaintiffs."
photo
demisfine
Often correct, NEVER right.
09:34 AM on 07/18/2011
The answer to this question is all too clear.
The ruling class is not concerned about how the rest of us will live. They are safe and cozy "behind the gates". They exist in the lap of luxury, vacationing in warmer climes, sending their coddled children to posh private schools, getting jobs for and from friends.
The rich are so much different than you and I. They know it, and they don't care.
09:16 AM on 07/18/2011
Well, our author speaks of "shared sacrifice' for the greater "public good", but this is clearly not what he means. Not really shared; not really all the public. But, to skip to the end, the society we should leave our children is one that is debt-free and running on a balanced budget. The debt ceiling will be raised, of course, but hopefully with some sensible measures to reduce deficit spending. Last year it was at 43%. Not really sustainable.
This user has chosen to opt out of the Badges program
photo
shryock
It never is what it is anymore
09:28 AM on 07/18/2011
of course the first way to balance the budget and get out of debt is to end war. all war. iraq, afghanistan, and all other foreign entanglements. and then end the war on drugs here at home.
and sadly, that will never happen.
This user has chosen to opt out of the Badges program
02:56 AM on 07/19/2011
Srsly.
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
mwilbur137
Political Junkie/Intellectual Elitist
08:08 AM on 07/18/2011
I had a conversation very similar to this article this weekend with my grandfather...born 1923...a staunch conservative, sickened by today's conservatives.
photo
HUFFPOST BLOGGER
Paul Abrams
03:39 AM on 07/18/2011
All we will "find out" as the debt-ceiling clock ticks down is not what kind of country we, the people, would like our children to live in, but what works best for a small group of politicians and their paymasters.
04:31 AM on 07/18/2011
It sounds like the military industrial complex is one of the happy paymasters.

I cannot believe that our supposed "leaders" are not putting this on the table to be cut. Obama says it is in our national interest to be in the Middle East for a long time.

The process is filled by demands for the BIG deal. That is what Obama's presidency has been about. He did the big stimulus, the big health care bill (at least in the size of the law), and now he wants some type of big deal here. Certainly the Republicans want a big deal here too.

But if they went through item by item, program by program, agency by agency, and passed a series of smaller bills to possibly eliminate ones that do not provide for "the public good" like farm subsidies, energy subsidies, etc. I think we would all be much better off and they would actually look like adults with functional brains.

At this point, this government is not even worth funding as a tax-payer.
HUFFPOST PUNDIT
lodger16x
05:34 AM on 07/18/2011
We are a people of personal desire and greed. Case closed. This is  a result of man made propaganda and media manipulation, PR and marketing, but it's true nevertheless.
Only a cataclysm can change it. Another, much more massive economic collapse, with the resulting overthrow of the political system.  Or , we could legalize weed and just chill out.
03:24 AM on 07/18/2011
What is the case that Washington DC and big government has benefited the public good? Which policies have these been? Medicare and Social Security have helped to reduce poverty among seniors, because in the past they have paid out much more than it received to elders. But meanwhile poverty among the youth has increased and people are going to start to receive much less than they paid in.

In Britain with universal health care, people buy private insurance to cut in front of the line to get treatment, something you seem to be so much against.

There are a lot of programs in DC that do not benefit the public. Farm subsidies, wars, oil subsidies, war on drugs, labor policies, etc. that do not benefit the public. Has the Department of Education improved the nation's education? Empirical data suggests no.
02:28 AM on 07/18/2011
Such a clear and consummate summary of the conditions we are all now facing! BRAVO! Professor Stoller! This article should be read by anyone who thinks they know more than they really do know!
This user has chosen to opt out of the Badges program
photo
Joseph LeCompte
The USA isnt broke.It was robbed.
12:52 AM on 07/18/2011
Like Thomas Paine said, "If we trace government to its origin, we discover that governments must have arisen either out of the people or over the people." Only by universally awarding assistance to people by virtue of their membership in society, and not by other arbitrary qualification, can we assure that our government remains of the former category.

Taxation isn't theft, it's the price we, each of us, pay for membership in society. It's the dues of a free people who govern themselves, rather than being governed. By claiming the right to be an American, one must also accede to the obligation they owe to America.
40 % of your earnings after the first 250,000 is the price you pay for the fortune of living in a land that enables you to earn such a figure.Because the only other stable,safe,democratic and fair countries are in Europe where they tax a little bit more. Japan is half run by mobsters and China and Russia are run by the military and oligarchs. Those socialistic Europeans and the United States are THE ONLY place such wealth and Freedom can exist.
04:51 AM on 07/18/2011
So only people who pay taxes are members of society, and only those who pay taxes can be awarded assistance by the virtue of the taxes they have paid?

This sounds really strange.

We are all part of society because we live within society. People have rights because of our Creator. Who is actually measuring the virtue of someone's membership in society? I think the poor person did not pay the same income taxes that I did, so I am not going to award any assistance to him. This is really a weird philosophy.
photo
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
OneManRoaring
Tech specialist, former educator & active citizen!
01:57 PM on 07/18/2011
I don't mean to butt in and I understand your point. Perhaps what Mr. LeCompte should have said (and perhaps what he meant) was that we each should pay taxes according to our means. Nobody gets a free ride if they can contribute.

One of the BEST things we can do in this country is to toss the current tax code and establish one that is fair and equitable so that each does indeed pay according to their means. No more loopholes and favoritism.

Make it simple so anyone who has/had a high school education can understand and appreciate it. No more tax accountants to complete tax returns. Everyone can do their own.

Follow One Man Roaring on Twitter: http://twitter.com/omroaring
This user has chosen to opt out of the Badges program
photo
Joseph LeCompte
The USA isnt broke.It was robbed.
10:29 PM on 07/18/2011
The arbitrarily part meant that Americans are Americans not because of race or income level. Those who succeed owe taxes to keep all America afloat. unfortunately with half of Americans earning so little they pay no income taxes the only other hard contribution they make is as soldiers. The top 1% will not send their children to war. The lower classes do. Pay your tax and shut up. The poor do more to protect the rich than they get credit for.
This user has chosen to opt out of the Badges program
03:04 AM on 07/19/2011
If taxes aren't theft, then they must be voluntary, right? Where can I opt out? Or, better yet, where can I decide which services I want to pay taxes for and which ones I'd like to forgo paying for (Foreign wars, drug prohibition, etc)?

Oh wait, I can't. I must pay the amount of taxes that Washington politicians say I must pay, and it funds the things they decide it funds. If I resist, I will be threatened, arrested, or killed. Soooo… if I can't withdraw my consent, why isn't taxation theft? And if taking your money without your consent for some reason isn't theft, then if a member of the government forced a women to have sex against her will, would it be "the price we, each of us, pay for membership in society" and not rape? If not, why not?
photo
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Bonnie Larkin
Oathkeeper AND NRA member
12:51 AM on 07/18/2011
What is good and what is fair - is letting me keep what I have earned myself . -- It is not fair to expect me to spread around what belongs to me -
Our Founding Fathers / our Constitution / this country is about people being able to make the most out of life themselves -- NOT -- the government taking FROM someone and giving to another - THAT is stealing.
This user has chosen to opt out of the Badges program
photo
09:45 AM on 07/18/2011
You so miss the point of having a government run for the people and by the people! Our government isn't about taking from you and giving to another. It's about making our lives safer, easier and happier collectively! If you don't pay your taxes because you think it's unfair, then it's unfair for you to be using the roadways, railroads, school system, fire protection, military protection, police protection, libraries, clean air and water, safe food to eat, safe medicines to take, Medicare and Medicade if you need it, Social Security, etc, etc. You can move on!
This user has chosen to opt out of the Badges program
03:07 AM on 07/19/2011
I would love the option, unfortunately, every time I express that sentiment and assert the desire to opt out of those government services, I'm pretty universally met with shock, horror, insults, and questioning of my patriotism. Most people who don't like taxes don't actually want a free ride; we want to pay for what we use, just like we do for every other thing we buy. Would it to be fair for my grocery bill to fund other peoples' food purchases against my wishes?