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Robert Gallucci

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Preventing Nuclear Terrorism

Posted: 04/ 5/2012 4:01 pm

The President traveled to Seoul and back last week so he could deliver his message to an international summit on nuclear security. But he only broke into the news when he made a mildly embarrassing comment that was picked up by an open mike. The summit itself pretty much went unnoticed.

This is unfortunate, but not surprising. Even though recent presidents and presidential candidates have all said that nuclear terrorism poses the greatest threat to the national security, people inside and outside of government do not act as though they believe it. And until they do, real progress toward securing and then eliminating stocks of fissile material will not be made and, in fact, we will continue to add to those stocks.

We should all be concerned that perhaps during one morning rush hour in a major American city, a nuclear weapon of crude and improvised design will be detonated. Such a device's yield will be far smaller than that of the bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, but still tens of thousands will die instantly from the blast, burns and radiation. Over the following month, thousands more will succumb to burns, injuries, or the effects of radiation. The blast area will be uninhabitable for months or longer.

This is not the stuff of pulp fiction or sensational television; it is a credible scenario.

There is clear evidence that terrorist organizations, such as al-Qaeda, are interested in acquiring and using nuclear weapons. They seek to inflict maximum damage with an economy of means; nothing can accomplish this end more effectively and with more certainty than a nuclear weapon.

We have no reason to believe that a traditional defense against this threat will be effective. We cannot expect to prevent access to our territory, and we cannot expect to deter a terrorist who values our death more than his life.

The danger is not only to the United States or Western Europe, as terror attacks in Moscow, Mumbai and Bali demonstrate. Any nation that faces a threat from terrorism should be concerned.

To prevent such a disastrous attack from happening, we must focus on fissile material -- highly enriched uranium and plutonium -- because getting it is the most difficult step in any plan to attack an American city with a nuclear weapon. Once a reasonably sophisticated terrorist group has obtained fissile material, building the weapon and sneaking it into the United States are not major obstacles.

The challenge for the United States is that only a very small amount of fissile material -- think of a baseball -- is required for a bomb. There are a couple thousand tons of fissile material spread out over 32 countries, stockpiled mostly in nuclear weapons and nuclear energy programs.

National leaders need to acknowledge this as a shared problem. Nations with nuclear material -- whether military or civilian -- must secure and eliminate stocks of highly enriched uranium and plutonium.

In addition, we should follow some simple advice: when you find yourself in a hole, first, stop digging.

The United States should forswear the production of fissile material, now or in the future, and urge other countries to follow our example. A fissile materials production ban would mean no more separation of plutonium from spent fuel and no more enrichment of uranium to high levels. It would entail ending our reliance on fissile materials for any purpose. There is no need to reprocess spent fuel for radioactive waste management or to fuel the current generation of nuclear power reactors. Unless a nation was planning to produce more nuclear weapons - Pakistan and India come to mind -- this policy would pose no hardship. If an immediate ban is not politically possible, we should seek a moratorium.

The threat of nuclear terror is not just possible, it is quite plausible; if effective action is not taken, over time, it is probable.

 
 
 
The President traveled to Seoul and back last week so he could deliver his message to an international summit on nuclear security. But he only broke into the news when he made a mildly embarrassing c...
The President traveled to Seoul and back last week so he could deliver his message to an international summit on nuclear security. But he only broke into the news when he made a mildly embarrassing c...
 
 
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Paperless Tiger
11:29 PM on 04/06/2012
The USA and NATO have already contaminated areas of Kosovo, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Libya with tons of depleted uranium by using nuclear waste materials in their ammunition and even missiles. DU is 60% as radioactive as uranium, so the name is really a misnomer. This stuff is toxic and mutagenic, and the dust from impact can travel for miles, contaminating the ground and eventually the groundwater.

Women in Fallujah, Iraq, are warned of increased likelihood of birth defects because of DU contamination in the area after the USA attacked the city. Furthermore, the "Curse of Fallujah" is an ongoing genocide because DU is radioactive for billions of years.
Rantibus
Cogito, Ergo Rant
11:10 PM on 04/06/2012
In 1991, Congress enacted the Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program. This bipartisan piece of legislation was designed to lessen the threat of WMD theft by locating, deactivating and destroying existing stockpiles, starting in Russia.
By the time Bush was annointed, the program had dismantled 6,212 Russian nuclear warheads, destroyed 520 ICBMs 451 ICBM silos, 642 nuclear air-launched cruise missiles, 445 SLBMs, 408 SLBM launchers, had decommissioned and disposed of 27 strategic missile submarines and had removed ALL nuclear weapons from the Ukraine, Belarus and Kazakhstan. It was an unprecedented, staggeringly successful program.
So, naturally, when Bonzo ensconced himself in the Oval Office, he cut the Nunn-Lugar program budget by $140 million in 2002, then shut it down entirely for eight months. Finally, in January of 2003, he reluctantly allowed it to start up again, but with greatly reduced funding and its purview limited to Russia. But in the meantime, there were hundreds of warheads, tactical nukes, stores of plutonium, decommissioned subs with dirty reactors, all being stored under minimal security waiting for the day that some loony comes over the rusty wire with a burlap sack.
Go figure... by the end of 2004, Bush had already spent over $100 billion in Iraq to "protect" the States from the threat of WMDs that he knew didn't exist, but in 2005 proposed to spend only $409 million to protect us from WMDs in the form of radiological or "dirty" bombs from sources that do.
This user has chosen to opt out of the Badges program
08:58 PM on 04/06/2012
As if "terrorism" had some sane definition.
07:11 PM on 04/06/2012
"We should all be concerned that perhaps during one morning rush hour in a major American city, a nuclear weapon of crude and improvised design will be detonated"

As you get older you realize that you spend far to much time worrying about things that were never going to happen. I fear for the sanity of the next generation who are constantly hit with these types of messages. No wonder so many people are on Prozac and have weekly therapy, theyre probably worried about nuclear weapons being set off down town and worst of all whilst they are trying to get to work during rush hour!

Anyone who is taking this article seriously, anyone who feels angst when reading this type of tripe, I would ask you to take a month off the news altogether, its refreshing and you will miss nothing.
ThinkCreeps
Seriously, it's time.
05:41 PM on 04/06/2012
There are hundreds of tons of fissile material, almost all in the most very secure places, both in Russia and the USA.

The baseball is small, but it weighs well over 10kg.

The total stock is physically small - it could all fit in about 30 cubic meters the same volume as a small kitchen.
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darquelourd
You Get What You Play For
04:29 PM on 04/06/2012
What Madman is responsible for these Nuclear Socks you speak of?
ThinkCreeps
Seriously, it's time.
05:37 PM on 04/06/2012
International terrorknits?
Genders
Love, Tolerance, Enlightenment
02:26 PM on 04/06/2012
YES! and no more nuke power.
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
gsocratesasks
Obama is keeping troops in Afghan past 2014...
12:56 PM on 04/06/2012
Sounds just like the Bush Admin..
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12:41 PM on 04/06/2012
No fissile material=no nuclear reactors,

Perhaps we should drain the oceans of deuterium and tritium too just incase anyone wants to make a hydrogen bomb?

oops, I hope any al-keeda doesn’t read that!
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BigBearcatBill
This is the real Bearcat - a Binturong
10:59 AM on 04/06/2012
Don't know the author, but my guess is he knows a bit more than typical non-science journalist but not that much. As discussed in comments, enrichment to weapons grade "high enriched" takes a much more costly controlled/engineered process than low enriched used for power reactors. Some if not most of older research reactors which are smaller than power reactor, on a few university campuses haved used high enriched fuel that could used in nukes, as a comment here states the country has made efforts to retrieve/secure all here and in allied countries. I think we are doing about all we can, we have experts/engineers working in DC for agencies on this international problem, and it will take cooperation from all countries to get close to 100% assurance securing all weapons material. However I have heard that potential exists and may always be there for a rogue operation likely from another country to hook up with terrorists and supply them with a small nuclear weapon, which they would try to detonate likely in a city. Agencies in DC are working on the emergency response plans for possible attack, and your local/state safety and public health departments should have contacts with these agencies developing response plans. I recommend asking your local authorities about more information they could provide. Always work with you local authorities on these issues before starting panics, they are paid to work with our DC planners and communicate to you.
12:20 AM on 04/09/2012
Enrichment to HEU can be done in the same facility as LEU.
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BigBearcatBill
This is the real Bearcat - a Binturong
01:38 AM on 04/09/2012
yes but takes a lot more energy/effort and is much more dangerous to handle per criticality control issues, therefore LEU fuel fabrication facilities are much different. Next question - there are a lot of countries that make their own LEU fuel pellets/rods/bundles, are they doing their own enrichment too and if so who checks they are not producing HEU, such as Japan, Germany, S. Korea, etc?
09:10 AM on 04/06/2012
The author has mistakenly lumped together uranium enriched for weaponry and uranium enriched for energy purposes. Spent fuel, somehow stolen or sold on the black market, would still require highly sophisticated enriching processes to achieve uranium -235. Different animals, so to speak.
04:20 AM on 04/06/2012
Good idea but ONLY if every single nation participates and NO cheating, no buts and no ifs.
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
roger stillick
Forward for Everyone
02:04 AM on 04/06/2012
the US government has a program of quietly securing fissile materials from all over the world, making large parts of the world fissile material free (unable to make nuclear weapons)... Rachael Maddox has devoted several programs to this...POTUS quietly upgraded this group to highly active status back in 2008... the meeting in Korea was about whats next in this elimination program... too bad the article presented here doesn't mention this... IMHO= POTUS really hates nukes...this program is mostly his show...
01:30 AM on 04/06/2012
Secular-leaning nation-states with vested interests in the status quo (US, Russia, UK, France, Israel, China) have shown that possession of nuclear weapons does not necessitate their use. America only used the two atomic bombs in the end of World War 2 to avoid a costly ground invasion of Japan that would have led to many times more deaths and much more devastation--not an easy decision, and one that will be debated no doubt for decades to come. The danger comes from states with religiously fundamentalist regimes in place or states whose regimes are, in effect, "fundamentalist" in view (Iran, North Korea). Even then, though, the GREATEST danger will come from mobile terrorist cells...or proxy forces, such as Hizbullah on behalf of Teheran.
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Sonic hedgehog
A true word needs no oath
09:38 AM on 04/09/2012
Actually Soviet Union until 1990 and China until recently were very "fundamentalist" according to your definition. Both of those countries had nuclear weapons and never used them. And lacking in your list; countries like India and Pakistan never used them either. And some of those countries, namely US, USSR, Pakistan and India threatened to use nuclear weapons several times. Your point is lost...
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
oldwolf49
Religion is a tool of the evil.
12:44 AM on 04/06/2012
Einstein and Oppenheimer both I'm sure would have rather the issue of nuclear fission never been brought to the table, but they have and oh boy did they ever make a hole it in. Done and done, now what do we do. I remember hearing about how O was able to acquire some "loose" material early in his presidency I believe from one of the old Russian states ( http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/promises/obameter/promise/382/secure-nuclear-weapons-materials-in-four-years/ ) and while I am sure there has been more done I have not heard anything from the republicans about doing the same. Doing anything to make this happen is something and while I agree with the writer that this is a probably event we are not prepared for action is action. Ignoring it is the republican way of life and I for one think something should be done Obama 2012
08:19 AM on 04/06/2012
Sen. Lugar (R) and Nunn (D) were instrumental in creating the Cooperative Threat Reduction program that helped secure material and weapon systems from the former Soviet Union. This program has been going on for nearly two decades and is being managed by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency.
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
oldwolf49
Religion is a tool of the evil.
03:23 PM on 04/06/2012
Whats your point, that Lugar did something 20 years ago?