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Robert P. Jones, Ph.D.

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The American Double Standard on Religious Violence

Posted: 09/20/11 05:40 PM ET

When the news of a bombing in downtown Oslo, Norway, was closely followed by the shocking mass shooting at a teen youth camp on the island of Utøya, major news outlets were quick to pin the blame for the attacks on Muslim extremists. The New York Times briefly reported that a terrorist organization called "Helpers of Global Jihad" had claimed responsibility, while the British newspaper The Sun declared that the events were "Norway's 9/11." Hours later, it was clear that these early reports that the violence was related to religious extremism were correct, but the religion with which they associated the violence was wrong. The perpetrator turned out to be a blond-haired, blue-eyed Norwegian, Anders Behring Breivik, who publicly identified himself as Christian on his Facebook page and also posted online a 1500-page ideological manifesto in which he declared himself to be a "cultural Christian" crusader standing up for Europe's "Christian culture" against the forces of "Islamization."

This revelation re-opened a fundamental question: Are those who carry out acts of violence in the name of a religion true followers of that religion, or not? A new survey from Public Religion Research Institute, and a new joint report by PRRI and the Brookings Institution, reveals that Americans literally apply a double standard when answering this question, depending on whether the perpetrator is Christian or Muslim. More than eight in 10 (83 percent) Americans say that those who commit violence in the name of Christianity are not truly Christian. On the other hand, less than half (48 percent) of Americans extend this same principle to Muslims and say that those who commit violence in the name of Islam are not truly Muslim.

One way of quantifying the double standard is to evaluate the percentage point difference between a group's willingness to affirm the religious identity of self-proclaimed Christian perpetrators vs. self-proclaimed Muslim perpetrators. This double standard gap is, not surprisingly, most pronounced among those who self-identify as Christian, but different Christian groups employ stronger double standards than others. For example, among white evangelical Protestants, the gap is a staggering 47 percentage points: only 10 percent of evangelicals believe that a self-identified Christian perpetrators are really Christian, compared to 57 percent who believe that self-identified Muslim perpetrators are truly Muslim.

The double standard gap for other Christian groups is also large but significantly lower than the gap among white evangelical Protestants: 27 points each for Catholics and white mainline Protestant, and 23 points for black Protestants. Non-Christian religiously affiliated Americans -- a composite group that includes Muslims along with Jews, Buddhists, Hindus and other minority religions -- have the most consistent approach to these questions, with a double standard gap of only 14 points.

The double standard gap also differs by political party affiliation. The double standard gap is 45 points for both Republicans and Americans who identify with the Tea Party movement, nearly double the size of the gap among Independents (25 points) and Democrats (23 points).

This double standard in evaluating religious violence is related to continuing ambivalence among Americans overall about the place of American Muslims and Islam in the country 10 years after the September 11 terrorist attacks. However, one of the most important patterns that emerged in the survey -- and one that foreshadows how Americans may resolve these issues in the future -- is the unique profile of the Millennial generation (Americans ages 18-29).

Outside of the group that includes American Muslims themselves, Millennials are the least likely group to employ a double standard when evaluating violence by self-proclaimed Christians and Muslims. The double standard gap among Millennials is only 17 points, less than half the gap among seniors (36 points). Consistent with this profile, Millennials are also significantly more likely than the public to express comfort with various kinds of public expressions of Muslim practice, and are more likely to say American Muslims are an important part of the religious community.

What does this mean for the future for Muslims in the U.S.? The Millennial generation is the most religiously and ethnicially diverse generation in American history, and as they come of age it seems likely that they will facilitate a resolution of the public's current ambivalence about the place of American Muslims in society in the manner Americans have solved questions about previous groups such as Catholics and Jews: in favor of acceptance.

The Pluralism, Immigration, & Civic Integration survey was designed and conducted by Public Religion Research Institute. Results of the survey were based on 2,450 bilingual (Spanish and English) telephone interviews, including 804 cell phone interviews, conducted between August 1, 2011 and August 14, 2011. The margin of error is +/-2.0 percentage points for the general sample at the 95 percent confidence interval. The full report, jointly released by PRRI and the Brookings Institution, along with the topline questionnaire and methodology, can be found here.

This article was originally posted by Dr. Jones on his new blog "Figuring Faith" at the Washington Post's On Faith section.

 
 
 

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HUFFPOST COMMUNITY MODERATOR
HotelDrama
10:42 PM on 09/21/2011
If religion is a causal factor in terrorism, we would see much more terrorism every day, considering that the vast majority of humans are religious. The root cause of violent struggle (including terrorism) is about control of resources, not about ideology. Ideology just helps to get people to commit violent acts. Its a guise to make it palatable. If all religion were to somehow be wiped off the face of the planet tomorrow, we would still have terrorism and violent struggle.
03:08 PM on 09/21/2011
They are all true Scotsmen, if that is what you're asking
This user has chosen to opt out of the Badges program
10:06 AM on 09/21/2011
All organized religion sanctifies violence, especially against children, women and non-believers. Usually in that order. End organized religion.
03:11 PM on 10/04/2011
I welcome your thoughts regarding http://blogspotthinker.blogspot.com/2011/10/gods-vengefulness.html.
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Redhunteur
If I damn yer POV will u turn the other cheek?
08:02 AM on 09/21/2011
I've been seeing this for years and especially since the anders attack in Norway. It's disgusting and dishonest. Yet the one thing nearly every single terror attack has in common is that SOME religion is behind it. Nearly every single time. It's funny that people who don't walk a religious path don't seem to have any reason for holy wars. Oh wait, not "funny", I meant "obvious".
08:29 PM on 09/28/2011
You don't need a religious path to fight wars. Marxists and Nazis fought some pretty destructive wars..
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kodimirpal
teacher
07:36 AM on 09/21/2011
History has been such that the West’s relations with Islamic world have from the first been radically different from those with any other civilisation….Europe has known Islam thirteen centuries ( now fourteen), mostly as an enemy and a threat. It is no wonder that Muhammad more than any other of the world’s religious leaders has had a “poor press” in the West and that Islam is the least appreciated there of any of the world’s other faiths. Until Karl Marx and the rise of communism the prophet had organised and launched the only serious challenge to western civilisation that it has faced the whole course of history….the attack was directed both, both military and ideological. And it was powerful

Quoted from the Book Islam in Modern Histroy (Page 109)
Author Wilfred Cantwell Smith.
09:45 PM on 09/20/2011
If by double standard you mean to judge Christians by one standard and Muslims by another standard, then of course it's a double standard. Christianity and Islam are different religions. They're apples and oranges. In fact, it would be ignorant to judge Christians and Muslims by a single standard.
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AxisV
Drift on numbered days
01:05 AM on 09/21/2011
Why would it be so?
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kodimirpal
teacher
07:14 AM on 09/21/2011
Western observers have sought again and again to force upon a faith which has often shown great religious tolerance, a narrow stereotype which portrays it all as the quintessence of cruelty and intolerance.

In Lebanon for example there are Muslim terrorists, Christian terrorists and Jewish terrorists( along the Israel Lebanon border)

But you will not hear of Christian or Jewish terrorists. All acts of violence are put together and wrapped up in the package of ‘Islamic terrorism’.

The conduct of adherents of every religion varies from country to country, from sect to sect, from age to age and from person to person.

How very different is the conduct of Jesus’s disciples from those in Pinochet’s Chile, or in South Africa, who claim to uphold Christian values.

Which is to represent Christianity? Are we to describe the First and Second World wars, in which millions of people lost their lives as Christian wars against humanity?

Any act of war in a Muslim country is perceived in the West as the extension of ‘Islamic terrorism’ but in any other country such an act is seen as a political dispute( Hindus fighting for a separate Tamil Elam in Sri Lanka).

Why must such dual standard of justice prevail? One really begins to wonder if there is an undercurrent of hatred for Islam beneath the apparently calm surface of Christian civilization.

Is it perhaps a hangover from centuries of Crusades against Muslim powers,
Is the old wine of secularists venom served in new goblets.
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Redhunteur
If I damn yer POV will u turn the other cheek?
07:46 AM on 09/21/2011
Totally wrong. It's Pepsi vs. Coke for crying out loud.

Ironic that you think it's ignorant to compare them.
04:04 PM on 10/04/2011
You're obviously one of those who believes all religions are the same. You're also completely wrong.

If we go with your soft drink analogy, Methodists and Presbyterians might be Pepsi and Coke. Catholics would then be Dr. Pepper. Islam would have to be Grape Nehi or maybe Yoo Hoo.

Oh, the irony of being so ignorant as to find my post ironic...
08:55 PM on 09/20/2011
I don't think you can simply call it a double standard. What they are saying is they think violence is inconsistent with the teachings of Christianity, but consistent with the teachings Islam. They are different religions with different teachings, so one can make such an argument without using a double standard. You can disagree with it of course, but that doesn't make it a double standard.
09:41 PM on 09/20/2011
What non sense generalization. Stop throwing these one liners. Please start. Every verse that you can quote from quran will find a counterpart in bible.
10:28 PM on 09/20/2011
What generalization did I make? I simply pointed out that the author made an baseless assumption. Just because people view Christianity and Islam differently doesn't mean they are using a double standard. If a teacher marks two papers and gives one an A and the other a C does that mean she used a double standard? Not necessarily. She could have used the exact same standard for both, but felt they deserved different grades. I don't need to quote a single verse from anything to make my point as it is a pretty simply matter of logic.
11:32 PM on 09/20/2011
I don't need to quote verse as I was simply pouting out what I feel is a leap in the writer's logic.
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Norm K
09:56 PM on 09/20/2011
Christianity spent centuries engaged in "Crusades" amd "Inquisitions" against atheists, heathens, and other religions. Those weren't one-off, lone wolf events.
10:35 PM on 09/20/2011
I didn't actually argue that Christianity is not a religion of violence while Islam is. I simply pointed out that the author makes a logical leap, concluding that a double standard is being used, when it is logically possible that one faith is consistent with violence, while another is not. Do you have anything to say that engages my actual point?
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buggeroffyou666
Hierophant of the Crawling Chaos
08:19 PM on 09/20/2011
As much as the Abrahamic myth god calls for violence, rape murder, theft, slavery, bestiality and every other atrocity I can think of its hard to try to claim the violent acts by violent people is not part and parcel of religion.
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Robert SF
07:31 PM on 09/20/2011
"Are those who carry out acts of violence in the name of a religion true followers of that religion, or not?"
===

Well, whether Christian or Muslim, THEY certainly seem to think they are true followers of their religion. The better question is this: why does Islam inspire so many more people to violence than Christianity does?
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buggeroffyou666
Hierophant of the Crawling Chaos
08:25 PM on 09/20/2011
It doesn't. If you look at the history of Judaism and Christianity up to the Christian terrorist in the US right now and the Christian acts of genocide in Africa now (not to mention that good catholic Hitler).
It seems to boil down to the Muslim myth being youngest of the three and is in the same place as the other faiths during their expansion threw conquest phase.
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kodimirpal
teacher
07:33 AM on 09/21/2011
What is the cause of such strong feelings by Christians to ostrasize Islam.

After all the root of both religions is the same. Blood relatives understand each other least of all.

Let me quote a Swedish scholar on this issue.

A Christian sees much in Islam which reminds him of his own religion, but he sees it in the extremely distorted form. He finds ideas and statements of belief clearly related to those of his own religion, but which nevertheless, turns off into strangely different paths.

Islam is so familiar to us that we pass it by with careless indifference with which we ignore that which we know and know only too well.

And yet it is not familiar enough to us to enable us really to understand its uniqueness, and the spirit by which it has won its own place in the sphere of religion, a place which it still rightly occupies by virtue of its very existence.

We find it much easier to understand religions that are completely new and strange to us: as for example, the religions of India and China. A greater degree of insight and of spiritual freedom is required of him who would understand the Arabian Prophet and his book

Tor Andrae in his book
Mohammed: Tha Man and His Faith
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HUFFPOST COMMUNITY MODERATOR
HotelDrama
08:31 PM on 09/20/2011
Maybe religion has nothing to do with terrorism?
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Razpooten
Nil homini certum est
10:11 PM on 09/20/2011
There is no maybe to it.
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Robert SF
07:29 PM on 09/20/2011
It's not a double standard. It has to do with the fact that the founder (or at least the founding icon) of Christianity preached peace while the founder of Islam preached violence.
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buggeroffyou666
Hierophant of the Crawling Chaos
08:26 PM on 09/20/2011
? You may want to reread your bible.
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Robert SF
08:59 PM on 09/20/2011
Put up a counter-argument if you have one.
09:40 PM on 09/20/2011
Have you ever read the final sermon of the prophet of Islam RSF?
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
see-ellen2001
06:40 PM on 09/20/2011
Gee, you just have to read some HP comments to know there is a double standard.
06:24 PM on 09/20/2011
Yes, of course there is a double standard, but considering the religious tenets of evangelicals, that is hardly surprising. Acting under the delusion that they each enjoy a "personal relationship with Jesus Christ," of course they see themselves as God's new, modern "Chosen People." Translation: anything they want to do has God's own divine stamp of approval, and is highly likely to earn them a place in "Heaven" for having "done His divine Will." Substitute the Arabic name for God--Allah--and you have a people who are identical in all respects worth mentioning to the sociopathic, murderous theocrats who have been governing Iran since 1979. It is precisely this belief which makes them such a deadly (and potentially lethal) danger to American democracy.
09:38 PM on 09/20/2011
NO WE DONT THINK WE ARE THE CHOSEN PEOPLE WE ARE THE CALLED.
06:22 PM on 09/20/2011
Quote: "Millennials are the least likely group to employ a double standard when evaluating violence by self-proclaimed Christians and Muslims."

It really is true that over time, generations become more tolerant. As long as younger generations become more liberal than their predecessors, time will yield progress. This is why I have hope for the future.