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Robert Reich

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The Non Zero-Sum Society

Posted: 01/29/2013 7:40 am

As President Obama said in his inaugural address last week, America "cannot succeed when a shrinking few do very well and a growing many barely make it."

Yet that continues to be the direction we're heading in.

A newly-released analysis by the Economic Policy Institute shows that the super-rich have done well in the economic recovery while almost everyone else has done badly. The top 1 percent of earners' real wages grew 8.2 percent from 2009 to 2011, yet the real annual wages of Americans in the bottom 90 percent have continued to decline in the recovery, eroding by 1.2 percent between 2009 and 2011.

In other words, we're back to the widening inequality we had before the debt bubble burst in 2008 and the economy crashed.

But the President is exactly right. Not even the very wealthy can continue to succeed without a broader-based prosperity. That's because 70 percent of economic activity in America is consumer spending. If the bottom 90 percent of Americans are becoming poorer, they're less able to spend. Without their spending, the economy can't get out of first gear.

That's a big reason why the recovery continues to be anemic, and why the International Monetary Fund just lowered its estimate for U.S. growth in 2013 to just 2 percent.

Almost a quarter of all jobs in America now pay wages below the poverty line for a family of four. The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates 7 out of 10 growth occupations over the next decade will be low-wage -- like serving customers at big-box retailers and fast-food chains.

At this rate, who's going to buy all the goods and services America is capable of producing? We can't return to the kind of debt-financed consumption that caused the bubble in the first place.

Get it? It's not a zero-sum game. Wealthy Americans would do better with smaller shares of a rapidly-growing economy than with the large shares they now possess of an economy that's barely moving.

If they were rational, the wealthy would support public investments in education and job-training, a world-class infrastructure (transportation, water and sewage, energy, internet), and basic research -- all of which would make the American workforce more productive.

If they were rational they'd even support labor unions -- which have proven the best means of giving working people a fair share in the nation's prosperity.

But labor unions are almost extinct.

The decline of labor unions in America tracks exactly the decline in the bottom 90 percent's share of total earnings, and shrinkage of the middle class.

In the 1950s, when the U.S. economy was growing faster than 3 percent a year, more than a third of all working people belonged to a union. That gave them enough bargaining clout to get wages that allowed them to buy what the economy was capable of producing.

Since the late 1970s, unions have eroded -- as has the purchasing power of most Americans, and not coincidentally, the average annual growth of the economy.

Last week the Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that as of 2012 only 6.6 percent of workers in the private sector were unionized. (That's down from 6.9 percent in 2011.) That's the lowest rate of unionization in almost a century.

What's to blame? Partly globalization and technological change. Globalization sent many unionized manufacturing plants abroad.

Manufacturing is starting to return to America but it's returning without many jobs. The old assembly line has been replaced by robotics and numerically-controlled machine tools.

Technologies have also replaced many formerly unionized workers in telecommunications (remember telephone operators?) and clerical jobs.

But wait. Other nations subject to the same forces have far higher levels of unionization than America. 28 percent ofCanada's workforce is unionized, as is more than 25 percent of Britain's, and almost 20 percent of Germany's.

Unions are almost extinct in America because we've chosen to make them extinct.

Unlike other rich nations, our labor laws allow employers to replace striking workers. We've also made it exceedingly difficult for workers to organize, and we barely penalized companies that violate labor laws. (A worker who's illegally fired for trying to organize a union may, if lucky, get the job back along with back pay -- after years of legal haggling.)

Republicans, in particular, have set out to kill off unions. Union membership dropped 13 percent last year in Wisconsin, which in 2011 curbed the collective bargaining rights of many public employees. And it fell 18 percent last year in Indiana, which last February enacted a right-to-work law (allowing employees at unionized workplaces to get all the benefits of unionization without paying for them). Last month Michigan enacted a similar law.

Don't blame globalization and technological change for why employees at Walmart , America's largest employer, still don't have a union. They're not in global competition and their jobs aren't directly threatened by technology.

The average pay of a Walmart worker is $8.81 an hour. A third of Walmart's employees work less than 28 hours per week and don't qualify for benefits.

Walmart is a microcosm of the American economy. It has brazenly fought off unions. But it could easily afford to pay its workers more. It earned $16 billion last year. Much of that sum went to Walmart's shareholders, including the family of its founder, Sam Walton.

The wealth of the Walton family now exceeds the wealth of the bottom 40 percent of American families combined, according to an analysis by the Economic Policy Institute.

But how can Walmart expect to continue to show fat profits when most of its customers are on a downward economic escalator?

Walmart should be unionized. So should McDonalds. So should every major big-box retailer and fast-food outlet in the nation. So should every hospital in America.

That way, more Americans would have enough money in their pockets to get the economy moving. And everyone -- even the very rich -- would benefit.

As Obama said, America cannot succeed when a shrinking few do very well and a growing many barely make it.

ROBERT B. REICH, Chancellor's Professor of Public Policy at the University of California at Berkeley, was Secretary of Labor in the Clinton administration. Time Magazine named him one of the ten most effective cabinet secretaries of the last century. He has written thirteen books, including the best sellers "Aftershock" and "The Work of Nations." His latest is an e-book, "Beyond Outrage," now available in paperback. He is also a founding editor of the American Prospect magazine and chairman of Common Cause.

 

Follow Robert Reich on Twitter: www.twitter.com/RBReich

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As President Obama said in his inaugural address last week, America "cannot succeed when a shrinking few do very well and a growing many barely make it." Yet that continues to be the direction we're ...
As President Obama said in his inaugural address last week, America "cannot succeed when a shrinking few do very well and a growing many barely make it." Yet that continues to be the direction we're ...
 
 
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06:43 AM on 02/07/2013
Eliminating unions is part of the GOp and GOp lite DEm plan.
When O didnt support the Wisc.public unions it showed his stance clearly.
DEms used to be the party of labor,but have wandered from that mantra.
Its all part of a plot to return the US to the Gilded age.
Poverty or unemployment for workers.Vast wealth for the few.
Wages have stagnated while Corp profits soared.
No wonder the economy is tanking.Average folks are broke.
Middle class creates huge demand.The rich have the $,but dont consume anywhere near as much.
06:21 AM on 02/07/2013
It has never been easy to unionize.
Labor violence during strikes was common.
Govt always lined up with business to suppress workers efforts.
Only during WW1 did unions make headway.
FDR was prolabor and unions flourished.
Unions were mostly in MFg.
That is in decline.Robots will eliminate workers too.
As long as Govt is neutral ,indifferent,or against labor unions will decline.
Reich is correct.Big box stores and fast food are the ideal jobs to unioinize.They are local and cant be automated or out sourced.
07:55 AM on 02/03/2013
History repeats.
07:42 AM on 02/03/2013
I don't eat at Mickey D's and I have really cut back on my shopping with Walmart. The problem is that people don't stick together like they used to. In the last Century people didn't have mass media, intantaneous communication, and other modern distractions. They talked to each other face to face and came together for common concerns and goals. Union rights were fought for and one of the few ways a worker could have enough power to have equality in the workplace, where their welfare and grievances would be heard and respected. Much of it has changed because business places the emphasis on "Us vs Them" and it's every man for himself. There will come a time when our great nation will not be so because greed, destruction of the environment, and complacency will lead to its demise. After all the Roman Empire was great too and it came to a disasterous end because of many of the things that occurred then that are going on right now here in the US.
01:18 PM on 02/05/2013
People used to have to live close to their workplaces in neighborhoods where they went to the same stores, churches, restaurants, bars, etc. They were constantly talking and organizing themselves. On most of the construction jobs I'm on, we all live in different towns up to 100 miles away. We don't socialize off the job and most of us don't go to union meetings because we live 30 miles from the union halls. The political education we get from the unions is just "vote Democrat."
11:03 AM on 02/01/2013
Spock said it best " the needs of the many outweigh the needs of the few"
08:37 PM on 01/31/2013
Then none of us could afford a hamburger.
06:00 PM on 01/31/2013
I don't think mandatory unions would work ---- having no threat of ever disbanding and knowing that they would ALWAYS have an uninterrupted revenue stream would turn them into corrupt country-clubs rather then necessary checks-and-balances on corporate greed/exploitation. There are plenty of laws protecting unions ---- as always the power and decisions lie in the hands of the workers....
01:25 PM on 02/05/2013
Union members, myself included, have allowed our staff and leaders to use our unions as "corrupt country-clubs" through decades of neglect. Our leadership has taken advantage of our lack of participation by cutting down union democracy. Elections don't equal democracy. I'm old enough where I don't want to spend 20 years trying to reform the Laborers, the dinosaur I've belonged to for 35 years. It was mobbed up for my first 20 years and it's been corporatized for the last 15. I'm thinking about organizing low-wage workers and the unemployed more on a community organizing basis rather than in workplace unions. I believe in unionism, but actually existing unions in the US suck for the most part.
02:47 PM on 01/30/2013
Robert I agree with your Premise and what is the lowest common denominator, unexpected health care expenses because we have let the wealthy profit from our ill health.
The solution even for the President is add organic sulfur to your diet and the rich, the wealthy, the Royals will not longer have unhealthy slaves, we will be citizens and stop giving our money to the one percent. The power of the purse, is our purse.
Got sulfur?
01:25 PM on 01/30/2013
I think the only solution to this dilemma is a program of guaranteed income, paid for by confiscatory taxes on the wealthy.
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sal ear
Hi, how are you?
04:26 PM on 01/30/2013
anything is possible.
S M V
Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses
09:46 AM on 01/31/2013
How do you deal with the resulting disincentives to earn income?
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12:34 PM on 01/30/2013
Mr Reich is right. People should be a part of a union. The problem is that today we give people a choice and left up to their own free will, people are likely to make the wrong choice for themselves. Informed concent is far too over rated. We need to remove choice from a persons life and guide them to make the best decision for them. No one should have the option to join a union or not, they should just be enrolled in a union as a condition of getting a paycheck just like we're now doing with health care.
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William Occam
Do not assume
08:31 PM on 01/30/2013
And they should all have blond hair
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08:53 PM on 01/30/2013
It's for the common good of the collective.
03:27 PM on 01/31/2013
Lets make them eat exactly what we want them to eat and limit what activities they can do, too. It is for the good of all of us. No one should have the authority to run his own life. That is for our overlords to decide for us.
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09:51 AM on 02/01/2013
True - We need government to limit the size of our soft drinks, salt, trans-fats because the people are not smart enough to make the correct choices on their own.  This is exactly what Mr. Reich is refering to.
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MadAs
Tuned-in science editor
11:58 AM on 01/30/2013
Dr Reich,
After reading through some of the lame-brained comments challenging you here, I recalled a genetics class from years ago in which the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Principle was vividly demonstrated with a large jar filled with black and white beans, which after a series of removals and replacements showed to any skeptics that the principle was valid and worked -- always.

I think the same sort of thing could be done to prove your principle, albeit it might take more than just black and white beans. And I'm sure all the beanheads out there would find great solace and trust from the use of beans, as opposed to, say, marbles (given their predisposition towards losing them).
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Brian Gilmer
Good citizens make good citizens.
12:59 PM on 01/30/2013
What are you implying when you use black and white beans? Who gets to be the black beans the poor people? We all know the bad conotation attached to the color black. In Japan white simbolizes purity.

And why put us in a jar? Is that some kind of metaphor for government control? Who decides which beans get to be removed? The government I am sure. This whole idea of beans and jars smell of tyrany and anarchy.
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MadAs
Tuned-in science editor
03:40 PM on 01/30/2013
Actually Brian never thought of it that way. The colors we used were representing two expressions of a gene. They were in a jar so that beans didn't scatter all over the place as important not to lose any.  Settle down. Everything does not have hidden meaning.
11:09 AM on 01/30/2013
In workplace environments where leadership and culture is missing, Return On Investment is taken primarily on the backs of human labor. On the most part, this is because those in charge lack knowledge of another method of management to employ which can do otherwise. Fortunately, subjugating human labor is not a sustainable source of returns and these companies will fail.

Over recent years, unfortunately, our society has taken much collateral damage from these management-style failures. And, regrettably, our collective ignorance of the late W. Edwards Deming’s wisdom, vision, and methods for proper sustainable management leaves those so unenlightened no alternative but to try the same failed adversarial labor/management approach again and again.

Why is it that we so proudly join together for our collective wellbeing when we vote for candidates seeking office and on issues that impact us on a local, state, and national level. But we fail so miserably at using our right of assembly to create a collective voice in our workplaces?

Although history has proven that we will all take some lumps by organizing human labor into one collective voice, these lumps will be a small price to pay once we have pressured those in charge of creating profits to expand their theory of management. Only then will they be able to finally castoff this failed adversarial labor/management approach and learn to employ a sustainable method of management, provided by Deming, that had been in front of them all along.
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MadAs
Tuned-in science editor
12:13 PM on 01/30/2013
Well said. Re the lumps, I would add that greed and over-reach are not unique to management, and that whether at labor or management levels, greed is the problematic cancer needing to be excised.

The system might benefit from adding a third party: labor, management, and Facilitator (unbiased, neutral with special knowledge of the salaries under negotiation).
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jstrate
11:01 AM on 01/30/2013
Those concerned about the issue of growing inequality should read Peter Corning's recent book, The Fair Society. A political community is a collective survival/reproduction entity. Any civilized society has a moral obligation to meet the basic needs of its people--he identifies 14 primary needs. The U.S. no longer meets these basic needs for many of its people. A civilized society is also morally obliged to furnish additional rewards to those who through their own efforts contribute the most to the community. It's time to move beyond capitalism and socialism and strike a balance. Unions help to diminish the gross imbalance in economic/political power between capital and labor.
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gerald4
licensed mechanical and electrical engineer
10:56 AM on 01/30/2013
The Arab Spring and the Wisconsin protests were really opposites, and not very similar to each other at all.

The elite overpaid greedy government bureaucratic state and other local union government employees in Wisconsin were protesting in Madison last year demanding that the State Government take more money from the wealth creating taxpaying businessmen, the taxpaying non-government workers, and the property owners to then give that tax collected money to the Elite Government Bureaucratic union workers that do not create any wealth but only consume national wealth in the form of more government worker pay and retirement benefits.

What happens if the businesses leave that state to escape these additional taxes, and take their non-government jobs with them?

When the costs of US federal, state, and municipal Union Bureaucratic Salaries and Benefits in the USA get to be too bloated, then riots by the US taxpayers might also occur as they were occurring in the Middle East during the Arab Spring of 2011.
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gerald4
licensed mechanical and electrical engineer
11:12 AM on 01/30/2013
At least in the USA you have the opportunity to work hard and join the rich, as compared to Egypt Bahrain, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia and/or Libya where you have to be politically and/or family connected and/or bribe some government official to get government license to become a businessman!

Alon Ben-Meir, Senior Fellow, NYU's Center for Global Affairs said, “When university graduate turned street vendor Mohamed Bouazizi set himself on fire in front of a government building in Sid Bouzid, Tunisia he unleashed a torrent of long-repressed political expression in the Middle East.

Through his brave self-immolation, he sent a clear message to his generation: die with dignity rather than continue to live and suffer the daily indignities that amount to an unfulfilled life. It is that message that empowered Egyptians, Yemenis, Libyans, Syrians and others to protest and die in the hope that their sacrifices would bring an end to their daily injustices…..”

It all started on 17 December 2010 when Tunisian fruit-seller Mohamed Bouazizi set himself on fire outside the building of the local officials who had abused him. With that extraordinary act of protest, the Arab Spring began.

Driven to despair after his unlicensed fruit and vegetable cart -- bought on credit -- was confiscated by the police, Bouazizi expressed his refusal to submit to those who abuse their power the only way he could, by paying the supreme price.

If only there had been another way.
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Martha Fair
Professional RepubliBilly Factchecker
08:35 AM on 01/31/2013
The South is a bastion of Republican thinking and pro-business at the expense of the American worker. Case in point...the 10 poorest states in the nation are all controlled by the Republican party and have been for decades (source US Census). Unfortunately, they also contain the highest number of working poor receiving entitlements (source USDA). So in order for business to enjoy the benefits of low wages, the rest of us are forced to subsidize these states. It's no secret that all are "Right To Work For Nothing" states, an agenda that has been successfully used to bust unions in Wisconsin. The GOP will eventually institute these policies for themselves in every state. Is it any wonder why wages have eroded in a downward spiral ever since? The same people who live in poverty are the same ones who continue to vote for Republicans thereby sealing their own fate to create a legacy of poverty. When the unions were strong, this country enjoyed the highest standard of living in modern history and the US was the envy of the free world. It's no secret that the demolition of Union membership is in direct correlation to the constant erosion of wages that we are seeing now. Being a businessman, if you had any sense at all you would know that your business won't thrive without people having a discretionary income in order to buy your product or the services they provide. Common sense should tell you that.
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MadAs
Tuned-in science editor
11:32 AM on 01/30/2013
Credible and numerous studies do not agree with your right-wing myth that government salaries are bloated. In fact most show the salary level to be less than their private-sector counterparts. As an enviromental biologist, I have witnessed that personally, the private sector jobs being much more lucrative.

What you need to focus on Gerald, instead of envying their salary, is perhaps how you can make yourself more competitive to be able to qualify for one of those government jobs.
01:48 PM on 01/30/2013
Please link to one "credible ... study" that shows government salaries below private sector. I believe you will find that what you are viewing as credible, is funded by left leaning think tank or public employee union. Once packages are aligned apples to apples (salary, benefits, pensions, and lower job turnover) the result is typically that public positions are at worst equal, and more often, higher. About the only argument that holds water is that public employees have higher levels of education, apples to apples, which should support higher pay. That said, when you put into a contract that an extra degree gets you an automatic raise, and you give the employee time to get that degree, it would be surprising if that were not the result.

In any case, the GASB accounting of pensions and benefits vastly understates the costs relative to FASB accounting of corporate pensions and benefits.
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William Occam
Do not assume
09:08 PM on 01/30/2013
Think about what you are saying. why wouldn't every public sector employee quit and work in the private sector instead of public employees havng one of the lowest turnover rates of any profession?

Here's a link to some studies that indicate public employees get paid more and work less than their private sector peers

http://bluecravat.blogspot.com/2012/11/government-employees-love-their-country.html?m=0
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09:53 AM on 01/30/2013
Labor union costs were many companies decisions to leave the US. The American way of buying where it's cheapest; to save money for other needed expenditures, will keep union operated companies at a minimum.
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dennidus1680
10:55 AM on 01/30/2013
Really? And "free trade" policies had nothing to do with it huh? Political policy making and economics had everything to do with it, as well as the fact that profit maximization is the prime concern for companies with short term thinking.
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sal ear
Hi, how are you?
05:10 PM on 01/30/2013
OK. Here's what I think you said: 'Many companies decided to leave the US to avoid Labor Union costs. American Businesses want to buy raw materials and hire Labor at the lowest possible cost. As a result, few US Companies will employ Union Labor.'

Which Companies left the USA? When did they leave? Did the COMPANIES actually leave the USA? Or did the Companies you reference outsource jobs to other Nations, where local worker's incomes are dramatically less than those of American Workers?

There is a BIG difference! I would encourage ANY Corp that wants to leave the USA to go!

AND these Companies need to move their ENTIRE BUSINESS (Corp Hdqtrs & Operations) to the various emerging locales: e.g., China, S/E Asia, Etc., Etc........Also, OWNERS, EXECS, and any residual American employees need to relo & live in the Emerging Nations/locales that best serve the Business' financial interests.

How do you think US CEOs would like China? Consider the following:

In China, on Aug 31 2011, Li Hua, former chairman and general manager of the Sichuan division of China Mobile was sentenced to death for accepting more than $2.5 million in bribes. (Hua had an option for reprieve - life in prison - but I don't know whether that was successful).

Do you see the fundamental inequity?