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Seth Shostak

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American Space Research: An Also-Ran?

Posted: 07/17/11 06:26 PM ET

You can hear the sounds of gnashing teeth and wringing hands. The Space Shuttle is loping towards the sunset, leaving the United States without its own means for putting people in orbit for the first time in a half-century. And the James Webb Space Telescope, the anointed successor to the Hubble, is apparently being marched to the gallows by a Congress unwilling to feed its growing maw for money.

For a generation, this country led the way in both space exploration and astronomy. So it's clearly a wrench to see America -- whose cultural soul was forged by frontier heroes -- giving up the final frontier.

You've read the opinions and you've heard the arguments. The Shuttle's functions can be replaced by private-sector rocketry, so the current dependency on Russian launch vehicles is nothing more than a hiatus, a pause while we shift gears. This assessment, although possibly tainted with Pollyannaish optimism, seems fair.

But the threat to the Webb telescope is more menacing. "Bad move" sums up the analysis of those who argue that forsaking this major observatory will make the U.S. an also-ran in astronomical research.

Understand: the JWST is not merely a souped-up Hubble. It's a different instrument that can truly look where no telescope has ever been able to look before, far beyond the limits of Hubble -- to probe an epoch when the universe was dark. Not dark the way the sky appears on a clear night in the country, but scary, brutally dark... like a cave when your headlamp fails.

The Big Bang was not dark, of course. But the scorching fireball that marked the birth of the cosmos cooled quickly. After only a few hundred thousand years, the very early universe resembled its description in Genesis: it was a dark, formless void.

It stayed this way for hundreds of millions of years -- unseen and unseeable -- until the coming together of clumps of atoms finally spawned the first stars -- enormous boiling nuclear fires, hundreds of times the size of the Sun, and a million times brighter. The cosmos was pierced by pinpoints of light, and has remained so ever since.

The JWST, which unlike Hubble can make images in the infrared, could espy this initial burgeoning of stars and their homes -- the earliest galaxies. It would fill in a major, missing puzzle piece in the history of our universe.

But given that the current economic climate is stormier than Antarctic seas, should we really be spending money on this type of exploratory science? After all, will it really benefit the job market or the balance of payments to better know how the cosmos came into being?

Not directly. But let's try not to be myopic. Understanding the dark ages of the universe may seem both esoteric and useless, but that would be an assessment worthy of a Philistine. The benefit of acquiring such knowledge is both long-term and significant. Despite the expense, this is an investment that Congress should make.

Why? I could try convincing you with the usual right thinking. For example, I might note that NASA research is one of the most lucrative ways your government can spend money, typically returning ten dollars to the private economy for every dollar invested. And yes, I could resort to ever-popular comparisons with other federal expenditures, and point out, yet again, how NASA's annual budget is the cost of one month of fighting in the Afghan desert. You've heard such arguments many times.

But try this: exploration and new knowledge are singular hallmarks of our species. They are our finest accomplishments. When we sacrifice them in the name of immediate needs -- a tactic that sounds humane -- we, in fact, give up an essential aspect of our humanity.

No, America doesn't have to build this instrument. We can let others take the lead in breeching the frontier. That's often justified. But not always, and not habitually. Being an "also ran" a few times too often makes you a loser. Edward Gibbon noted that the fundamental cause for the fall of the Roman Empire wasn't aggressive barbarians or lead in the dinnerware. It was neglect. Those things we don't do, frequently affect history more than those we do.

And yes, funding the Webb telescope will require more money for NASA. Not so much for the telescope itself, but to avoid strip-mining all the other research sponsored by this agency. But just as Cosimo II was right to fund Galileo and Prince Lichnowsky was justified in supporting Beethoven, we should bequeath to our children an instrument that can uncover some of the greatest secrets nature has. Difficult? Of course. But as Edward R. Murrow said, "difficulty is the one excuse that history never accepts."

 
 
 
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05:22 PM on 08/17/2011
I have long believed that NASA was a epic boondoggle. As a progressive I support most government spending that advances the general welfare.
The reason I am more rediscent with regards to outer space spending and the some military spending is they are highly cost in-effective. The benifits (no matter how dramatacily romantisized and exagerrated) are exponentialy less than ANY other spending. Furthermore opportunity for and instances of profiteering are ubiquitous in these endeavors.
The cynic in me believes that the reasons I question these expenditures most voiciforously is precisely WHY they recieve such full throated support from right wingers. They are the two most efficient ways for those who seek to bankrupt the government do so.
Spending on earthly infrastructer by contrast not only results in a tangable asset (road, bridge , dam etc.) it also enhances the prospect for productive economic activity to ensue.(tax base). Goal of right wing (as expressed by Reagan) to bankrupt and destroy the government ( "the problem") is not achieved , therefore right-wingers oppose it.
If the popular will of the people cannot be implemented (because right wingers bankrupted the government), the power of the super-rich right wing sponsers reigns uncontested.
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04:53 PM on 08/14/2011
Seth Shostak,

countries are old news. It's all aboot Humanity having allegiances to Humanity now :3
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R.W. Sanders
Numerous questions, too little expertise
01:35 AM on 07/19/2011
Our exploits in space have indeed been more lucrative than one can imagine. For example, computers, the very vehicles we use daily for so very many things, are largely results from space and our atomic research. True, we invented computers to help with building an atomic bomb. But we personalized them because we needed vast computing power that we could carry into space. Miniaturization is seen in almost every item we use in our daily lives. Had our government not spent money on physicists and the research they do, we would be stuck in a comparative stone age.

Those who are so fixated on cutting are looking through the wrong end of the telescope.
06:45 PM on 08/17/2011
All the advances you tout as space program contributions could, should and would have been accomplished independent of the trillion dollar rabbitt hole of the space program.

Mix a quart of kool-aid on earth 1 dollar. Mix a quart of tang in space 100 million. Great plan if your intent is bankrupt the government and line your pockets.
lastpost
see biography
10:17 AM on 07/18/2011
"Pollyannaish optimism"
Hope (optimism?), the best comfort of our imperfect condition:Edward Gibbon.
We don’t need a telescope to see that we are currently looking up our own backside Seth. When we are operating as Team Humanity, (not long now), we’ll move ahead at a speed that will more than compensate for this brief hiatus.
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StarDagger
The Welfare of the People is the Supreme Law
08:51 AM on 07/18/2011
America is a falling Empire, we are in the final phases, Collapse and Dissolution.
Do you really expect Congress members who think the universe is 6000 years old to support funding for something that talks about a 15+ billion year old universe.

Do not fret though, the EU, China and Russia will move forward, Planet America is not Planet Earth, humanity will move forward. The US is marginalizing itself with its backward beliefs and governmental structure.
If americans want to stop being the joke of the world they need to stop waving flags and insist on government that works, rather than insisting on their own little pet projects.

Game Over.

-.

.-
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realitytrumpsbull
Two 'alves of coconut!
07:31 AM on 07/18/2011
Well, Starbase 12 and Deep Look are just going to have to wait, because the impending, life-ending calamity on the horizon, approaching rapidly, is the fact that we're boldly going into debt like no other country's gone before, and if this country goes bust financially, not having SuperScope is going to be the least of our worries. If you think the people at NASA are unhappy NOW, just wait 'til their facilities are listed on eBay. And, that's just the way it is, the way we've done business in this country for decades is to keep borrowing, borrowing, and borrowing more money, from here, there, and everywhere, including overseas in some shakier parts of the world, and from sacred cow social security, to keep paying for what we want or think we need in the short term.   Congress, as the People's proxy, has promised too much money, to too many people,  and the red ink is rolling in to the tune of about 4 billion/day. I say use some of NASA's expertise to really dig into the debt situation. The Andromeda galaxy will still be there next year, but right now, there's a really big cluster in Washington that could use some of their abilities.
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BARRISTER
06:39 AM on 07/18/2011
The demise of the space Shuttle programg in favour of "private"space programs is just another in the list of destructive steps taken by the United States Government - Congress and Presidents - which favour their funders at the expense of the People. Look at where all the middle class manufacturing jobs have been outsourced in pursuit of profits and you will see the next HUGE money machine created by the abandonment of the Space program.
J.F.K must be turning...
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realitytrumpsbull
Two 'alves of coconut!
07:37 AM on 07/18/2011
I don't know, I think that Heinlein's old story, "The Man Who Sold The Moon", is generally worth a read on this topic. I also think that having privateers go to space, helps to reinforce the idea that there'll be a manned space presence in the future. One way to look at it is as a way of opening the door for the 7 billions of us wandering around down here now to have some place else to go in the future, besides the Hot Place if we don't change our ways. Put differently, opening the door to space for private companies means that eventually, you might see a private colony on the moon, or on mars, or a civilian space station. Maybe even a hotel. Denny's, even. Space cakes. Space burgers. Space tourists. Space vacations. Golf on the moon.  Having space ONLY be accessible through multibillion-dollar government programs pretty much guarantees that there'll always be expensive bureaucracy at the gantry.   

The shuttle's done. They first glided the shuttle prototype back in the 70's. The program had a lot of successes over the years, along with some tragedies. Hats off to all the people, and the astronauts, that made it a success over the years, and gave kids something to dream about and go to science class for. But now, it's up to the rest of us, those with the skills and the ability and the means, to take the next giant leap: Space Truckin'.
02:42 AM on 07/18/2011
As we near the end of the era of relatively cheap, easily extractable petroleum and other mineral resources, consider this: We've wasted decades in making the move toward clean renewable energy sources such as solar. We've wasted decades in working to build infrastructure, at home and abroad, that could raise the poorest billion humans out of abject poverty and into a viable future. We've wasted trillions on unnecessary wars and conflicts. We've squandered trillions on bailing out, propping up, and subsidising the rich and powerful. We've wasted decades on distractions and 'entertainments' that provide no vision, no path to a peaceful and prosperous future. And we just may have missed our only window to expand beyond Earth into the Solar System, where we could have found everything humanity needed to survive: energy, water, minerals, and other vital resources. I hope I'm wrong...because we will probably not get another chance.
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realitytrumpsbull
Two 'alves of coconut!
07:41 AM on 07/18/2011
I have to disagree on that, burnin' daylight may have been a sin for John Wayne, but it's a GREAT way to generate power. Solar thermal's up-and-coming, Solar-electric is something that had to be learned to extend man's ability to stay in space beyond the limits of a couple batteries, same with fuel cells. There's been some other really important things learned through the space program, such as heat-resistant materials, insulation, advances in optics, so forth and so on. NASA was instrumental in the development of high-altitude, long-distance aircraft as well. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, there. Higher, faster, farther, and the space program was just the final evolution of that, not just breaking the surly bonds of earth, but leaving the atmosphere entirely. Some considered it to be a waste, but you figure that with all we've learned, in some ways every penny spent was a worthy investment.
02:10 AM on 07/18/2011
How sad, watching America undergo its self-inflicted and wholly unnecessary frontal lobotomy. While the US, for some unfathomable reason, continues to spend on "defense" at Cold War-era levels (against whom?), infrastructure is woefully neglected, taxpayers are forced to bail out the irresponsible and greedy elites who crashed the economy, while America's government makes cuts in all the wrong areas--including science, which can provide the tools for rational people to work for a better world. Giving up the James Webb Space Telescope is just plain stupid...and ANY congressperson who votes to cut it needs to be voted out of office. Tell your congressperson that his or her job is ON THE LINE...keep the telescope!
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Reaganite60
Don't tread on me.
02:05 AM on 07/18/2011
It's a shame to see Obama cut NASA funding in order to finance more welfare programs. He is intent on driving this once great nation down to third world status. His rampaging of our space program demonstrates this.
02:20 AM on 07/18/2011
Until space shuttles can transport food stamps and housing vouchers to illegal immigrants on Mars, Obama has no use for NASA.
09:34 AM on 07/18/2011
I guess 'free market' economics doesn't work in space, huh? Successful space operations require that good old 'socialist' touch of 'big government' to work, now don't they?

And it also looks like that worthless government 'that is the problem' and 'can't do anything right' actually CAN do something right?

So much your right wing ideology, when you want to play space cadets, guys!

By the way, can you spell h-y-p-o-c-r-i-s-y???

Finally, NASA (and NACA before it) exist for the purpose of research and development.

NASA is not meant to be a bus company or a taxi service.

Not only is forcing it to be one stupid, but very, very wasteful.

BO did the right thing. Bush's plan was doomed.

Having said, Webb should certainly be funded.

Further, our manned space effort should have one clear goal, and not other:

To establish a self-sustaining human presence off this planet, whether it be on the moon, the asteroids, Mars, or in a giant space station out there somewhere, fairly safe and easy to defend.

Our very survival depends on getting a second livable spaceship, in case Earth ceases to be, whether from internal or external causes.

Running an inefficient taxi service, based on 30-50 year old technology is not research, is not development, and won't get us where we need to go. The technology exists to work in low earth orbit. Let the businessmen do it.

We need to move on.
02:35 AM on 07/18/2011
Where were you since 1981 and the "Reagan Revolution" started dismantling America? The Republicans bear most of the responsibility for selling out America's future in the name of short-term profits and expediency. It was a Republican administration that got America into two unnecessary sinkhole wars that have virtually bankrupted the US; it was that same administration that bears responsibility for the collapse of the US economy and the 'bailouts' of rich, irresponsible elites--at taxpayer expense. And it's Republican politics that may have cost us much more than prestige in the future, as we run out of cheap petroleum and lack the infrastructure to transition to a new fuel economy. Enjoy the dieback later this century...and remember what contributed to it.
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bccmeteorites
Don't believe everything NASA says.
06:34 AM on 07/18/2011
F&F
Viper
Former repub, still repenting
01:27 AM on 07/18/2011
Give Up on the Final Fronter....? If you havent noticed we have given up on Dams, roads, bridges, a modern electric grid,efficient electric plants(ours are 1/3 as efficient as in the rest of the world), manufacturing, high tech, education, building commercial ships, feeding and clothing ouselves, trade surpluses, green energy....rising wages and it appears now on clean water and air...

Since 1980 there has been no vision thing, just that the Free markets, w/o government will solve all problems along with tax cuts... while the rest of the world laughs at that Idea, passes us by with proactive governments and a vision of being the best, that we have lost....

Being second is now OK, being 10th is OK, being 20th is Ok, being 30th is Ok, or 37th or 51st is OK..

As a person who worked on the Shuttle program and Space station, they were both dismal failures for the most part. The Shuttle failed to be a viable SAT launch vehicle, costing 800 million to launch instead of the planned 20 million and flying over 30 years 155 missions instead of the planned 1500. Neither it nor the space station, more than a decade late, have produced any great scientific results being tenfold over budget.

That said, their cost was small to what has been wasted on foreign wars and bases whose money flows out of the country and fighters that cant fly...

Regards
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realitytrumpsbull
Two 'alves of coconut!
07:45 AM on 07/18/2011
I hope we get all the way to 435th, or something like that. Why? Because if the rest of the world can finally tend to and fend for itself, then the United States won't be called upon to do that job for em anymore. 6.7 billion people live outside our borders, I would darn well and certainly hope that they can, through group effort, put more on the line than we can, by this point in the game.
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PiedType
Old editors never die, they just revert to type
12:27 AM on 07/18/2011
Had we not followed our natural inclination to explore, we'd still be living in caves. Defunding the space program was a depressingly shortsighted thing to do. Qui non proficit, deficit, Mr. President.
09:46 AM on 07/18/2011
We must live in different universes.

Obama did not 'defund' NASA. What Obama did do was to redirect NASA away from trying to be a bus company, and back to it original intent, which is space EXPLORATION.

In case you hadn't noticed.

Bush's grand vision of Apollo-on-steroids is what was shortsighted.
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Exfl
A centrist until the center moved.
06:51 PM on 07/17/2011
The USA - marching toward mediocracy. Our ancestors who built a truly great nation must be sad to see today's leaders trade in the space program for a tax cut and a bigger TV set to watch American Idol.
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thorrsman
Why should I define myself by quoting others?
11:28 PM on 07/17/2011
Not a tax rate cut--which can boost the economy and lead to greater tax revenue--it is every-increasing part of the federal budget that is spent on the poor. The government thinks it better to subsidize poverty than to look to the future.
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Demitasse
Ars longa, vita brevis
01:02 AM on 07/18/2011
More supply side nonsense. Prove it. Link. Statistics. Year. Administration. Prove that tax cuts have lead to greater tax revenue. Didn't happen under Reagan. Didn't happen under Bush 1 & it definitely didn't happen under Bush II who got us into this fiscal mess with his 2 wars, TAX CUTS geared toward the rich (& no subsequent increase in jobs), medicare prescription plan all unpaid for. Govt not only subsidize the poor but it also subsidize the rich (oil companies ring a bell) but I guess that's ok with you fiscal hypocrites on the right. Snap quiz: when was the last time a Republican prez balanced a budget?
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efreilly
01:27 AM on 07/18/2011
You guys just don't know when to say you were wrong. It must be like a genetic thing or some deep dark phobia that prevents you from admitting you were wrong, even in the face of overwhelming evidence.

Supply-side economics was tried: it didn't work. You have 10 years of experience with it since GWBush, and 30 years of experience with it since Reagan. It doesn't trickle down like you think it's supposed to. Wealth keeps getting accumulated with a smaller and smaller percentage of people and it goes nowhere.

Look at the Laffer Curve. Raising tax revenue only works if you are to the right of the optimal tax rate. That rate is very hard to figure in practice, but there is every reason to believe that we in the United States are to the left.

The government thinks it better to subsidize poverty to try to give them the opportunity to succeed, than to subsidize the wealthy -- most of whom got that way with Government assistance -- who are able to create their own opportunity.

Liberals' goal for the future is not simply to make the rich richer -- which is what has happened in the last 30 years during Republican administrations -- but to make everybody richer -- which tends to happen only when a Democrat is in the White House.