Google recently announced that their self-driving car has driven more than a million miles. According to Morgan Stanley, self-driving cars will be commonplace in society by ~2025. This got me thinking about the ethics and philosophy behind these cars, which is what the piece is about.
Source: Morgan Stanley Research
Laws of Robotics
In 1942, Isaac Asimov introduced three laws of robotics in his short story "Runaround".
They were as follows:
- A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.
He later added a fourth law, the zeroth law:
0. A robot may not harm humanity, or, by inaction, allow humanity to come to harm.
Though fictional, they provide a good philosophical grounding of how AI can coexist with society. If self driving cars, were to follow them, we're in a pretty good spot right? (Let's leave aside the argument that self-driving cars lead to loss of jobs of taxi drivers and truck drivers and so should not exist per the 0th/1st law)
Trolley Problem
However, there's one problem which the laws of robotics don't quite address.
It's a famous thought experiment in philosophy called the Trolley Problem and goes as follows:
Say a trolley is heading down the railway tracks. Ahead, on the tracks are five people tied down who cannot move. The trolley is headed straight for them, and will kill them. You are standing some distance ahead, next to a lever. If you pull this lever, the trolley switches to a different set of tracks, on which there is one person. You have two options:
1. Do nothing, in which case the trolley kills the five people on the main track.
2. Pull the lever, in which case the trolley changes tracks and kills the one person on the side track.
What should you do?
It's not hard to see how a similar situation would come up in a world with self-driving cars, with the car having to make a similar decision.
Say for example a human-driven car runs a red light and a self-driving car has two options:
It can stay its course and run into that car killing the family of five sitting in that car
It can turn right and bang into another car in which one person sits, killing that person.
What should the car do?
From a utilitarian perspective, the answer is obvious: to turn right (or "pull the lever") leading to the death of only one person as opposed to five.
Incidentally, in a survey of professional philosophers on the Trolley Problem, 68.2 percent agreed, saying that one should pull the lever. So maybe this "problem" isn't a problem at all and the answer is to simply do the Utilitarian thing that "greatest happiness to the greatest number".
But can you imagine a world in which your life could be sacrificed at any moment for no wrongdoing to save the lives of two others?
Now consider this version of the trolley problem involving a fat man:
As before, a trolley is heading down a track towards five people. You are on a bridge under which it will pass, and you can stop it by putting something very heavy in front of it. As it happens, there is a very fat man next to you -- the only way for you to stop the trolley is to push him over the bridge and onto the track, killing him to save five people. Should you do it?
Most people that go the utilitarian route in the initial problem say they wouldn't push the fat man. But from a utilitarian perspective there is no difference between this and the initial problem -- so why do they change their mind? And is the right answer to "stay the course" then?
Kant's categorical imperative goes some way to explaining it:
Act only according to that maxim whereby you can, at the same time, will that it should become a universal law.
In simple words, it says that we shouldn't merely use people as means to an end. And so, killing someone for the sole purpose of saving others is not okay, and would be a no-no by Kant's categorical imperative.
Another issue with utilitarianism is that it is a bit naive, at least how we defined it. The world is complex, and so the answer is rarely as simple as perform the action that saves the most people. What if, going back to the example of the car, instead of a family of five, inside the car that ran the red light were five bank robbers speeding after robbing a bank. And sat in the other car was a prominent scientist who had just made a breakthrough in curing cancer. Would you still want the car to perform the action that simply saves the most people?
So may be we fix that by making the definition of Utilitarianism more intricate, in that we assign a value to each individuals life. In that case the right answer could still be to kill the five robbers, if say our estimate of utility of the scientist's life was more than that of the five robbers.
But can you imagine a world in which say Google or Apple places a value on each of our lives, which could be used at any moment of time to turn a car into us to save others? Would you be okay with that?
And so there you have it, though the answer seems simple, it is anything but, which is what makes the problem so interesting and so hard. It will be a question that comes up time and time again as self-driving cars become a reality. Google, Apple, Uber etc. will probably have to come up with an answer. To pull, or not to pull?
Lastly, I want to leave you another question that will need to be answered, that of ownership. Say a self-driving car which has one passenger in it, the "owner", skids in the rain and is going to crash into a car in front, pushing that car off a cliff. It can either take a sharp turn and fall of the cliff or continue going straight leading to the other car falling of the cliff. Both cars have one passenger. What should the car do? Should it favor the person that bought it - - its owner?