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Wendi L. Adamek

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Before There Was Stress Reduction, There Was No-Thought

Posted: 09/11/11 11:58 PM ET

Master Wuzhu is your typical Zen Master: he reads minds, hides himself away in inaccessible mountains and tells earthy stories. Most importantly, he jettisons all conventional religious practices, and he did this about twelve hundred years before Alan Watts, Esalen or MBSR. What makes him unique in the annals of Chan/Zen is that his followers compiled a book about his antecedents, anecdotes and aphorisms at a time (roughly 780 C.E.) when Zen was not yet a powerful religious network evolving its way into the heart of the cultures of China, Japan, Korea and Vietnam. Captured in an earnest and quirky manner in the Lidai fabao ji (Record of the Dharma-Jewel Through the Ages), Master Wuzhu's teachings were not part of a known "brand." Some of the features of the Lidai fabao ji would show up in later, mainstream works, but it was literally lost in the sands of time, walled up in a cave-temple in an oasis town in the Gobi desert, waiting to be fortuitously rediscovered in 1900.

Chan/Zen formed itself around a contentious issue: how do you teach Buddhist practice if you reject all forms of practice as misleading? Forms of practice are misleading because they make something concrete out of something that is not even abstract. As Master Wuzhu puts it: "When there is true no-thought, no-thought itself is not." This "formless practice" immediately makes the everyday challenge of making distinctions and choices even more challenging. Or does it?

If non-dual enlightenment is neither good nor evil, is this a dangerous thing to teach? How do you encourage people to get a move on in their practice while telling them there's nowhere to go? Should you be paid for doing this? Did Wuzhu's female disciple Liaojianxing compile the Lidai fabao ji? And, finally, what kind of sound does a paddy-crab make?

In the Lidai fabao ji these issues -- antinomianism, formless practice, support of monastics, the role of women and out-of-the-box teaching -- are presented through accessible dialogues and stories. Yet they have roots in complex Buddhist philosophical scriptures and treatises. Many of Wuzhu's teachings echo a style used in the PrajñÄpÄramita (Perfection of Wisdom) literature, which often links antithetical characteristics to express what is meant by "emptiness." Thus, one line of the Heart SÅ«tra reads: "no old age and death, and also no extinction of them." This in turn generated the MÄdhaymaka (Middle Way) contemplative analysis of the codependent arising of phenomena. Through use of a neither/nor, both/and dialectic, the MÄdhaymaka practitioner becomes accustomed to seeing that things neither exist nor not-exist, both exist and not-exist.

So, when I find myself wondering whether it would have mattered to Wuzhu that we are still interested in reading about him, I suspect he would have not-cared -- and he would have cared, very much.

 
 
 
Master Wuzhu is your typical Zen Master: he reads minds, hides himself away in inaccessible mountains and tells earthy stories. Most importantly, he jettisons all conventional religious practices, and...
Master Wuzhu is your typical Zen Master: he reads minds, hides himself away in inaccessible mountains and tells earthy stories. Most importantly, he jettisons all conventional religious practices, and...
 
 
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Jared Keith Jones
your friendly neighborhood buddhist
12:31 PM on 11/08/2011
"Through use of a neither/nor, both/and dialectic, the MÄdhaymaka practitioner becomes accustomed to seeing that things neither exist nor not-exist, both exist and not-exist."

Nagarjuna is positing a new and different possibility. He is not positing that things both exist and do not exist or that they neither exist and do not exist. The modifying phrase which is missing from his statements is "inherent," according to Lama Tsongkhapa, following the system of interpretation of Buddhapalita and Chandrakiriti.

Things do not arise from inherent self.
Things do not arise from inherent other.
Things do not arise from inherent both.
Things do not arise from inherent nothing.

Next question, how DO they arise then, if they do not come from an inherent something?
His answer, on the basis of 4 conditions, which are also non-inherent. Sloka 1 and 2, Mulamadhamikakarika. All things known come from a process of dependent designation. Mind must know in order to exist. Nothing is inherent. Their non-inherence is proof of their existence. Their existence is proof of their non-inherence.

I.e. Heart Sutra: "Emptiness is form, from is emptiness. Emptiness is not other than form, form is not other than emptiness." Even emptiness depends on being the "emptiness of....." emptiness, therefore, is not a ground of being, a force, a principal 'out there,' God, or anything else. It is an ontological fact: "The lack of inherent existence of all things and phenomena."
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w84it
12:52 PM on 09/14/2011
Maybe I am missing something. What does this have to do with stress reduction?
01:40 AM on 09/16/2011
The concept of no-thought is basically what meditation is all about, and meditation is a great way of reducing stress. All stress is caused by thoughts running out of control, and meditation is a great way of alleviating the stress by silencing all of those thoughts that cloud your head.
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Wendi L. Adamek
07:53 PM on 09/17/2011
For an answer to that, I would recommend contacting Anne Dutton of New Haven, a well-known MBSR teacher and one of the few who has a really extensive Zen training background, having trained intensively for over five years in Japan and decades in the U.S. (And she's still young! My age, that is. ;-)
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09:37 PM on 09/13/2011
"Therefore, Subhuti, bodhisattva mahasattvas should generate a pure mind thus: they should not activate the mind dwelling on form; they should not activate the mind dwelling on sound, scent, flavor, feeling, or phenomena. They should activate the mind without dwelling on anything."

~ The Diamond Sutra

"If you fixate on forms when you see forms, and activate your mind dwelling on form, then you are a deluded person. If you are detached from forms even as you see forms, and activate mind without dwelling on forms, then you are an enlightened person.

"When you activate the mind dwelling on forms, it is like clouds covering the sky; when you activate the mind without dwelling on forms, it is like the sky without clouds, sun and moon always shining.

"Activating the mind dwelling on form is errant thought; activating the mind without dwelling on form is true wisdom. When errant thoughts arise, there is darkness; when true wisdom shines, there is light. In the light, afflictions do not occur; in the dark, objects of the six senses insistently arise."

~ Hui-neng's 'Commentary on the Diamond Sutra'
07:37 AM on 09/14/2011
...and cut off the arising of views that are mere aspects...DS #31
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Vajara
vajara
04:45 PM on 09/13/2011
Seems that many of the comments are in contradiction--good-bad; right-wrong; true-false; more -less, superior-inferior, etc. The practice of meditation can help us see that these ego mechanisms or characters are always expressing themselves in contradiction and belief. This conflict is apparent during our meditation experience as our witness or observer has no judgment or belief. I'm certain that someone will take effect to this statement and that is ok. I have learned that it is very important to love and respect these dichotomous characters because we prepared and developed them to protect and to secure our true selves in a society based on competition, conflict, greed and fear. Our egos are our friends for self protection and defense--even though they are not us.
09:35 AM on 09/13/2011
To thought or not to thought, that is the question.
But what's to thought, what's not to thought?
To thought is to be human.
To not to thought is to be vegetable.

To thought or not to thought, what is our purpose?
How do we decide, or not decide?
To be human or vegetable?
To live for humanity or live off of it?

If you have thought, it is human.
If you have not to thought, that is not.
To live or to exist, where is the joy?
To thought or not to thought, what is the answer?

To thought or not to thought, that is the question.

--- Authored by me.
11:22 AM on 09/21/2011
To be "truly human" is to know, not to have to think about not thinking. If I think, then I'm stressed. Not thinking means I don't expend energy on that crazy head of mine that never stops thinking about stuff that's not even real or important. Do I have to think about each bite I take? Do I have to think about my past, my future, my present predicament? When I meditate the answers come without thought. I go about my day, my job, and my mind is not clogged with garbage that causes stress, both for me and others. If I am given the gift of spiritual knowledge then I will have achieved something useful.
04:59 PM on 09/21/2011
I cannot claim to know what it is to be "truly human" (as you state in quotations), perhaps quoting someone I do not know. Since as you say "To be "truly human" is to know...", there is much I do not know and so you may perceive me to be less than "truly human"; an animal perhaps? Yes?

I would like to think I am a sentient, sapient being, not unlike the elephant or the mouse. I had to think or I couldn't have replied to your post. You may say I was stressed by it. But I reply because I am happy to do so. I expend energy to do it, but I had an energizing lunch and if I don't exercise my brain, I think it will atrophy. Stress can be healthy. I had to think about what I should eat, to prepare lunch. Good. Did I think of every bite I took? No. I thought of a problem. I derived solutions. I decided on a course of action. I felt good about it.

If I have no thought, I have no questions. Why then would thoughtless meditation give me answers? I can observe myself and perceive to be separate from my body; some sort of spirit thingy. A good test to determine if that is true (not a hallucination) is to instruct the body to fatally stab itself and see if the spirit thingy survives.

There's no wisdom without thought.
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maha
08:59 AM on 09/13/2011
I've been a formal Zen student since the late 1980s and I had never heard of Master Wuzhu and the Lidai fabao ji. From what little I found out about Wuzhu, he was part of an obscure branch of early Chan that didn't last very long. I question whether he is anything more than a historical curiosity at this point.

I also found that Adamek's writings on Wuzhu have been praised by other academics, but academics generally don't know Zen from toothpaste. I'd be curious to know what an actual Zen teacher might say about it. From what I can pick up from this essay, Wuzhu was outside the mainstream of Zen even in his own time, never mind now.

I would not say Chan was organized around the issue that all *forms* of practice are misleading. Zazen itself is a *form*, after all, and Bodhidharma is said to have sat for nine years. The more basic issue (which is echoed in philosophical Taoism) is that all conceptual thought, or anything graspable by intellect, is misleading.

"No thought" is not understood to be blankness, but to not live inside thought. As Dogen said, "think not thinking."

Further, to deny form is to deny the Two Truths, one of the basics of Madhyamika. Form is and is not; form and emptiness express each other. To deny form is to deny emptiness as well. To deny form in order to bring forth emptiness is antithetical to Madhyamika.
09:13 AM on 09/13/2011
"No thought" is not understood to be blankness, but to not live inside thought. As Dogen said, "think not thinking."

Not happening here.
09:35 AM on 09/13/2011
"The more basic issue (which is echoed in philosophi­cal Taoism) is that all conceptual thought, or anything graspable by intellect, is misleading­."

I must say, I reach at point at which this issue seems to become profoundly circular. I am not sure the separation of thoughts which are intellectual versus thoughts which are something else stands up. Is there a distinction between consciousness and "thoughts"? How do I know that I have reached nirvana or that there is such a thing, if I am not aware of it; think it?
07:38 AM on 09/13/2011
"There was a striking absence of thoughts and spontaneous mental activity. He rarely spoke spontaneously and took no verbal initiative. When asked about the content of his thoughts, the patient claimed he had none, suggesting a state of mental emptiness."
Athymhormia and Disorders of Motivation in Basal Ganglia Disease
Michel Habib, M.D.
http://neuro.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/16/4/509

Turn off the brain's limbic motivation and there are no spontaneous thoughts; true emptiness. It is apparently not our thoughts that motivate us. So how can we decide to have none?
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ZenGardner
This is NOT the Zen you're looking for.
07:48 AM on 09/13/2011
Who said we can "decide?"
08:19 AM on 09/13/2011
Who's we?
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Saijanai
Micro bio? We don't need no stinkin' micro bio...
09:27 AM on 09/13/2011
You missed the links I gave to people with a state of "no thought" during TM practice. One interesting thing to note is that the behavioral/physiological pattern found in the people reporting "pure consciousness during TM was:

generalized relaxation during meditation.... pure consciousness indicators... [few seconds of] generalized relaxation during meditation...subject presses button signaling pure consciousness state.

This explains many of the contradictory claims about the state itself: you are NOT aware that you are in the state. You become aware of coming out of the state and THEN press the button.

And you don't "decide" to have no thoughts. At least in TM practice, you merely set up the brain to start resting, which is perceived as the mind becoming quieter. Once a certain level of rest is obtained, repair activities are triggered, which is perceived as greater mental activity. Occasionally, the mind quiets completely, which is understood to be the greatest level of rest for the nervous system, which again triggers repair activity perceived as mental activity. At the point where the mind is completely quiet, you are still alert (as indicated by physiological measures EEG characteristic of alertness), but not aware of any THING . It is only after the mind's activity starts up again that you can push a button to signal an episode of no-thought, but you are only noticing the aftereffects of the state, not the state itself.
10:25 AM on 09/13/2011
So, to me, the implication is that it is not the absence of thought that is happening, but rather the absence of motivational expression. If there was a loud bang, would the state of no-thought-ness be able to persist, or would the brain immediately become alert and attentive to the body's well-being, creating the virtual reality show of cascading thoughts as context for a possible reaction.
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Myoho Mod
Nam Myoho Renge Kyo
04:31 PM on 09/13/2011
I found TM to be a VERY shallow practice and one that is difficult. To stick to what the article is talking about I found that Zazen to like surfing while TM was about stoping the waves
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07:23 AM on 09/13/2011
"Good friends, insight sees through inside and out, clearly penetrating, discerning your own original mind. If you know your original mind, you are fundamentally liberated. If you attain liberation, this is prajna-samadhi, which is freedom from thought.

"What is freedom from thought? If you see all things without the mind being affected or attached, this is freedom from thought. Its function pervades everywhere, without being attached anywhere. Just purify the basic mind, having the six consciousnesses go out the six senses into the six fields of data without any defilement or mix-up, coming and going freely, comprehensively functioning without stagnation: this is prajna-samadhi, freedom and liberation. This is called the practice of freedom from thought. If you do not think at all, you will cause thoughts to be stopped entirely. This is dogmatic bondage; this is called a biased view.

"Good friends, those who realize the state of freedom from thought penetrate all things. Those who realize the state of freedom from thought see the realms of the buddhas. Those who realize the state of freedom from thought arrive at the rank of buddhahood."

~ Hui-neng, 6th Patriarch of Chan
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ZenGardner
This is NOT the Zen you're looking for.
07:16 AM on 09/13/2011
Meh...
07:40 AM on 09/14/2011
mu
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ZenGardner
This is NOT the Zen you're looking for.
11:30 AM on 09/14/2011
um...
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BurtonDesque
Fear a Blank Planet
02:21 AM on 09/13/2011
Don't make "no-thought"!
08:28 PM on 09/12/2011
Thanks for an interesting post Wendi; although I wish you had gone into more depth on the subject. Now that you've piqued my interest I guess I'll have to buy the book.
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ZenGardner
This is NOT the Zen you're looking for.
07:20 AM on 09/13/2011
Meh... I'll wait for the movie.
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Wendi L. Adamek
08:23 PM on 09/12/2011
Wow, what a surprise -- I woke up Down Under, here in Sydney, had my cup of tea and yummy square of darkest, fairest-traded chocolate, and logged in to find this fascinating exchange of thoughts on no-thought that has been going on while I was sleeping. So, of course I'm inspired by this (or is it the chocolate?) to share my thoughts. With all due awareness of the absurdities involved in trying to express this, I tend to "think of no-thought" as flow-thought, let-go thought. Note -- I didn't say let go of thought. To use a popular metaphor, it's like water in water. Is "it" like water in water, or am "I" like water in water? That pivotal both/and, neither/nor challenges us to stop trying to pin it down as one or other. I like the way budantr put it: "But maybe it cannot follow because it was already there. And maybe the human mind cannot shut down because it was an illusion all along." As all these posts show, the human mind is a very creative and responsive and self-renewing illusion. And all it needs is sunlight, water (well, maybe tea) and a little chocolate! Amazing.
07:15 AM on 09/16/2011
The spontaneous arising of chocolate in my mind.
researcher
researcher
05:19 PM on 09/12/2011
"Buddhists don't believe in souls. Or in god. By definition­, they are aware atheists".


aware atheists is a oxymoron.

some Buddhists believe in souls.]

Buddhism is a religion and like all religions has some dogma.

but Buddhism is a worthwhile study as all religions are a worthwhile study if not taken as complete truths. even the Buddha warned his followers not to take his teachings as complete truths but they like this person's quote above heard him not.

once we buy into any religion and yes materialism is a religion then the sincere seeking is over. we then become defenders of that religion and its teachings and even promote that religion and its teachings on huff post. :-)
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Myoho Mod
Nam Myoho Renge Kyo
06:35 PM on 09/12/2011
I think the quote you are looking for is "Believe nothing, not even if I have said it, if it doesn't appeal to your common sense." The Buddha's dying words were "be a light unto your self, strive on endlessly." I think when you "buy" into Buddhism you research and trying things out
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Cindbird
07:21 PM on 09/12/2011
The quote was," Do not believe something because I said it. Do not believe something because it is written in Holy Books. Do not believe something because the sages say it. Do not believe something because everyone else does. Take it. Try it. If it brings happiness, follow it. If it brings suffering do not."---- Kamala Sutra
06:49 PM on 09/12/2011
'Aware atheist' is not an oxymoron. To revel in non-dual awareness as a baseline for identifying self and world does not require a belief in god, dogma or any-'thing' for that matter.
researcher
researcher
09:00 PM on 09/12/2011
atheism is grounded in materialism and a materialist is not that aware. yet.

all progress even atheists. now the evangels not so sure of. ok my idea of humor again.

all progress even some hindus that think they are going to have four arms when they cross over. met a guy once that stated he was going to have four arms when he left this world. my comment was two arms and hands have caused me enough problems dont need twice as much.
01:44 AM on 09/13/2011
The word atheist is meaningless. To be an atheist means to believe in the non-existence of god(s). To be a theist is to believe in the existence of god(s). Neither one nor the other has any meaning unless the word "god" is defined in some way. Of course, for any definition of "god", there are others who would define the word in other ways. This is a fruitless effort. Thus the Buddhist--or at least the Buddhist that I know and hang with, simply refuse to debate this question. While words are the only tools we have to communicate, they are simply incapable of communicating the spirituality most of us experience when we stand, looking out at the Grand Canyon, Monument Valley, or the coast of northern California (Or any of hundreds of other sights). Or when we experience the bonding chemistry of another human being.
researcher
researcher
05:11 PM on 09/12/2011
"No-thought­? Does that mean the people in the Fox News Den are all monks"?


dont confuse no thought with no intelligence.

it is reverse. no thought is pure awareness and the ultimate in intelligence.

there is knowledge and there is intelligence. have you ever met a dumb materialist? that is intellectual knowledge but not intelligence.

intelligence is awareness. now materialism can be and I suspect is a path to that awareness. as first for some on their path must give up much of that religious dogma before awareness can awaken from within.

the level of awareness of reality on fox news is very low. the study of the evolution of consciousness process will reveal this to the sincere seeker.

we can see this evolution of consciousness process the very best in politics and religion.

in religion we have some pretty smart people believing some pretty interesting but illogical things.
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ZenGardner
This is NOT the Zen you're looking for.
07:27 AM on 09/13/2011
"dont confuse no thought with no intelligen­ce"

Really? Gosh, thanks. I guess you are not aware of such a thing called "sarcasm."

You love to "hear" (read) your self prattle on, don't you.
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LiveMind
Emancipate yourself from mental slavery
11:19 AM on 09/13/2011
I'd add to that-- intelligence is not just awareness, but (maybe it's redundant, but worth saying in this culture) dynamic responsive living awareness.
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Saijanai
Micro bio? We don't need no stinkin' micro bio...
04:14 PM on 09/12/2011
Published scientific research on no-thought:

Research on the physiological correlates of pure consciousness found during TM practice:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7045911
Breath suspension during the transcendental meditation technique.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10512549
Pure consciousness: distinct phenomenological and physiological correlates of "consciousness itself".

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9009807
Autonomic patterns during respiratory suspensions: possible markers of Transcendental Consciousness.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10487785
Autonomic and EEG patterns during eyes-closed rest and transcendental meditation (TM) practice: the basis for a neural model of TM practice.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19862565
A self-referential default brain state: patterns of coherence, power, and eLORETA sources during eyes-closed rest and Transcendental Meditation practice.

Research on the physiological correlates of the stabilization of pure consciousness outside of meditation in long-term TM meditators:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12406612
Patterns of EEG coherence, power, and contingent negative variation characterize the integration of transcendental and waking states.

http://www.tm.org/american-psychological-association
Abstract for the 2007 Conference of the American Psychological Association
Brain Integration Scale: Corroborating Language-based 
Instruments of Post-conventional Development

Research on the physiological correlates of the stabilization of pure consciousness outside of meditation in non-meditators:

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01007.x/full
Higher psycho-physiological refinement in world-class Norwegian athletes: brain measures of performance capacity
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cuoi
The obstacle is the path
03:51 PM on 09/13/2011
Thanks. I will save all this for when I'm feeling spacious.