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Wray Herbert

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Buying Time: The Pursuit of Happiness

Posted: 09/10/10 08:00 AM ET

When the late U.S. Senator Paul Tsongas was diagnosed with cancer in 1984, he resigned his Senate seat with these words: "Nobody on his death bed ever said, 'I wish I had spent more time at the office.'" Wise words, yet despite the sentiment, Tsongas remained conflicted about time and money. In 1992, he returned to politics for an unsuccessful presidential run, and two years later tried unsuccessfully to form a third political party. He died of liver failure in 1997, at the age of 56.

Most Americans are similarly torn about time and money. Work gives us a sense of productivity and self-esteem -- in addition to paying the bills -- but many of us work far more than we really need to in order to get these rewards. And these long workdays inevitably take time away from relationships with friends, family and romantic partners -- the very connections that make us happy. Ironically, it often takes an event like cancer to make us rethink our priorities.

Is there an easier way, short of a near-death experience? Psychological scientist Cassie Mogilner thinks so. A professor of marketing at Penn's Wharton School, Mogilner had the idea that time and money are fungible resources in the human mind; we think about one at the expense of the other. If that's the case, she reasoned, perhaps we can simply choose to think about time over money -- and by doing so motivate ourselves to live more connected, happier lives. She decided to test this in the laboratory.

She recruited a large national sample of volunteers for an on-line study. They were all given a word game to complete, but different volunteers puzzled over different words. Some had words that triggered thoughts about time -- an alarm clock, for instance -- while for others the words triggered thoughts of money. Others, the controls, played with neutral words. After this priming exercise, all of the volunteers completed a questionnaire -- ostensibly unrelated -- in which they rated a variety of life activities, from sex to praying to commuting and working. How likely are you to engage in this activity during the next 24 hours? How happy will it make you?

The idea was to see if simply thinking about time-related words was enough to make people choose more satisfying -- but less lucrative -- activities. And it was, clearly. As reported recently in the on-line version of the journal Psychological Science, those with time on their mind preferred to hang out with friends and family, while those thinking of money were much more focused on work. They even looked forward to commuting more than the controls, presumably because commuting brought them closer to work, which brought them closer to a paycheck.

Mogilner ran another version of this experiment with low-income volunteers, just to make sure that financial neediness wasn't confounding her findings. And she got some interesting, mixed results. Even these volunteers -- the ones you would most expect to be preoccupied with work and money -- were motivated to spend time with friends and family when their thoughts turned to time. But interestingly, priming thoughts of money did not motivate low-income volunteers to work more -- probably because they are in constant need of money and thoughts of money are always in the back of their mind.

Mogilner's findings are especially interesting in light of recent international studies of wealth and happiness. These studies have shown that as wealth in the U.S. has increased, Americans have increased the number of hours they work; and happiness levels have remained basically unchanged. By contrast, Europeans have responded to economic gains by working less -- and they're happier as a result. How much money people have may be less important than how much they think about money. Americans think about money a lot, and their relationships and happiness suffer as a consequence.

Mogilner's findings add to a growing consensus among psychological scientists that "self talk" can be a powerful tool for controlling our errant thinking. As I describe in my new book, On Second Thought: Outsmarting Your Mind's Hard-Wired Habits, often all we have to do to side-step destructive decisions and judgments is to be aware of the mind's perilous proclivities. That awareness of our own thinking creates the possibility of change--sometimes with something as simple as thinking about clocks and calendars.

 
 
 
When the late U.S. Senator Paul Tsongas was diagnosed with cancer in 1984, he resigned his Senate seat with these words: "Nobody on his death bed ever said, 'I wish I had spent more time at the office...
When the late U.S. Senator Paul Tsongas was diagnosed with cancer in 1984, he resigned his Senate seat with these words: "Nobody on his death bed ever said, 'I wish I had spent more time at the office...
 
 
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02:19 AM on 09/17/2010
Mind control sounds cool. What can individuals tell themselves to convince themselves that being a “good peasant” is self-destructive, even society-destructive? What can we tell ourselves to feel equal to our betters, to feel worthy of justice, to feel entitled to a fair share of what was created for all of us to share? If people felt enough self-esteem, we’d enjoy plenty of social justice. We’d vote in geonomics, make it the law of the land, and we’d all live in comfort, without having to choose between time and money or trick our brains to soft-pedal any part of reality.
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Ipanemagirl
progressive
12:11 PM on 09/13/2010
My husband is one of those work a holics. I am the opposite. We lead totally separate lives and it has taken its toll on many important aspects of our lives. Family has been neglected, and I always warn him: if , god forbid, he has a stroke or sick and becomes disabled , his job will get rid of him without blinking an eye, and he will have to fall back on the family he has neglected and become a stranger to.Unfortuntely , it falls on deaf ears for now.
08:49 AM on 09/13/2010
I'm not a religious man, but I am attracted to the beauty and wisdom of many of the scriptures. One comes to mind after reading this blog. "God said, You fool, this very night your life will be demanded of you." Contrary to the conservative approach to life, let us look after each other. Share the comforts and minimize heartache/misery to the extent possible. Uncertainty (and our humanity) demands this of us.
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kallou22
My purpose is love and global peace.
12:57 AM on 09/13/2010
Given our recent change in the economic health of the US. It would be interesting to see if there is a change in collective thinking in a few years.
12:22 PM on 09/12/2010
Work gives us purpose and makes us value ourselves. - But not in a nation where th pay is so ridicilously low that people have to get two jobs to survive. Work only give us a sense of our own worth if others appreciate it and consequently pay for it an amount that reflects our input. In the US and all nations controlled by the parasites that rule our lives - and I do not mean politicians but the criminals who buy politicians like popcorn - work is valued as little as possible while crime pays off big time. All You have to do is do it big style.

When the criminals get billions while the ones creating the value that stands behind those billuions get a pittance before being fired work does not give us a sense of our value. - No more than any other slaves. Work does not make us free either. today wll we get for doing our job well is a few bucks and a kick in the butt as soon as some pakistani slaveholder makes a cheaper offer for the work.

We are the people. And only if we stop ducking our heads to the parasites and criminals can they keep on doing what they do right now. We need to fight back. And soon. The dead have been piling up on our side by the millions. So the war has been on for a long time.
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Ipanemagirl
progressive
12:23 PM on 09/13/2010
thts why , dont vote republican ever! They are all for those rich parasites who want to makes us all their slaves, and fight any rules that would preserve or save our environment or make our lives more pleasant , in the name of making that extra buck! They care nothing about the people or the creatures that live and support it; they see only $$$$$$. They use hate and fear to get the support of the ignorant masses, (tea baggers) to vote and support them, even at their own expense...which of course they dont realize.
EX: what they call Obamacare would benefit them as well, yet they are misled to believe it is bad, but they dont even know why. Yes everybody should buy HC so that everyone can be insured. If they dont , then tax payers pay their bill when they end up in the hospital w/o insurance. How is that fair?That's called being a parasite.
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10:30 AM on 09/12/2010
Different circumstances in Europe. Denmark - the country supports them while they're unemployed and helps them find a new job. Last I knew, companies had to give 2 years notice to lay off in France. Americans go into work knowing tomorrow may be their last day.
As for low income, they know they aren't going to make enough to bank a year or two's income should they be out of work that long. Nor do they feel obligated to hand their kids a free college education.
As blue collar, I was never told I own the responsibility for anything more than my day's labor. As a white collar, I'm told I own much bigger, time critical responsibilities.
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Dolphinfan65
The Revolution is happening NOW!!
11:00 PM on 09/11/2010
I think we need a reality check, on what is really important, and then pass it on to the next person!!!. I like making money,but I don't try to keep up with the Jones. The real problem in America is we are taught to keep up with the Jones,instead of living within your means. Our economy is proof of that. We brought into buying things we could not afford, and on the hope we could sell it, to the next SUCKER at a higher price.
Our own Government has brought into that to!!!
I know for a fact that you can work long hours and with the help of family and friends!!!!, you can make life worth living, but it must be a shared experience. Something that has been taken away from us, by corporations and personal GREED.
As long as we allow, TV to raise us as vain monsters, and we believe we are ENTITLED, to things you must EARN to enjoy life, we will continue this fruit-less trip down a passionless life. The pursuit, in itself is the fun part, mastering it, is what makes us happy!!!!.
I often offended by people who claim America, we have loss our spirit, we haven't we just can't afford it, because of inflation, and stupidity. We have loss our way as country, but as we realign ourselves, live within our means, and throw away our corporate mentality, I believe it will come back.
10:11 AM on 09/11/2010
I've been thinking about the elasticity of time lately and why some people seem to feel like there is never enough time and others always find time to get things done. I've suspected that there was something that could help those who don't have enough time to find it. It is never black and white. Clearly some people are way more productive than others. But as a coach, I really need to understand this. And this research helps!

The most common excuse I get from people who want to succeed at something but can't find enough time to do what is necessary is that life is more than just work. Yes, that's true, but these are people who have a burning desire (or so they say) to achieve great things. These are the more articulate ones. Others just complain about not getting things done.

If thinking about time makes people think about wanting to hang out with friends and family, then those who think they don't have enough time are their own worst enemy. They just have to stop thinking about time. Maybe that is not such an easy task. Telling them to NOT think about time will just make it worse. But the plot thickens. Some of the people I coach are also coaches. Many think there is some conflict with being spiritual and thinking about money. So, they don't think about money, or find enough time to work. Fascinating.

www.bruisedandbattered.com
08:56 AM on 09/11/2010
You have only moments to live ... this moment here and now ... and this moment here and now ... and here now ... here now ... here now.

This is all you really have. Time is an illusion. All we have are a number of here now moments joined together.

http://blog.soul-therapy.com/2010/06/you-have-only-moments-to-live.html

http://www.facebook.com/pages/Soul-Therapy/278635488830

http://www.soul-therapy.com/
01:31 AM on 09/11/2010
I think many people would work for less if they had adequate housing that was affordable. Finding work that is rewarding to the spirit can make all the difference in the world. Our culture seems to ignore that a working wage is important, entre level housing is needed for new families, and inexpensive housing is needed for the elderly, handicapped, and families in need.
A happy home, a rewarding job...the pay is a bonus.
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Frederick Bosick
Science and Computer Guy
10:34 PM on 09/10/2010
There are other possible explanations for the mixed results in low income participants. They may be already working long hours and/or in multiple jobs, or their hours are fixed and inconvenient to taking on extra work.

High income people might be doing piecework(lawyers, accountants) or have access to flextime and workplace provided concierge services. These things are not available to shift based timecard punchers.
08:33 PM on 09/10/2010
I grew up in NJ and moved at age 23 to a small kibbutz in southern Israel. On the kibbutz I live in a 1000 sq ft house and share cars with the rest of the community (approx. 1 car per 5 families). I also have nearly no commute, child care every workday, and hot meals prepared for me. We spent 2006-7 in NJ, and were amazed by the decline in quality of life. We worked much less -- on the kibbutz we work an average of 45-50 hours a week each as opposed to 40 hours for my husband and 25 for me in the US-- but in the US commuting added 7 hours each weekly. My extra "free time" from working part time was spent grocery shopping, carpooling, and cooking and cleaning. Americans deride socialism and tout their "freedom to choose," but we found that this was a freedom to spend hours not doing the three most important activities for human beings: interacting with family and friends, working, and exploring personal interests. In the US we earned about 3 times what we earn in Israel, but the price was much too steep for us. Unfortunately, most Americans are either so immersed in this way of life that they cannot see that they have CHOSEN to forgo what can make them truly happy, or, as Raphi says, stuck in low-income work that prevents them from choosing.
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TimeMaster
I see A, You see B, C is Correct
08:13 PM on 09/10/2010
A good article and the time issue should be related to "quality of life" and what you do with the time that is not related to work. Similar to another commenter, I was determined to get back my a quality of life and time by taking steps to make it happen. I don't get a steady paycheck, but was fortunate to earn benefits and investments that I will continue to manage to support my family. It was not easy for my family to face the reality of this change, but in the end it has been the best choice for all concerned. It is not only a matter of financial means, but also having knowledge of how to manage and work with what you have to maintain a different standard of living, or living well at a lower cost and stress level. I think what the author suggest as low income may be more appropriately termed as defined income that meets a certain quality of life.
06:24 PM on 09/10/2010
Consider that Europeans for the most part have their basics covered by their government (watch Michael Moore's "Sicko" for more info). They have decent health care, education, housing, and maybe most importantly-- no matter what job they hold -- they get several WEEKS of vacation time, EVERY YEAR! Americans on the other hand have to figure out how to work enough to make enough to afford enough to live decently and end up trading too much time for what turns out to be not enough money. Socialism anyone??
06:23 PM on 09/11/2010
I'm sorry, but like many Americans you have your facts wrong. I'm an American living in the UK and I earned a very big salary here as CEO of a company (not big compared to US company heads as it was a startup, but enough to live on in one of the most expensive cities in the world) and I paid into the system. Like you, I imagined that the "dole" or unemployment benefits would be good, like they are in France (80% of salary). But I was shocked when my company closed and I got a total of £3,000 (or less actually) in a golden handcuff which was supposed to cover 2 months that I wasn't paid by the company and a bit for untaken holidays. And then when I got the unemployment insurance it amounts to £65 a week. Don't worry about the conversion of pounds to dollars. Think that it costs $3.00 for a cup of coffee and it costs £3.00 for a cup of coffee in the UK. So, imagine working at a relatively high salary due to education and experience and then losing your job and getting $65 a week as unemployment insurance after 4 years of paying in. Please try to be more informed before you make a point like this!
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Ipanemagirl
progressive
12:55 PM on 09/13/2010
I've been trying to tell people here that socialiam, in some cases, is so much better than capitalism, (uness you are filthy rich and can afford anything!) but for most of us average people , even with good jobs , we struggle to just to get by and pay for all the insurances, for a car to work and a house to live in ,, they have to pay for their own childcare, college fees are enormous, student books are a "for profit" gouging organization instead of being subsidized, (where are the philantropists that s could be helping students, the free market of capitalism???) so more can afford to study and better their lives! There is barely 2 weeks of vacation after all this, and in some jobs only one week! That is slave job to me! When do you get time to enjoy the fruits of your labor instead of just working to survive and pay the bills? If you count all the private expenses we need to pay, it would be cheaper to pay higher taxes and get those things free from the government. It would still be cheaper than financing all this out of your own paycheck! we are just slaves of corporations! If the rich would have to give up 50% of their profits, to fill in those gaps, but they dont.
04:48 PM on 09/10/2010
If the highly paid workers would just quit their jobs in favor of minimum wage work, we could choke the government into submission. What would the government do with relatively no tax revenue?
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JewellB
Organic gardening - healthy land & people
01:03 PM on 09/11/2010
Novel idea, but how would it work? The rich are addicted to materialism and we haven't found a cure for addictions to materialism or any other kinds of addictions. Choking the government into submission would be impossible with our current inept congress. They do not understand economics and have no desire to learn. Congress would rather continue the out-of-control budgets and let China own America in the not to distant future than to intellectually manage the country's economy properly.