Corruption in Latin American and the Caribbean is no longer news. Some even consider it normal. But this too has a limit.
So when we learned of the extent of corruption involved with Brazilian multinational Odebrecht, the news hit like a tsunami: the corporation not only swept away huge piles of money, it also destroyed the public trust.
Now we must question whether the more than 100 infrastructure projects involved in the Odebrecht case were really in the public interest, or if they were merely an excuse to pay millions in bribes.
The details of this complex and corrupt machinery came to light on December 21. That day the Department of Justice and the US Attorney’s Office published a document in which corporate executives confessed to having paid roughly $788 million in bribes to officials in 11 Latin American countries and Mozambique.
According to the document, “between 2001 and 2016, Odebrecht, together with its co-conspirators, knowingly and willfully conspired and agreed with others to corruptly provide hundreds of millions of dollars… for the benefit of foreign officials, foreign political parties, foreign political party officials, and foreign political candidates… in order to obtain and retain business…”
It is a confession of actions that completely betray the public trust.
The executives implicated dozens of governments, including heads of state (such as Colombian President and Nobel Prize-winner Juan Manuel Santos), ministers, senators, and others who are now being investigated or have been jailed.
Indignation is rampant, as are demands for justice.
Although it wasn’t possible to access the complete list of projects, public information in each country accounts for the following:
1. Argentina: gas pipelines, water purification projects, potassium extraction, and the burial of the Sarmiento railway, among others.
2. Brazil: hundreds of projects, including extractive industries and the Belo Monte Dam, which since its planning stages has been violating human rights.
3. Colombia: the Ruta del Sol and the navigation of the Magdalena River, the two most important engineering projects in the country.
4. Ecuador: the Manduriacu dam and the Pacific refinery. Although the administration of Rafael Correa has stated that possible bribes occurred before 2007, the US government claims to have evidence of later bribes.
5. Mexico: the Ethylene XXI petrochemical project (the largest in Latin America) and the Los Ramones II Norte gas pipeline.
6. Peru: the North-South Interoceanic Highway, the Alto Piura hydroelectric project, and the Lima electric train.
7. Dominican Republic: the Punta Catalina thermoelectric plant and the Pinalito hydroelectric plant.
In all countries, the bribes involve energy or infrastructure projects that were declared essential for development by governments, international agencies, and corporations.
Yet communities and organizations have for decades denounced these same projects for abridging human rights, harming the environment, and aggravating climate change.
The majority of their complaints about these projects were ignored. The Belo Monte Dam, for example, began operations despite the fact that the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights requested a halt to its construction and government protection of the rights of affected indigenous communities.
Requests for justice were also repressed, sometimes by the very governments that, according to the evidence, were reportedly given bribes to implement the projects.
The situation is all the more serious if we consider that Latin America is the most dangerous region in the world for human rights defenders, particularly those who protect the environment and their territory.
Faced with unprecedented corruption, it is vital to analyze each of the projects from the Odebrecht case to determine its true public utility. It’s likely that, in many cases, the socio-environmental costs far outweigh the benefits. In such cases, damages must be penalized.
The Odebrecht case may be just the tip of the iceberg in a broader regional problem. Each State and corporation on the continent must adopt effective anti-corruption measures and re-evaluate their project planning and implementation processes.
One clear lesson from this scandal is that the region needs to strengthen the independent, objective fulfillment of national and international standards for the protection of the environment and human rights.
In the case of mega-projects, transparency and the participation of those affected (and those interested in protecting the public interest) must be ensured.
Given that, in some cases, the investigation of corruption rests with the administrations implicated in the scandal, independent regional citizen’s oversight should be established to investigate the impacts of the mega-projects, and the best ways to compensate for damages.
We must ensure, once and for all, that decision-makers are truly serving the public interest, and not their own pocketbooks.
All of us citizens must contribute to making this a reality. One thing you can do to help is support AIDA – the only regional organization of Latin American experts providing free legal support to secure the wellbeing of people, places, and the planet.
This article was original published in Spanish in El País.
Follow Astrid Puentes on Twitter @astridpuentes and AIDA @aidaorg