A new "marriage gap" in the United States is increasingly aligned with a growing income gap.
Marriage, while declining among all groups, remains the norm for adults with a college education and good income but is now markedly less prevalent among those with less income and education, according to a new Pew Research Center study. The report is based on a new nationwide survey, conducted in association with TIME, and complemented by an analysis of demographic and economic data from the U.S. Census Bureau.
The survey finds that those who are less well-off are as likely as others to want to marry, but they place a higher premium on economic security as a condition for marriage. And this is a bar that many may not meet.
The survey also finds that Americans are both accepting and uneasy about the transformative trends of the past 50 years that have led to a sharp decline in marriage and a rise of new family forms, from single parenthood to blended families.
Against a backdrop of declining marriage rates, the survey finds that nearly four in 10 Americans say marriage is becoming obsolete. But even as marriage shrinks, family -- in all its emerging varieties -- remains resilient. The survey finds that Americans have an expansive definition of what constitutes a family. And the vast majority of adults consider their own family to be the most important, most satisfying element of their lives.
Key findings include:
- The Class-Based Decline in Marriage. About half (52 percent) of all adults in this country were married in 2008; back in 1960, seven in 10 (72 percent) were. This decline has occurred along class lines. In 2008, there was a 16-percentage-point gap in marriage rates between college graduates (64 percent) and those with a high school diploma or less (48 percent). In 1960, this gap had been just four percentage points (76 percent vs. 72 percent). The survey finds that those with a high school diploma or less are just as likely as those with a college degree to say they want to marry, but they place a higher premium than college graduates (38 percent versus 21 percent) on financial stability as a very important reason to marry.
The survey was conducted from Oct.1-21, 2010, on landlines and cell phones with a nationally representative sample of 2,691 adults 18 and older. The margin of sampling error is plus or minus 2.6 percentage points for the full sample. Interviews were done in English and Spanish by Princeton Survey Research Associates International.
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