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Shadow Elite: Pat Tillman & Why Soldier Hero Worship Serves the Powerful ... Not the Soldiers

Posted: 09/30/10 09:01 AM ET

"Disgusting" is one of the printable words that Pat Tillman's brother Richard used last week on "Real Time with Bill Maher" to describe the Army's cover-up of the former N.F.L. player's death in Afghanistan 6 years ago. (Follow this link to hear the unprintable ones; you will quickly see that the Army chose the wrong family to cross.)

Tillman, who joined the Army after 9/11, died at the hands of other soldiers, not in combat as the Army first claimed.The recently released documentary, "The Tillman Story", chronicles the family's fight with the military's mythmakers intent on creating a hero. Why did the U.S. want a hero? The obvious answer is that U.S. war efforts were struggling, and morale needed boosting.

Another possible motive stems from the state's need to promote an authentic image of the uniformed warrior, at a time when the actual work of war is increasingly done by remote-control or outsourced. As Janine examines in her book Shadow Elite, and the recently released report, Selling Out Uncle Sam, U.S.-paid contractors greatly outnumber uniformed military personnel in Afghanistan and are almost as plentiful as military personnel in Iraq. The valorized image of the "man in uniform" becomes all the more important in maintaining the fiction that enlisted Americans, not hired guns who may even be foreign nationals, are helping to carry out our battles. Anthropologist Andrew Bickford, himself an Army veteran who studied the militarization of East German society, agrees with that assessment. This week he looks at another way soldier hero worship blinds the public -- by denying the reality of where servicemen and women come from, why they serve, and what they need as flesh-and-blood mortals like the rest of us. ~ Janine Wedel and Linda Keenan

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It is not hard to see why the Army would be tempted to invent a Hollywood-worthy ending for football star-turned-patriot Pat Tillman: hero worship is a way for the state to create a positive -- and politically useful -- emotional connection with soldiers. But it also results in an emotional disconnect. In the process, we forget who they are. We mythologize our soldiers, turning them into ideals of ourselves, but in the process remove them from ourselves and even themselves, setting them up as beings who can accomplish the impossible. We need to think about the consequences and dangers -- to our soldiers and our selves -- of turning them into "supermen." Image is everything to a military and state, and soldiers are expected to uphold this image, to act and perform as imagined. This is the aestheticized making of soldiers.

To understand how soldiers are imagined, we need to go back to the word "aesthetics" in its original Greek meaning -- to experience the world through bodily feeling and emotion. This is also the basis of the word "anesthetics," to block out pain, feeling, and emotion. Our conceptions of soldiers as heroes comes from this interplay. By imagining our soldiers -- all of our soldiers -- as heroes, we create not only a class of heroes, but also a class of superheroes -- men and women who can do no wrong, whom we think of as invincible, and perhaps more troubling, as indestructible. As a propaganda term, a term that shapes the political playing field, "Hero" does not simply mean someone who has done a single heroic act: it implies someone who will always perform heroically, again and again and again.

An important aspect of the Hero is that a large portion of his or her past is obscured and unknown -- resulting in a blurring of origins, of where she came from, who he was before he became a hero. Heroes emerge as autochthonous beings from the nation/state, rising up to defend it in its time of need. They have no pasts: only an heroic present and an imagined, glorious future of heroic immortality. (In the case of Pat Tillman, the biographical detail that seemed to matter most in the many media profiles was the one that furthered the hero narrative: that he was a football star, another kind of American warrior.)

It is exactly this sort of deleting of pasts that is at work in the U.S. today. The killing and wounding of soldiers who come overwhelmingly from lower class socio-economic backgrounds, who join the military as a way to gain a rung up the political ladder for themselves and their families, are masked by U.S. society through heroism: ethnicity and class are erased when the poor die- they rose above their backgrounds and became heroes, and heroism hides the need to question who they are, where they came from, and why they joined the military in the first place, unless it helps to maintain the myth.

Societal and political narratives of heroism act as a kind of war magic, transforming everyday citizens into something more than mere mortals. These narratives also act as an anesthetic, numbing us to their experiences. And by creating this anesthetic, we block out the need to actually think about what it means to be a soldier, or the need to ask soldiers themselves what they think or how they feel about being cast as heroes. Tillman himself was notably circumspect about trumpeting his exact motivations for joining the military, seemingly reluctant to play the preconceived role.

I'm reminded of the scene in Homer's Odyssey, when Odysseus visits Achilles -- the hero's hero, the best soldier of his time -- in, Paradise, in the Elysian Fields in Hades. Odysseus asks Achilles the hero, killed while young and in his prime, if he is happy as a hero in paradise.
Achilles replies:

Keen Odysseus, do not try to make me welcome death. I would rather live on earth as a hireling of one who was but poor himself than to be the king of all the ghosts there are.

So in a word, No. These are the words of the hero of heroes, the "Aristoi Acheon" -- the "Best of the Acheans."

"Heroism" is used and heroes created to aestheticize and glorify war and, it seems, is the ideological band-aid we use to cover up the suffering, wounding, and killing of disposable soldiers, the balm we use to soothe the suffering of the families and friends impacted - both emotionally and financially -- and left behind. It is the anesthetic we administer to ourselves. They died as heroes, and who can question that?

Pat Tillman's family did. Bill Maher last week recounted a scene from Tillman's memorial service much like the one from The Odyssey, with politicians and public figures lining up to say,  "Pat, you are home. You are safe." Richard Tillman refused that glory, standing up to say this:

He's not with God. He's f------ dead. He's not religious. So thanks for your thoughts, but he's f------ dead.

The Tillmans are notable for their refusal to take the anesthetic. They forced a rewrite of the military's tall-tale, exposing the fact that their son did not die "charging up a hill" in combat. In doing so, they did more than just reclaim the truth. They also restored their son from "hero" to human being.

 
 
 
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10:04 PM on 09/30/2010
This is a subject that is near and dear to my heart because the Hero God concept originated with the Greeks but was because of their observation of Thracian on the battlefield. True mercenaries, they were fearless on the battlefield and worshipped as gods once back within their tribe. Thrace is now known as Bulgaria and the whole region is covered with 6000 year old Thracian tombs.
However, once I realised that this hero god worship was so endemic to our society, worldwide, did I realise that there is no hope for lasting world peace so long as we value heroism above all else. As long as we teach our young men that being a hero to the culture they originate from then the world will be at war forever. The Taliban see themselves as heroes fighting the good fight against an oppressive foreign invader. Never mind that they are oppressive of their own people. Being the hero is the most sought after goal in their universe; ours too. When will we learn? Never...
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
edgarcaycedoc
09:48 PM on 09/30/2010
I served six years active duty in the '70s. While the veterans of my era were vilified, and considered only druggies by many, it took Iraq to turn our generation into "heroes." After wearing the "stoned sociopath" label for two and a half decades, it was strange to hear people call us "heroes." Plus it is not a mantle I (and many of my comrades) would don without great reservation. We did our job. For most of us, that is all. There were a few bona fide "heroes,' but most of us--self included--are reluctant to fill that slot.
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CanisLatrans
Progressive/2nd Amendment Jewish Iraq war vet.
11:29 PM on 09/30/2010
I think the over-doing it of "hero-izing" the troops today may be a bit of social guilt from the horrible way Vietnam vets were treated after that war. Now, it has gone too far in the other direction, I think.

It is good to keep the soldiers and the leaders separate if one wants to protest a war... but painting every soldier as overly valiant makes it all too easy to toss us into the next war in a cavalier fashion.
08:57 PM on 09/30/2010
Fantastic scholarly article, thank you.
This user has chosen to opt out of the Badges program
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PRONESE
Somewhat Opinionated Curmudgeon
08:37 PM on 09/30/2010
Please Review the Medal of Honor Citations listed in link below.
Link: http://www.cmohs.org/recent-recipients.php
Of course it is up to you if you wish to Honor these members of The U. S. Armed forces.
Or not.
R/ PRONESE
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
edgarcaycedoc
09:50 PM on 09/30/2010
Nobody is saying that there were NO heroes. It is just that most veterans (self included) know we are NOT heroes. We had a job to do, and we did it. That simple. But I do honor the 'Heroes' that have served.
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HUFFPOST COMMUNITY MODERATOR
DBtv
06:06 PM on 09/30/2010
The mythological deification of the warrior is one of the greatest stumbling blocks to progress in the world society.

I appreciate our troops service, I just don't think we need nearly as MUCH of their service as they are asked to perform.
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Trudy Trejo
Corporation = People = Romney = Obama = Perry = Cl
05:53 PM on 09/30/2010
The military does not give a damn about the lives of it's "heroes". All these wars to fight the so called terrorists. Who are the real terrorists?

Who is it that is using actual dirty bombs right this second all over the globe? It is the US military that continues to use depleted uranium munitions which is a major *permanent* health risk to all life on Earth. OK, maybe I exaggerate when I say permanent. The half life of DU is only 4.6 billion years.

We all need to make this issue # 1 right now. If the media is not talking about it, if the Puff Ho is not talking about it we need to holler loudly and make them cover this issue until it stops.

Forget global warming. The real issue is depleted uranium.

http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=709
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Fonfax
05:48 PM on 09/30/2010
The Military Industrial Complex needs people to operate all the high priced weapons for all war all the time moneymaking.
05:29 PM on 09/30/2010
People who serve in the military are the most taken advantage of in the society. When will the pay start to equal the risk and sacrifice? At the end of each year, for every service member and for every year of service a sum of money totaling a percentage of the members current pay and grade should be placed into an interest bearing escrow account and at the end of the member's service the funds should be paid to the member directly and whole. provided the member served as expected with honor and without question. This would change the attitudes of both the public perceptions and the service-members toward what they do. If Pat Tillman was killed in some form of malice, it was controlled and conducted by individuals who had little to loose by engaging in such a criminal and immoral act. If they were possibly forfeiting a $100,000 and a decent retirement, I don't they would let themselves be used to such a degree.
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CanisLatrans
Progressive/2nd Amendment Jewish Iraq war vet.
04:59 PM on 09/30/2010
I served in Iraq from 2004-2005, and I have a hard time with the whole "heroes" thing. I don't like it, and I don't like the almost eerie "fetishization" of servicemembers that happens so easily these days. It seperates us from society.

A few --very few-- earn the right to be called "heroes", but they are by no means limited to the military or even to our military. To call everyone a hero just because they served is to cheapen the honor that is given to those few that truly earn the title (typically for saving someone else's life).

I don't know if I'd support a military draft per se, but a form of national service of some sort-- Peace Corps, school or hospital work, vet centers, law enforcement for those that qualify, homeless shelters, animal shelters, etc-- would probably be a good idea so long as no one could duck responsibility just because they came from "privilege".

With something like that, we would be closer to forging a heroic nation instead.
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HUFFPOST COMMUNITY MODERATOR
DBtv
06:07 PM on 09/30/2010
Thank you for your service. I am sorry you were asked to perform it, however.

Your wisdom is priceless, however. Thank you even more for that.

F&F
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
littleolwinemakerme
Put A Cork In It!
06:09 PM on 09/30/2010
Thank you for your service.
04:28 PM on 09/30/2010
I'm shocked because in scanning your article, I notice you failed to mention a seemingly crucial fact: he was killed on purpose by the military to silence him.
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
BlairCase
04:59 PM on 09/30/2010
Jon Krakauer in"Where Men Win Glory" makes a convicing case that Pat Tillman's death was a friendly fire incident, not a murder. Soldiers emerging from the ambush canyon fired not just at Tillman's group but at other Rangers who had turned back to help them. The friendly fire also seriously also killed an Afghan militiaman and seriously wounded the platoon leader. A Ranger lying within a few feet from Tillman was also wounded but was able to testify as to exactly what happened. The Army positively identified the three soldiers responsible for firing the rounds. They said they mistook the Afghan militiaman who was with Tillman as an Taliban fighter. The militiaman was bearded and firing an AK-47.
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HUFFPOST COMMUNITY MODERATOR
DBtv
06:08 PM on 09/30/2010
Whitewash.
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lakat
Haiti lives.
08:46 PM on 10/01/2010
You know who else makes a convincing case for friendly fire? Stan Goff, was in Delta Force and has left the service and been very critical of US military missions, particularly in Haiti. I have some knowledge of what happened and he was fair but firm about the US military's misuse of Haiti, causing more harm than good. He left the service after he left Haiti. I was leaning toward murder but he made a good case...google it for details.
05:12 PM on 09/30/2010
It is very possible that he was murdered by his own unit. But, there hasn't been any proof of that. It's easy to kill your own by accident in military combat or just training. Although, this situation is as fishy as it gets.
08:52 PM on 09/30/2010
The problem I chiefly have with that conspiracy theory is the motive. Many seem to think they were going to k1ll Pat because he was anti-war, or about to come out against the war. Okay. How does that drive someone to k1ll him? So he comes out against the war. No one in their right might can think Pat could stop the war, and to believe that the perpetrators cared enough about prolonging the war (you know 22 and 23 yr olds) that they would k1ll him? Give me a rational motive or something that isn't discredited in the first few words and I will listen.
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Carl Caroli
I just don't understand people
04:27 PM on 09/30/2010
The MIC and government prey on young people looking for a leg up or a way out of the family home. They offer incentives that, to those with nothing, are highly desirable, and then wrap it in the flag and call to duty. It is despicable. Defending our homeland is one thing. Defending our allies is another. Wars of choice are totally unacceptable. The draft should be reinstated anytime our president declares war. The sacrifice needs to be shared, not used as a a game of Russian roulette with young American lives.
03:49 PM on 09/30/2010
Glorifying war and warriors (killers) should be antithetical in a civilized society, but an ideal of a primitive one. Where does that leave America, Inc. ?
10:25 PM on 09/30/2010
The Lord told David in 1 Chronicles 22:8:

8. “But the word of the Lord came to me, saying, ‘You have shed much blood, and have waged great wars; you shall not build a house to My name,
because you have shed so much blood on the earth before Me."
03:22 PM on 09/30/2010
Here's how to get our troops safe and home.

1- reinstitute the Draft.

2- No deferments except for physical or mental/intellectual incapacity.

3- Include women. Why, after all, are only our young men currently required to register for the Draft?

Do this, and the first time a Congressional Daughter is about to be shipped to Iraq, the wars will be over and the troops will be on their way home in a month.
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Trudy Trejo
Corporation = People = Romney = Obama = Perry = Cl
05:56 PM on 09/30/2010
Yeah, we tried that with Vietnam. How many died before the Vietnam War was over?

How about we hold our public servants in DC accountable right now. They are already engaged in war crimes. They are polluting the world and endangering all life on Earth with deadly depleted uranium RIGHT NOW.

http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=709
05:43 PM on 10/01/2010
Good list. Our military and political leaders know full well that if there was a draft right now (for males or females) there would be wide scale demonstrations and an anti-war movement that would limit their freedom to prosecute the war. This movement would eventually force them to end the war. Since they want the war to go on they have devised a way to do it without the draft. They use what volunteers they can get (there are always some right wing young men who will join) and fill the rest of the positions with mercenaries (Blackwater). The volunteers become a smoke screen to de-emphasize the scope of the mercenary forces. In Iraq today there are twice as many mercenaries as uniformed troops. Mercenaries may cost a lot but they have no political baggage. No one cares when mercenaries get killed and that gives the military the political freedom to do what it wants. Apparently the mission of today's military is to establish some kind of permanent beach head in the middle east as a prelude to the coming wars over oil as it continues to become scarce. Russia seems content to let the US make this claim as it has ample reserves of oil on its own territory. So I think everybody in Washington agrees with you that your list is how to get the troops home safe. That is why they have not implemented your list.
02:24 PM on 09/30/2010
Thanks for writing; I agree with your thoughts. Too bad so many people are brainwashed and/or unwilling to expand their perspective. But we must keep on speaking the truth. It matters.
01:21 PM on 09/30/2010
Good article. Thanks for introducing me to a new word: autochthonous.