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Craig A. Evans

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The So-Called Jesus Discovery

Posted: 04/22/2012 8:05 am

As expected, the so-called Jesus Discovery is making headlines around the world. The claims are amazing; the leaps in logic are breath-taking; and most archaeologists are utterly unconvinced. What has actually been found and what does it really mean? Before I can answer that question, I have to back up a bit.

Five years ago

In February 2007 Simcha Jacobovici, Canada's "Naked Archaeologist," and James Cameron, producer of "Robocop" and "Titanic," announced to the world that they had found the tomb of Jesus and his family. A book was released and a television documentary aired the following month. The tomb they had "found" had, in fact, been excavated in 1980. In 1996 the BBC aired a documentary exploring a possible Jesus connection.

Scholars didn't bite then and they aren't biting now. Respected archaeologist William Dever judged the whole business as "the worst kind of archaeology." Most agree.

The new Jesus Discovery claims are another kick at the can. But they are no more convincing this time than they were last time. Let's take a look.

What lies beneath

A second tomb, about 200 feet from the first one, was found in 1981, but archaeologists, pressured by Jewish fundamentalists, were not able to remove the ossuaries for study. The tomb was sealed and a condo was built over it.

Through diplomacy, ingenuity, and lots of hard work, in May 2010 Jacobovici and his team managed to drill a hole into the tomb (now called the "Patio Tomb") and insert a camera mounted on a mechanical arm. They did a remarkable job scanning the tomb and its contents. The tomb is made up of an entrance, a central chamber, nine niches, and seven ossuaries (small limestone bone boxes). Skeletal remains that had not been placed in ossuaries were found in four niches.

Two ossuaries caught the attention of Jacobovici and his team. One ossuary presented an etching of an oblong, vertical object. The other exhibited four incised Greek words. The object is said to be fish, with tail up and head down. At the end of the fish's mouth is a circle, interpreted as the head of Jonah, wrapped in seaweed. This fish, we are told, is spewing out Jonah. Because Jesus compared himself to Jonah, in the belly of the great fish for three days, Jacobovici thinks we have an allusion to Jesus. James Tabor agrees, declaring that it is "the earliest representation of the resurrection."

The Greek words on the second ossuary are interpreted to read, "God Jehovah, Raise up! Raise up!" or, perhaps, "Lord Jesus, Rise up! Rise up!" Thus, the fish that spews out Jonah and the Greek inscription compliment one another, each in its own way testifying to the belief that Jesus has been raised up. So goes the theory.

What it really means

All of this interpretation is convoluted and unconvincing. Eric Meyers, who teaches archaeology at Duke University and has written a major work on Jewish ossuaries and burial traditions, rightly notes that the "fish" has nothing to do with Jonah. It is more likely an urn or amphora, with handles, a nefesh (lit. "soul") that represents the life of the person contained in the ossuary. One of the other ossuaries in the tomb is adorned with a nefesh. The patterns in the fish-like nefesh, including the so-called "tail" at the top and the circle at the bottom, are seen is seen in others. Other archaeologists and interpreters are weighing in; and they agree with Meyers.

As for the Greek words, there is no reference to Jesus. The generally accepted reading, including that given by Jacobovici, is Dios Iaio hypso (H)agab. This most naturally translates "I Hagab lift up the Lord God." The language comes right out of the Bible: "I shall lift you up, Lord" (Ps 29:2 in the Greek version). Turning the inscription into a petition that Jesus be raised up is completely without foundation. The Patio Tomb has nothing to do with Jesus and his movement.

Jacobovici and his team construct a remarkable thesis from these two ossuaries. The documentary declares that the Patio Tomb provides "dramatic evidence that the tomb 200 feet away ... is the Jesus family tomb" and then concludes by saying that "it is now up to scholars to weigh the evidence." Have no doubt; they will.

ABC News assured viewers that the Patio Tomb "will be debated for the next 2,000 years." I shall be quite surprised if anyone is talking about it in two years.

Craig A. Evans is the Payzant Distinguished Professor of New Testament at Acadia University in Nova Scotia, Canada. He has published several books, including Jesus and His World: The Archaeological Evidence (Westminster John Knox Press, 2012).

 
 
 
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07:52 PM on 05/14/2012
I'm not saying Jacobovici and Tabor are correct in their assertions or not; however, it takes "mavericks" like these two, with the courage to go against the grain, to make break-through discoveries. The writer of this opinion piece seems to be a in a state of stale intellectual stasis, entrenched belief that won't be swayed by reason or evidence - his religious commitment appears cult-like. In my opinion, to find truth, one must be courageous, open-minded, employ healthy skepticism, guard against self-deception, and be ready to accept evidence that goes against entrenched beliefs. Most avowed Christians, and devoted adherents of most religions, just cannot bring themselves to this point lest their lives be rendered meaningless, and they will have none of that.
08:54 PM on 05/01/2012
This is reminiscent of the tale of the two churches that both claimed to have the skull of John the Baptist. It turns out that one was from when John was younger.
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Rolio
God Save The Subjects
12:42 AM on 04/25/2012
Suggestion for Evans and some posters! Try ACTUALLY studying Talpiot Tombs A&B before formulating opinions. And do so OBJECTIVELY. Which means avoiding your favorite Christian website.
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Rolio
God Save The Subjects
12:40 AM on 04/25/2012
It amazes me how Evans and some of these posters express their "opinions" solely and simply by quoting someone else's "opinion." Then following that cowardly act, they additionally neglect to substantiate that "opinion" with any persuasive specifics that one might use to shoulder an argument. The only case where Evans made a self directed statement was in regard to the 4 line inscription. Unfortunately, epigraphers can and have interpreted the lines with 'different possible translations.' Thus more research is needed.
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gal416
is a Bible verse † † †
11:53 PM on 04/26/2012
“The object is said to be fish, with tail up and head down. At the end of the fish's mouth is a circle, interpreted as the head of Jonah, wrapped in seaweed. This fish, we are told, is spewing out Jonah. Because Jesus compared himself to Jonah, in the belly of the great fish for three days, Jacobovici thinks we have an allusion to Jesus. James Tabor agrees, declaring that it is "the earliest representation of the resurrection."

Here is some research courtesy of brittanylynn3. Compare the images.

http://thejesusdiscovery.org/wp-content/uploads/IMG_7422-400x.jpg

http://www.metmuseum.org/search-results?ft=unguentarium+&x=0&y=0
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Rolio
God Save The Subjects
05:21 PM on 04/30/2012
The ossuary depiction is a replica and not an original photo. Interestingly though, beside the fish-vase is what might be interpreted as a temple. Though they couldn't get a clear shot, in the Book of Jonah Chapter 2 the scriptures indicated that he had seaweed on his head and that he looked to the temple when he called upon God. This replica does not show a stick body that's evident in the original photos. And interestingly, now there is an epigrapher expert from Princeton saying that he interprets the sticks and an etching that looks like an upside down F; to be printing out the very name of Jonah. James thinks the fish is spewing out Jonah but I disagree. I believe the fish is diving to the bottom of the sea mountains. Chapter 2 in the bible is very descriptive.

The 2nd group of images of vases has only 2 that come close. Neither are of that time period or location, historically. But more interesting is the fact that they don't have a stick man with a seaweed head in or on them. Their vase mouths are not flat and wide as a fish tail IS. The fins (fish) or lugs (vase) would break off easy were string looped through them as was the custom. The ball shaped seaweed head is not a small vase stand.

Adding to the evidence would be the 4 line depiction mentioning 'raising up.'
Wendy420
Live Free
11:33 AM on 04/24/2012
I'm not sure why people are bothering to look in old tombs. He isn't there. =)
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03:00 AM on 04/24/2012
Christians should be able to do their Christian duty even if they know that they are going to Hell, that Jesus wasn't Deity or didn't even exist.
10:09 PM on 04/24/2012
It is so sad that a non believer makes such hateful comments. I hope for your sake you one day find the way. Also, your statement can be so easily discredited. Lee Strobel was an atheist. He worked for the Chicago Tribune as a legal editor. He set out to prove Jesus didn't exist or if he did he "wasn't deity" just as you stated. Well... to find out Lee's findings Google him and read his story.
If you are truly interested in truth... email him and challenge him with your best shot.
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03:47 AM on 04/25/2012
So you are saying that the only reason you do your Christian duty is because you know you're going to Heaven, that Jesus was Deity and existed?

To me, that seems cheap and too easy.

Mother Teresa did her works without feeling Deity's presence.

That's all I'm writing here, anything else, from your 'hateful comments' to 'non believer' (racism?) to trying to prove Jesus didn't exist are all your contentions and are your responsibility, not mine nor anyone elses.
02:52 AM on 04/24/2012
I think Craig A. Evans wrote an excellent article. The bones of Jesus will never be found simply because He is risen. Those who don't believe in Jesus will only see Him once and that is at Judgement.

One of the primary reasons that Pontius Pilate gave the crowd the opportunity to choose between Jesus Barabbas or Jesus the Messiah is because he feared a revolution. Pilate had dealt with the Jews, especially concerning images brought to Jerusalem from Casarea, before and capitulated to their demands.

The population of Jerusalem, during the time of Passover and Jesus' crucifixion, swelled to about 100,000 Jews. Pilate had a standing army of only 10,000 soldiers. Therefore, you can better believe that he allowed for a proper burial of Jesus.

Now, why atheists continue to seek every post concerning Jesus so that they can reply in a negative manner is the greatest of all mysteries. Sometimes, they attempt to justify themselves that they are doing so for altruistic reasons. The truth is it can be for only two reasons that they do such: 1.) they are seeking Jesus; or, 2.) they wish to crucify Him. No other reasons are valid.
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Ekimus
True Believer
08:41 AM on 04/24/2012
Try Dan Barker's Easter Challenge:

State what happened on Easter. No proof is being requested right now. Merely tell exactly what happened on that day. In each of the four Gospels, begin at Easter morning and read to the end of the book: Matthew 28, Mark 16, Luke 24, and John 20-21. Also read Acts 1:3-12 and Paul's tiny version of the story in I Corinthians 15:3-8. Then, without omitting a single detail from these separate accounts, write a simple, chronological narrative of the events between the resurrection and the ascension: what happened first, second, and so on; who said what, when; and where these things happened. If the Bible is inspired by an omnipotent god, none of the account should contradict each other.
10:13 PM on 04/24/2012
I don't know what point you are trying to establish... but the fact that the bible has slight differences proves it's authenticity because it would have been easy to collude to "get the story right". Because there are slight differences proves the books are authentic from their authors. To support my case... have four people watch an event... then have them write about it years later. Even though they all observed the event as eye witnesses you will see differences in their accounts. It there were no differences... guess what... collusion! Any legal scholar will attest to this.
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onionboy
Blessed are the Cheese Makers
12:05 PM on 04/24/2012
Of note; "seeking Jesus" and being an atheist are not mutually exclusive. Only finding Jesus (the deity) would invalidate someone calling themselves an atheist. Seeking and not finding is not an invalidation at all.
10:17 PM on 04/24/2012
I would say the "seeker" was not genuine as Jesus Christ is very easy to find... but not finding him could state something about one's heart... or intentions.
Maybe that is why it is said "You have not chosen me, but I have chosen you".
03:38 AM on 04/25/2012
A person who is seeking God would not label themself as being an "atheist". They might call themself an "agnostic". The terms "seeker" an "atheist" exclude themselves by virtue of definition.

A real "atheist" would not seek something which he thinks does not exist. However, it is doubt in the mind of the atheist which would cause him to seek God. When, he makes that transition he is no longer an atheist.

Onionboy, if you are seeking God the Holy Spirit will know your soul and present God to you in a way that you won't doubt. Please, don't search only with your intellect. Jesus is not trapped in a 2000 year old collection of books, and we are instructed, too, not to search for the living among the dead.
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05:11 PM on 04/23/2012
I always enjoy the dichotomy the faith crowd ironically fails to understand: they insist they need no actual proof, yet strive mightily to twist, bend and outright fabricate whatever they find on their frequent hunts for said evidence.
And then when it fails under the non-partisan scrutiny of scientific inquiry, they fall back on all manner of silliness: we don't really need proof, there's something wrong with your scientific tests, it only works if you believe.
Always entertaining; always hilarious.
10:19 PM on 04/24/2012
If you want facts as researched by a legal scholar and former legal editor of the Chicago Tribune... Google Lee Stroble and read his account of setting out to PROVE CHRIST was not deity.
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03:11 PM on 04/25/2012
I read Stroble. Hilarious. His nickname in educated circles is 'saran wrap' because you can see right through his transparent attempts at uncovering 'facts.'
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phal4875
The world is run by cats; we just feed them.
03:00 PM on 04/23/2012
Simcha Jacobovici has many "interesting" ideas on his television show, but believing them is hard work.
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onionboy
Blessed are the Cheese Makers
12:06 PM on 04/24/2012
The best way is to enjoy his shows as entertainment more than as education.
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gal416
is a Bible verse † † †
02:34 PM on 04/23/2012
Thanks Craig, for exposing these charlatans who prey on instead of pray for people whose faith is weak.
01:59 PM on 04/23/2012
reminds me of when some people found the body of a 30-something victim of crucifixion outside the old walls of Jerusalem and one camp immediately declared it to be Jesus.

Gee, a guy in the prime of life being executed in the traditional Roman way during a time of extreme civil strife. well there is clearly only *one* possibility. /sarcasm.
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rsttho557949
What is Job's Crucible?
12:50 PM on 04/23/2012
Here is the truth of the matter about Jesus; there will be no archeological evidence to prove the existence of Jesus, it is all summed up in Hebrews 11:6 about faith. Faith is the only thing that will please God. Now folks with money and times on their hands need not look for Noah’s Ark; I won’t be found. There is no mathematical proof ( as Pascal went mad trying to do) to prove the existence of God. We already know the Shroud of Turin is a fake…concerning Jesus. The ONLY person that can prove the existence of God is the person who finally has his eyes opened. If Jesus can’t bring a person to God, then no man-no matter his credentials- is going to be allowed to prove God’s existence. One of the major reasons why this will not be allowed to occur is that people have this bad habit of worshipping people who do things out of the ordinary. Why are movie stars or rock stars worshipped. Why is Babe Ruth still worshipped? Man has this flaw. Recall what an angel told John, who wanted to worship him, “See that you do not do that! I am your fellow servant, and of your brethren who have the testimony of Jesus. Worship God!”(Revelation 19:10). We have the Bible and that is proof enough.
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Rippington
Highly opinionated and most likely will offend you
01:29 PM on 04/23/2012
How do you know that anything you just said is true? Evidently, as you have said, "One of the major reasons why this will not be allowed to occur is that people have this bad habit of worshipping people who do things out of the ordinary." Now if this statement were true... it would have been even more true 2000 years ago, when mankind did not have the understanding of how things work as we do today... yet God was ALLLLLL over the place in the Bible... smiting non-believers... causing the earth to flood and destroying whole cities. Kinda silly when your own point contradicts the rest of what you were saying.
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rsttho557949
What is Job's Crucible?
03:57 PM on 04/23/2012
Rippington
"How do you know that anything you just said is true?" why would I want to make it up? People or years have been saying, 'If I could just see His face or talk to a dead relative, then I would believe!" I've just given the biblical explanation of why all the proof has been given for the existence of God Put your faith in God, not some sucker that claims ‘Eureka! I’ve found it. I have found the proof! “ These people just want self edification and attention. Don’t fall for their scams…you know in some way it will cost you. Now many will reject God because they can't touch Him or see Him and that is fine. As it is written "Blessed are those who have NOT SEEN and yet believed (John 20:29). Its all about faith and one has to have faith. Them is da rules.
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phal4875
The world is run by cats; we just feed them.
03:03 PM on 04/23/2012
You say that "The ONLY person that can prove the existence of God is the person who finally has his eyes opened." After the claimed resurrection, Jesus showed himself to his followers on six different occasions. If he had to actually show himself to those who believed most strongly in him, how can people two millennia later believe in him?
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rsttho557949
What is Job's Crucible?
05:11 PM on 04/23/2012
Fair question. I can also see that you have not read the Bible. You see, even though the disciples of Jesus saw some truly mind blowing things ( you used the term 'claimed resurrection") THEY DID NOT believe that he did resurrect! Like you, their minds couldn’t grasp a concept out of the box. Jesus even walked with two of His disciples on the road to Emmaus and they didn't even recognize Him. It was only 'when their eyes were opened" did they see Jesus(Luke 24:31). It was when their hearts (egos) were ready for the unbelievable, did they see Him again. NO math formula, physics concepts or "sighting" ( like on toast, on a tree or personal testimony will prove the existence of God. It has to be a personal thing. Make sense?
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Tabasco
Never eat anything bigger than your head. - Kliban
12:40 PM on 04/23/2012
Step right up, folks, and see the exciting and amazing proof that.... zzzzzzzz.
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TheWM
aka The Wrong Monkey
09:08 AM on 04/23/2012
"I shall be quite surprised if anyone is talking about [the Patio Tomb] in two years."

You think Jacobovici and his nonsense will be shut down within two years? I'd really like to think so, but it seems over-optimistic to me.
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Scotland Dave
Stop lying to kids,break the cycle of religion.
09:21 AM on 04/23/2012
For as long as Jacobovici feeds the beast the BS they want to hear, he will be popular. We only need to look at TV evangelicals and the reason that they remain effective is because we have the gullible who need to hear their rants. In a sane world, these people would be put in jail for extortion but when it comes to talking religion, well that's a license to print money unfortunately.
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phal4875
The world is run by cats; we just feed them.
03:04 PM on 04/23/2012
He is a good marketer of his "product."
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Cindy Tregan
Proud D.F.H. Lib'rul
11:48 AM on 04/23/2012
Agreed - look at how long this ridiculous "birther" nonsense has continued in the US political arena. Jacobovici and his gang won't give up until the last dollar had been milked from this silliness.
10:25 PM on 04/24/2012
Obama may have been born in Hawaii... but you would have to be blind to think the birth certificate he placed on line is authentic. Print out a copy... cut it in half. Try to align words in the top section above words in the bottom section. Choose a letter on each half and look right and then left at the letter spacing. You will see that the spacing and pitch is different of words scattered throughout the document... meaning typewriters have their unique spacing and pitch... so a document will have the same letter spacing and pitch throughout if typed on the same instrument... Obama's birth certificate won't pass this test... proving it was generated by "cutting and pasting" from documents typed on two or more typewriters.
01:13 AM on 04/23/2012
I agree with the the article's premise. Its unlikely Jesus was ever buried in a tomb. Romans called crucified bodies ‘Corvorum Cibaria’ (food for crows). Tiberius said "People sentenced to death forfeited their property and were forbidden burial" and Horace said the crucified dead were "ugly meal for birds of prey and grim scraps for dogs". It's unlikely Jesus was buried in a tomb. Plus there’s an account by Petronius about a delinquent guard who allowed a body to be stolen off the cross, for which he was punished by being flayed alive.

>>>>A major part of crucifixion was the denial of burial rites as a last act of humiliation. In ancient times, to die without proper burial was considered a horrible fate, particularly to the Jews. It’s more than likely Jesus’ body was left outside Jerusalem’s walls with other refuse as a deterrent to troublemakers.
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TheWM
aka The Wrong Monkey
09:29 AM on 04/23/2012
"It's unlikely Jesus was buried in a tomb"

I agree -- assuming that Jesus ever existed at all. If his body was taken down from the Cross as depicted in the Bible, someone would have had to have gotten very unusual permission from the Romans in order to do so.

Also, as many real archaeologists have pointed out, the Jesus depicted in the New Testament came from a poor family, and these ossuaries belonged to rich families.

The absurdities in Jacobovici's assertions are legion.
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gal416
is a Bible verse † † †
02:22 PM on 04/23/2012
"It's unlikely Jesus was buried in a tomb"

Matthew 27:57 ¶ When the even was come, there came a rich man of Arimathaea, named Joseph, who also himself was Jesus' disciple:
58 He went to Pilate, and begged the body of Jesus. Then Pilate commanded the body to be delivered.
59 And when Joseph had taken the body, he wrapped it in a clean linen cloth,
60 And laid it in his own new tomb, which he had hewn out in the rock: and he rolled a great stone to the door of the sepulchre, and departed.
02:12 AM on 04/24/2012
Using the bible to prove the bible is a circular argument and logical fallacy. You've proved nothing except present a tautology that the bible says what the bible says.