iPhone app iPad app Android phone app Android tablet app More

Featuring fresh takes and real-time analysis from HuffPost's signature lineup of contributors
David Moshman

GET UPDATES FROM David Moshman
 

Should Creationist Teachers Have Academic Freedom?

Posted: 05/08/2012 4:56 pm

Tennessee is now the second state, after Louisiana, to pass a law protecting the academic freedom of teachers in public elementary and secondary education. Other states are likely to follow suit.

The new wave of academic freedom laws require governing boards and administrators to recognize the responsibility of teachers to help students understand and analyze ideas presented in the approved curriculum. This includes respecting their authority to present and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of theories included in the curriculum.

The new laws recognize, moreover, the responsibility of schools to their students. They require governing boards and administrators to create an environment that encourages active exploration of ideas, respect for diverse opinions, concern for relevant evidence, and the development of critical thinking.

Unfortunately, there is a major problem with these laws. Fortunately, it is easily corrected, at least in principle.

Constitutional law since the 1960s has made it clear that legislatures and other governmental authorities responsible for public schools cannot forbid the teaching of evolution and cannot require equal treatment for creationism, even when it is dressed up as "creation science" or "intelligent design." After repeated failures to modify the curriculum, creationists now seek to protect the academic freedom of creationist teachers.

Specifically, the new academic freedom laws recognize the right of individual teachers to discuss the "strengths and weaknesses" of evolution and alternative views. That does not change the curriculum itself but may embolden creationist teachers to question what they teach.

To make matters worse, in recent years the political right not only continues to challenge evolution but also questions global warming and other scientific phenomena. The new academic freedom laws are not just about evolution. They list multiple aspects of science that their supporters deem especially problematic, always including evolution and global warming.

The prospect of creationist teachers questioning evolution, however, should not stop us from promoting academic freedom. Rather than opposing academic freedom for creationist teachers, we should advocate amendments that support academic freedom equally for all teachers and all students.

Two changes are needed. First, the laws should not single out particular topics or theories for special question. State legislatures may believe that scientific conclusions about evolution or global warming are more questionable than conclusions in other areas of science, but it is not for them to determine this. Science educators should discuss the scientific strengths and weaknesses of all ideas that merit such treatment.

Second, the laws should not single out science. There is no reason to suggest to students that what they learn in history or literature classes is the unquestioned truth or that scientific knowledge is less justified or more controversial than other knowledge. Teachers should be free to present the strengths and weaknesses of all ideas in all areas of study, and students should be encouraged to think critically in all their classes.

In addition to enhancing education, generalizing these laws protects them from constitutional challenge. A law that furthers religious and political ideas favored by a state legislature is likely to be seen as the next generation of creationism and struck down as a violation of the First Amendment. A law that applies equally to all teachers, students, and ideas is far more likely to be upheld.

There is in fact an interesting precedent. The federal Equal Access Act, which protects the equal right of all student-initiated groups to meet on school premises, was originally intended to protect religious groups and was initially limited to such groups. The final law, however, protects all student groups equally, which enabled it to withstand constitutional challenge.

Should creationist teachers have academic freedom? Of course, as should all teachers. Academic freedom does not permit a teacher to ignore the approved curriculum or to indoctrinate a captive audience of students in his or her religious or political views, whatever those may be. It does, however, leave teachers free to present relevant arguments and alternatives and to promote critical thinking.

Academic freedom is for everyone engaged in teaching and learning. That certainly includes teaching and learning about the origin, history, current state, and potential futures of the earth and its inhabitants. But it must include the rest of science as well, and the rest of education too.

 
 
 
FOLLOW EDUCATION
 
 
  • Comments
  • 110
  • Pending Comments
  • 0
  • View FAQ
Comments are closed for this entry
View All
Favorites
Recency  | 
Popularity
02:15 PM on 05/22/2012
RBH III: "... Quality control at the local level would become impossible."

Exactly. It's insane to think minimum wage employees who are barely educated at all have the ability and knowledge to evaluate and criticize that which comes from those who are experts within their specialty.

The alternative to teaching from GOOD textbooks is teaching who-knows-what by who-knows-who.

(quality and content of textbooks is its own can of worms!)
08:42 PM on 05/20/2012
In Tennessee, a new law has been passed that requires governing boards and administrators to recognize the responsibility of science teachers to help students understand and analyze ideas presented in the approved curriculum. This includes respecting their authority to present and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of theories included in the curriculum. The new law recognizes, moreover, the responsibility of schools to their students. They require governing boards and administrators to create an environment that encourages active exploration of ideas, respect for diverse opinions, concern for relevant evidence, and the development of critical thinking. This law was developed to allow science teachers to question “the scientific strengths and scientific weaknesses of existing scientific theories” covered in their science classrooms. The law specifically lists multiple aspects of science that its supporters deem especially problematic, including evolution and global warming.

Some people are advocating that this class of laws be expanded to enable teachers to be free to present the scientific strengths and scientific weaknesses of all ideas in all areas science, not just evolution and global warming.

On a scale ranging from 1 (not hypocritical at all) to 7 (completely hypocritical), how morally hypocritical is it for the law to permit teachers’ questioning of some scientific topics or theories while restricting their questioning of other scientific topics or theories? Explain your rating.
04:34 PM on 05/20/2012
Professor Mosher has to make a couple of untenable assumptions to argue that middle school and high school teachers should have the academic freedom to 'teach the controversy' in a range of subjects. Perhaps the most problematic assumption is that elementary and secondary school teachers know enough about their subject matter to teach actual legitimate controversies.

Many teachers don't even have degrees in the subjects they're teaching. Take John Freshwater, center of three years of legal proceedings in Mt. Vernon, OH (just Google his name). According to both his own public statements and sworn testimony from several people, he 'taught the controversy' about evolution (he taught creationism), geology (the earth may be young), and physics (the Big Bang may not have occurred) in his middle school science classes. Yet he held only an Associate's degree in "recreation and wild life" and a Bachelor's degree in education. He is supremely unqualified to make the kinds of knowledgeable judgements about content that are required to teach genuine controversies.

And Freshwater didn't teach genuine controversies within biology, geology, or physics; he taught the fake controversies dreamed up by young-earth creationists. That would become endemic under Professor Moshman's proposal. Quality control at the local level would become impossible.
This user has chosen to opt out of the Badges program
photo
09:12 PM on 05/09/2012
Michael Behe testified, “Simply because an idea is old, and simply because in our time we see it to be
foolish, does not mean when it was being discussed as a live possibility, that it was not actually a real scientific theory.”

Behe also clarified the often misunderstood term, “scientific theory” by indicating that it had five different meanings, causing much confusion and even deception in the studies of subjects such as “evolution” in the public school system. Furthermore, nowhere has “horoscopes” been mentioned except by one disingenuous poster on this thread... a term shamefully made-up and falsely credited to Behe. [cs]

“Note: Behe is not arguing that Astrology as it is understood today is a scientific theory but that possibly when it was in a hopelessy tangled state with Astronomy there may have been justification for calling it a scientific theory. He argues that the ether theory of light propagation was also an example of this kind of theory from the history of science.” [Andrew Rowell]

More @: http://idintheuk.blogspot.com/2006/11/michael-behe-and-astrology.html
photo
Dimensio
I just don't know what went wrong!
10:33 AM on 05/10/2012
Until Professor Behe is able to describe a mechanism by which "intelligent design" may occur, the claim of "intelligent design" is entirely untestable and thus is scientifically meaningless.
This user has chosen to opt out of the Badges program
photo
02:11 PM on 05/10/2012
If it were not for your handle, I would assume you were quite young. There is an entire universe filled with proof that occasional mutations could never have resulted in the millions of diverse species of plants and animals on this planet. Man has no explanation for most of the "mechanisms" that keep this God's creation functioning. Therefore, how can a mere human explain how the Intelligent Designer "occurred"... let alone how it happened. Only naive mortals have the audacity to assume they can "explain" creation... especially through evolution, for which there is no definitive proof.
This user has chosen to opt out of the Badges program
12:38 PM on 05/14/2012
Dimensio… You have herein demonstrated the key to some men’s “UNBELIEF”… the refusal to accept that there IS a Creator God who is infinitely more intelligent than themselves. They deny Superior Authority as a rebellious child refuses to bow to parental authority… :) In addressing your charge that, “Creationists consistently refuse to provide any meaningful explanation of "Creation" despite repeated requests for them to do so”, I trust my “explanation” above here as to WHY this is not possible provides some clarification for you.

A “blind” scientist is useless. One who cannot “see” beyond that which has shape, color, and texture is blind to Truth. God tells us THAT in so many ways. He says, “My ways are not your ways”… :) I trust this “explanation” has also cleared up your confusion over the terms, “Creator” and “Intelligent Designer”. They are One and The Same. It takes an “Intelligent Designer” to be able to “Create” this vast universe and all there is in it… !!!:) There are many quotes used by evolution theorists as well as Creationists that come from Albert Einstein… and at the risk of opening a huge can of worms for you to wage “spiritual warfare” over exactly WHAT KIND OF GOD Einstein believed in (and please refrain from doing so as it DOES NOT matter)… consider this: (Continued)
04:28 PM on 05/09/2012
There is no debate within the scientific community about the reality of evolution. There are debates about mechanisms, but these are subtle enough that high school students are not an appropriate audience for them.

In general, science is a series of models. You start out with great generalizations - Newton's laws of motion. Then you expand and explore. At the fringes, the assumptions break down. Hence at small distances you move to quantum mechanics. At high velocities you move to special relativity. At high mass densities you move to generalized relativity. And physicists know that those are only approximations.

The fact the the models break down in certain regimes does not make them wrong. Nor does it mean that there is a controversy about Newtonian mechanics. The same is true of evolution.
photo
lookbuzz
The Answer is 42...
11:59 AM on 05/13/2012
Very well put. F&F'd.
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
weisschr
04:12 PM on 05/09/2012
The real problem with "academic freedom" is that it is pretext for questioning accepted scientific theory. It is not about truly providing students with alternative perspectives. Rather, it is about trying to undermine specific areas of science. To call the real meaning of "academic freedom" as anything other than a ruse is disingenuous. The proponents of this law know exactly what they are doing.

I suspect the as court cases come up, the law will be made so generic or general as to be meaningless. Until that time, the damage to science education will continue unabated.
photo
HUFFPOST BLOGGER
David Moshman
12:38 PM on 05/10/2012
Claims of "academic freedom" may sometimes be a pretext or a ruse but academic freedom (without the scare quotes) is real and important for teachers and students at all levels of education. The test of a genuine commitment to academic freedom is the willingness to extend it to all teachers, students, topics, and viewpoints.
photo
lookbuzz
The Answer is 42...
03:32 PM on 05/09/2012
Do I have the 'academic freedom' to lie to my students about the Periodic Table?
photo
HUFFPOST BLOGGER
David Moshman
08:03 PM on 05/09/2012
No, academic freedom includes the right to express and explain your views on matters relevant to the curriculum. It does not include a right to lie.
photo
lookbuzz
The Answer is 42...
10:22 PM on 05/09/2012
Agreed David. Now, take a good long look at the distortions, misrepresentations, and misdirections that are the core of all Creationist Anti-science literature.

What happens when a 'personal view on the matter' consists of repeating an abject lie?

I'm not being facetious - I'm seriously asking the question.
This user has chosen to opt out of the Badges program
photo
09:52 PM on 05/09/2012
No. Neither do you have the right to teach as fact that men and apes evolved from a common ancestor. That "theory" has never been proven.
photo
lookbuzz
The Answer is 42...
10:16 PM on 05/09/2012
Factually AND legally wrong! Well done sir!

Scientific evidence fully supports the primate relationships. The Law fully supports the teaching of scientifically supported evidence.

Creationism, on the other hand, has...NONE. NO scientific evidence supporting it. Nada. Ziltch. Name a peer-reviewed published predictive falsifiable scientific experiment that establishes Creationism. Go ahead, we'll wait....(sound of crickets chirping...).

You are entitiled to your own beliefs - but NOT to your own facts.

You lose.
09:38 PM on 05/08/2012
Should atheist teachers be allowed the academic freedom to discuss the controversies about the numerous falsehoods in the Bible? Should communist teachers be allowed to teach the relative merits of communism over capitalism? Should the children be provided with both sides of the arguments for and against gay marriage or the virtues of unprotected sex versus birth control? One wonders how far this "academic freedom" thing can go.
photo
HUFFPOST BLOGGER
David Moshman
09:47 AM on 05/09/2012
Good questions. Academic freedom goes pretty far but it is limited by the obligation of teachers to present the curriculum and the right of students not to be indoctrinated. Teachers don't have a right to discuss controversies about the Bible simply because they are atheists but in a course on comparative religion it would certainly be appropriate to discuss controversies concerning the holy books of various religions. Similarly, it would be appropriate in a course that covers economics to discuss the strengths and weaknesses of a variety of economic systems. A gay math teacher can't decide to teach about gay marriage instead of teaching math but in a course on current social policy issues it would be fully appropriate to discuss arguments for and against gay marriage. Similarly, a math teacher cannot decide to teach about sex rather than math but a course or unit on human sexuality could certainly address the relative virtues of various forms of birth control.
05:25 PM on 05/09/2012
But Christian science teachers will be discussing the 'merits' of Evolution and introducing religious myth alongside it as an equivalent and optional 'Theory'?
This user has chosen to opt out of the Badges program
photo
09:37 PM on 05/09/2012
Liberals and atheists are already imposing their belief systems on public school students. Evolution is currently being taught as fact... without providing the evidence that offers reasonable proof that God created life as we know it on Earth. If Biblical "falsehoods" can be cited and honestly and openly discussed... that would be a fair trade-off for allowing argument against evolution to be presented. Gay lifestyle is currently being protected by "political correctness" guidelines without the presentation of the opposing viewpoint that it is a sin. Abortion is all part of the curriculum without information on the virtues of abstinence. If an honest comparison of Communism and Capitalism was presented... I see no problem with that study as well.
photo
Dimensio
I just don't know what went wrong!
10:39 AM on 05/10/2012
Evolution is currently being taught as fact... without providing the evidence that offers reasonable proof that God created life as we know it on Earth.
Such "evidence" cannot be provided because no such "evidence" actually exists.
If Biblical "falsehoods" can be cited and honestly and openly discussed... that would be a fair trade-off for allowing argument against evolution to be presented.
What actual argument exists?
Gay lifestyle is currently being protected by "political correctness" guidelines without the presentation of the opposing viewpoint that it is a sin.
Homosexuality is irrelevant to the current discussion, as is the irrational belief by some -- though not all -- religious individuals that homosexuality is a "sin" against religious commandments.
Abortion is all part of the curriculum without information on the virtues of abstinence.
Please explain and substantiate this assertion and explain the relevance of this claim to the current discussion.
If an honest comparison of Communism and Capitalism was presented... I see no problem with that study as well.
The current discussion relates to teaching of biological science, not of economic systems.
photo
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Sanity Inspector
He who laughs, lasts.
05:36 PM on 05/08/2012
The Kitzmiller v. Dover ruling of several years ago ought to be invoked heavily and often in these cases. This is not a debate, nor a teaching of a controversy, nor an exploration of opposing theories. It is a case of flat-earthers trying to shout down settled facts which offend their religious or philosophical beliefs.
10:57 PM on 05/08/2012
Although "Sanity Inspector" writes:
"It is a case of flat-earthers trying to shout down settled facts"

Exactly who are these flat-earthers?
Creationist have known for thousands of years
that the earth was a globe:

As God has told us in the Bible:

Isaiah 40:22 (NIV 1984 Bible)

"He sits enthroned above
the circle of the earth,
and its people are like grasshoppers.
He stretches out the heavens like a canopy,
and spreads them out like a tent to live in."
http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah+40:22&version=NIV1984
08:36 AM on 05/09/2012
Apparently you didn't take geometry in school. Circle is not a sphere.
photo
Maezeppa
Happy-Happy Joy-Joy
11:21 PM on 05/08/2012
Dover School Board's expert witness, Michael Behe, acknowledged under oath that for creationism to be accepted as 'science', the definition of 'science' would also include things like 'horoscopes'.