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Dean Baker

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Minimum Wage: Who Decided Workers Should Fall Behind?

Posted: 02/18/2013 9:10 pm

It was encouraging to see President Obama propose an increase in the minimum wage in his State of the Union address, even if the $9.00 target did not seem especially ambitious. If the $9.00 minimum wage were in effect this year, the inflation-adjusted value of the minimum wage would still be more than two percent lower than it had been in the late 1960s. And this proposed target would not even be reached until 2015, when inflation is predicted to lower the value by another 6 percent.

While giving a raise worth more than $3,000 a year to the country's lowest paid workers is definitely a good thing, it is hard to get too excited about a situation in which these workers will still be earning less than their counterparts did almost 50 years ago. By targeting wage levels that roughly move in step with inflation we have implemented a policy that workers at the bottom will receive none of the benefits of economic growth through time. In other words, if we hold the purchasing power of the minimum wage fixed through time, as the country as a whole gets richer, minimum wage workers will fall ever further behind.

It is important to realize that this was not always the case. The federal minimum wage was first put in place in 1938. From that year until 1968 when its value peaked, the purchasing power of the minimum wage increased by more than 140 percent. As a result, minimum wage workers saw a sharp increase in their living standards. Over this 30 year period, low wage workers shared in the gains of the economy as a whole as the minimum wage rose in step with productivity growth.

If workers at the bottom had continued to share in the economy's growth in the years since 1968 as they had in the three decades before 1968, we would be looking at a very different economy and society. If the minimum wage had risen in step with productivity growth it would be over $16.50 an hour today.That is higher than the hourly wages earned by 40 percent of men and half of women.

It shouldn't seem strange that the wages of workers at the bottom rise in step with productivity, after all they do for many other workers even when the work has not in any direct way become more complex. For example, when a realtor is selling a $400,000 home rather than a $200,000 home it does not necessarily require any greater effort or skills. In fact, if we were talking about the years of the housing bubble, it may just be the case that the same home had doubled in price. Yet, the commission will be twice as much.

There would be similar stories in many other occupations where the growth of the economy by itself would tend to make wages rise. It is not obviously more difficult or time-consuming to sell 1,000 shares of stock or credit default swaps at prices that are twice as high, yet the commissions going to the brokers are likely to be twice as large.

Doctors, lawyers, and other highly educated professionals have also been positioned to benefit from the growth in the economy. We have left those at the bottom out. This has been by design and nowhere is that more clearly the case than with a minimum wage that has been set at level that has not even kept pace with the cost of living.

As a practical matter we couldn't possibly raise the minimum wage any time soon to $16.50 without serious disruptions to the economy. One result would also be higher prices in the economy. Of course this is also the result of having doctors who average $250,000 a year and Wall Street bankers who can pocket many millions of dollars a year. Their income is a cost to everyone else.

Somehow the issue of higher prices and inflation is an important point when we discuss the wages of people getting $7.25 an hour to wash dishes but it is not supposed to enter into polite conversations when we talk about the most highly paid workers. That is a political choice, not an economic one.

We have structured our economy so that we can get cheap restaurant meals because of low-paid workers. Hotel stays cost less because we ensure a plentiful supply of workers at near the minimum wage. And convenience stores stay open 24 hours because the people working the midnight shift get paid almost nothing.

There is no economic reason why those at the bottom should not share in the gains from economic growth. And there is no economic reason why those at the top should be such disproportionate beneficiaries. We rigged the deck this way more than three decades ago. We can restructure the rules so that money no longer flows upwards. A minimum wage that again follows in step with productivity growth would be a large part of this reversal.

 

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It was encouraging to see President Obama propose an increase in the minimum wage in his State of the Union address, even if the $9.00 target did not seem especially ambitious. If the $9.00 minimum wa...
It was encouraging to see President Obama propose an increase in the minimum wage in his State of the Union address, even if the $9.00 target did not seem especially ambitious. If the $9.00 minimum wa...
 
 
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06:22 AM on 02/22/2013
is a lawyer worth $500 per hour, plus costs? and is the lawyer's work more important than the woman who raises his children, cooks their meals and keeps them safe?
08:39 PM on 02/20/2013
it is amazing that people dont realize that if all the minimum wage earners went up by a dollar..........it would be a huge infusion of money into the economy..........minimum wage people usually dont bury their paychecks in the back yard
10:02 PM on 02/20/2013
Newsflash: nobody buries their paycheck in the backyard.
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10:30 AM on 02/21/2013
The suggestion is that low wage earners spend any additional income which stimulates growth, rather than higher wage earners which are more likey to save the additional income which doesn't stimulate growth to the same extent.
10:21 PM on 02/20/2013
I run a small business that employs 18 people. We have a financial budget tat we manage to and if someone forced me to raise salaries I would quickly cut hours.

On the flip side I voluntarily pay over minimum wage because I believe I get better happier employees which drive up my sales.

Please leave me alone. And yes I pay the taxes for the roads my customers use to come buy from me.
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10:27 AM on 02/21/2013
You dont make any sense... If you are able to cut hours without loss of production then you are running with known inefficiencies and you should cut the hours regardless of wage rate. If you are willing to sacrifice production by cutting hours then you are losing scale and margin and your profits will decrease more than what they would by paying the increased wage. To cover the increased wages you might have to raise your prices a bit (likely a small increase), and since the law would apply to everybody you shouldn't lose any market share.
06:00 PM on 02/20/2013
I am so afraid for the future of this country when people are arguing to take away the right for other people to simply eat and pay rent.
Great countries in the world are great for all it's citizens, not just for some.
10:07 PM on 02/20/2013
What makes you think people have the right to eat and pay rent?
JEP57
To the right of Genghis Khan
05:13 PM on 02/20/2013
Stay in school, study hard, and work hard and you more than likely will make a living wage. If you want the government to mandate a living wage for dropouts doing unskilled work, where is the incentive for everyone else to stay in school, work hard, etc? How about this. Maybe the people who want an increase in what companies pay their people can start their own businesses and pay their lower level workers "a living wage"..........crickets.
05:38 PM on 02/20/2013
A living wage law is fine as long as it is accompanied by a minimum profit law.
04:18 PM on 02/20/2013
"We have structured our economy so that we can get cheap restaurant meals because of low-paid workers. Hotel stays cost less because we ensure a plentiful supply of workers at near the minimum wage. And convenience stores stay open 24 hours because the people working the midnight shift get paid almost nothing."

This does not get to the heart of the matter. The collective WE fell for the allure of the "Service-Based Economy" from the early '80s until now. WE believed that the Financial Services Industry (Wall St., et al) could effectively make us 'money for nothing', and that there were no consequences of leaving much of the Real Economy behind (manufacturing, industry, invention) for one built largely on paper earnings from abstract transactions. In my opinion, low wages and overwhelming income disparity are among the consequences. Other consequences? A so-called Democracy that is a pay-for-play component of the dysfunctional Economy we have wrought.
05:39 PM on 02/20/2013
So you think rearranging atoms is the only way to create value?
12:26 PM on 02/21/2013
I do not believe in Absolutist answers to very many things, so I reject your leading question. My belief is that the Financial Services Industry has learned to create ever-increasing levels of Abstraction with the exclusive motivation of generating profit, and calling the exercise 'creating value'.
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Elijah A Alexander Jr
Elijah NatureBoy
04:06 PM on 02/20/2013
Now that "Corporations" are "Citizens" government has the right to limit allowed profit and cap salaries of CEOs. There are 2 ways of doing it, 1) raise minimum wadges to no less than 30 times lower than the maximum of any CEO and company profits can not exceed the combine wadges of everyone or 2) lower CEO's maximum to no more than 30 time that of minimum wadges and cap profits to their combined salaries.

What authorizes that?

The Preamble's requirement for the United States government "to form a more perfect Union" along with Article 1 section 8, paragraph 3's "To regulate Commerce ... among the several States" since corporations are the producers of commerce among the several states.

Come on "People Citizens" of the USA, sign http://www.change.org/petitions/eliminate-capitalistic-military-regime and let's get it done!!!!
05:40 PM on 02/20/2013
Corporations aren't citizens. Citizens have the right to vote.
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Elijah A Alexander Jr
Elijah NatureBoy
06:41 PM on 02/20/2013
The Supreme Court said they are therefore let's use the constitution to make them pay like people until & unless the Supreme Court overturns that decision. Since they've been one for four years, that and the following is how.

Amendment 16 reads *Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived* which include investments in foreign banks and others, sales to foreign nations and, since the only constitutionally allowed tax exemption is salaries paid and taxed by the US, any pay they pay to foreigner workers. They owe us 4 years of back taxes since they became citizens in 2009. How much in back taxes will that provide to eliminate the automatic cuts destined for March 1? So why not to save education, {Social Security is untouchable anyway}, medicaid and care, and everything else except military, which is bigger than it need to be.

So, Let's get with it.
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Elijah A Alexander Jr
Elijah NatureBoy
06:52 PM on 02/20/2013
After all, DC's citizens and are taxed without representation so why can't corporations be taxed with it?
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Ostapuk Ivano1
5 year educator in NYC
03:58 PM on 02/20/2013
From 2009 to 2011, average real income per family grew modestly by 1.7% but the gains were very uneven. Top 1% incomes grew by 11.2% while bottom 99% incomes shrunk by 0.4%. Hence, the top 1% captured 121% of the income gains in the first two years of the recovery. From 2009 to 2010, top 1% grew fast and then stagnated from 2010 to 2011. Bottom 99% stagnated both from 2009 to 2010 and from 2010 to 2011. I blame quantitative easing and the Fed's extraordinary accommodating policies which have created an inflationary environment. Those with first access to the money are the beneficiaries (banks, the super wealthy) while the rest of the country gets squeezed by the inflation that follows.
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William Occam
Do not assume
02:32 PM on 02/20/2013
So what are the effects of increasing minimum wages? Any Econ 101 student can tell you the answer: The higher wage reduces the quantity of labor demanded, and hence leads to unemployment. This theoretical prediction has, however, been hard to confirm with actual data. Indeed, much-cited studies by two well-regarded labor economists, David Card and Alan Krueger, find that where there have been more or less controlled experiments, for example when New Jersey raised minimum wages but Pennsylvania did not, the effects of the increase on employment have been negligible or even positive. Exactly what to make of this result is a source of great dispute. Card and Krueger offered some complex theoretical rationales, but most of their colleagues are unconvinced; the centrist view is probably that minimum wages "do," in fact, reduce employment, but that the effects are small and swamped by other forces. What is remarkable, however, is how this rather iffy result has been seized upon by some liberals as a rationale for making large minimum wage increases a core component of the liberal agenda.
04:09 PM on 02/20/2013
Hardly a "core component" just a proposal by the President fully in line with every other President since the law was enacted.
05:51 AM on 02/21/2013
You're right about that assume, as the 1st 3 letters of that word often describe those who do assume.
Raising the minimum wage may have some short term squeezing of the job market, but the longer term effects are likely to result in increased employment. This is because essentially all of a minimum wage earners income is likely to go to basic daily living exprnses. Getting $ 9/hr. instead of $7.25/hr will still be more likely to be used for basic living expenses than the millions in bonuses CEO's capture for themselves on the backs of workers who are more productive than in the past, but are rewarded with stagnant or declining purchasing power. The CEO's tend to put their largesse into speculative investments, luxury goods, and more vacation homes. This $ tends to have a lower velocity through the economy, resulting in fewer jobs being created than the same amount of money spent for food, clothing, and diversions from the mundane life of the working poor. More $ spent this way will increase demand, resulting in increased production, and the hiring of more workers to meet this demand. This results from the greater velocity of $ used for everyday needs through the economy.
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William Occam
Do not assume
10:08 AM on 02/21/2013
Papayaman. Very droll. My posting was actually written by Paul Krugman so take it up with him....
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parlimentMike
Terrorists keep you in fear
02:26 PM on 02/20/2013
Loser must remain losers so the winers don't get disrupted? Let's ask the losers for their opinion.
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02:18 PM on 02/20/2013
Let's impose a maximum wage of 5X minimum wage. No bonuses, no stock options. Also, minimum wage must be enough to allow a single household provider to afford shelter, food, transportation, healthcare, recreation, and vacation, for a family of four. No more two wage earners working two jobs each just to scrape by. Also education through the post graduate level is free. Graduate from medical school and pass the boards and you will earn 5X minimum wage.
04:45 PM on 02/20/2013
Until you had to deal with the unholy amount of inflation you would create with all those freebies you think will fix them. You have to get this socilalist utopia (because that is obviously what you are thinking, even if you don't know the name) out of your mind. There is no such thing as free stuff. And every time we print money for this "free" stuff, we actually create debt, and make everyone poorer.
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05:23 PM on 02/20/2013
Why are you afraid to work toward a utopia. It's a far better place than all the alternatives.
05:42 PM on 02/20/2013
Nobody will start a business under those conditions, and the true minimum wage will be paid: $0.
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08:00 PM on 02/20/2013
we have enough businesses
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The Lone Stranger
Yes, I am a lousy typist. OK!
02:11 PM on 02/20/2013
In 1980 we started cutting taxes on the rich and defecit spending; the distribution of wealth began to shift. Overall our cumulative wealth grew through the combined impact of technological advances and a shift from a one breadwinner per family model to one where both parents work longer (but for less pay).

Since 1980 the richest 5% saw their net worth balloon from 9.5 trillion to 38 trillion and growing. The other 95%: worth 13 trillion in 1980, are today worth 13.2 trillion. The bottom 50% are worth merely 1.3 trillion in total.

Several implications that rarely are discussed.

1. the reason both parties court the top 5% for campaign donations? they have the money.
2. the bottom 95% have already been making huge sacrifices.
3. the richest 5% have amassed enough new wealth since 1980 that they could easily pay off the entire federal debt immediately and still have 2.3 times the wealth they held in 1980.
4. If the entire net worth of the other 95% was liquidated, this would not cover the debt.
5. keeping the minimum wage low is essential and keeps wages for all lower too.

Raising the minimum wage is one modest way to transfer value created by workers into their pockets instead of continuing to allow all value to accrue to a few Mitt Romneys at the top. Count on the GOP opposing this; they are committed to maximizing the imbalance even if this hurts the economy.
04:58 PM on 02/20/2013
Exactly right. Why do we have large national debt? Because the wealthy have pocketed the money. Period. The 95% never had the money in the first place, even though the GOP would like to make it sound that way.
05:45 PM on 02/20/2013
Why mention the "value that workers create"? There is no evaluation of what each worker "creates". Let me tell you, if I sweep floors for a living, I don't "create" a whole helluva lot.
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The Lone Stranger
Yes, I am a lousy typist. OK!
12:18 AM on 02/21/2013
speaking as a former floor sweeper myself I can tell you that productivity went up directly due to my efforts. Think about it: sweeping the floor when done well prevents needless injuries, boosts moral, promotes efficiency, prevents dirt from accummulating that could damage merchandise, impair work or spark a fire and it makes an important statement to visiting clients that encourages repeat business. All of this is value created that makes a business more profitable. I submit that Icreated morereal value via sweeping than Mitt Romney did in his destructive career as a vulture capitalist.
01:43 PM on 02/20/2013
Well said
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portfolio
money is the barometer of a society's virtue
01:28 PM on 02/20/2013
Why should American Workers make more than workers in Thailand or Sri Lanka??

The Super Rich deserve more dancing ponies for being so totally awesome and SuperMan like.

If we aren't careful, they'll remove themselves and form their own super duper secret society.

I read that somewhere....
02:03 PM on 02/20/2013
Exactly, why should they? By not being able to answer that question you have put your finger on the "problem".
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PrometheanRising
Returning with fire to cleanse the land
04:28 PM on 02/20/2013
That you can't figure out what others see as obvious means you have no idea what the 'problem' is, let alone an answer.
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splashy
Really?!?!!!
03:52 PM on 02/20/2013
Good snark.

We would be so lucky that they would leave, and let us get back to doing right by the most people.
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fiddler3
physicist, musician, parent
01:09 PM on 02/20/2013
The best way for a worker to increase their wage is to learn skills that employers want to pay a higher wage for. Government rules that force companies to pay people more than their services are worth is bad economics and amounts to a tax on small/mid-sized companies that employ these people. A better solution is to reduce the minimum wage and let companies pay employees what they are actually worth in the market. If they can save money, they might be able to use it to hire more workers.
01:52 PM on 02/20/2013
"If they can save money, they might be able to use it to hire more workers."

The purpose of hiring more workers would be to satisfy demand. Why else would you employ someone? You don't just hire them because you have more cash.
02:04 PM on 02/20/2013
Yes. The purpose of a business isn't to hire people. It's to make money.
02:08 PM on 02/20/2013
Yay... Someone who finally took Business 201.... or has- gasp- actually run a business.
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Joel Petersen
I do desire we be better strangers
02:10 PM on 02/20/2013
Because it's better for the overall economy to have more workers making not enough to get by, then to have fewer well-paid workers that can contribute to the economy and a group of unemployed to which we can then provide services to get them employed.

Remember, better paid workers = more tax revenue, more demand for products requiring employers to hire more people.

Alternatively, you can maintain the status quo.
Here's what we have:
Employers pay the lowest wage they can get away with
Employees then must file for government assistance because their wages don't cover living costs
Employers use a portion of their profits to lobby the government to reduce or eliminate the assistance used by their employees
Unemployed workers are given the choice of taking any job at any wage or die
Employers can lower wages more by using the threat of unemployment (work or die) for their existing employees

Today, the Supreme Court is hearing an argument to lift the cap on individual contributions to political campaigns.

The unwashed masses can barely keep themselves alive, much less consider contributing to a political campaign. Therefore, who is looking to be free of these limitations? Odds are real good they're not donating to candidates that would work to benefit the majority in this country.

The goal is unchallengeable plutocracy.

A rising tide lifts all boats, but right now, we have an upside down umbrella above our heads catching rainwater while we all die of thirst.
02:34 AM on 02/21/2013
Fanned and faved. Now how do we fix this?
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Michael F Langdon
01:05 PM on 02/20/2013
It is rather sad that the rich can't do anything without incentives, but the working class people should just be happy with what they get. Our not-Mitt President and his Sec of Ed tell us how important an education is while wages stagnate and the size of loans increase with bankruptcy becoming more and more difficult for individuals and easier for corporations. They want you to take out massive loans that can't be bankrupted because then you are an economic slave.
04:12 PM on 02/20/2013
The poor should be incentivized by hunger while the wealthy can only be incentivized by tax breaks and subsidies. :(
07:03 PM on 02/20/2013
Whether you are happy or not is irrelevant.