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Dean Baker

Dean Baker

Posted: February 28, 2011 12:32 PM

Part of Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker's union-busting agenda is including a "right to work" rule for public-sector employees. Several other Republican governors are considering similar measures for both the public and private sectors. Insofar as they succeed, these right-to-work measures will seriously weaken the bargaining power of workers.

"Right to work" is a great name from the standpoint of proponents, just like the term "death tax" is effective for opponents of the estate tax, but it has nothing to do with the issue at hand. It is widely believed that in the absence of right-to-work laws workers can be forced to join a union. This is not true. Workers at any workplace always have the option as to whether or not to join a union.

Right-to-work laws prohibit contracts that require that all the workers who benefit from union representation to pay for union representation. In states without right-to-work laws, unions often sign contracts that require that all the workers in a bargaining unit pay a representation fee to the union that represents the bargaining unit.

The logic is straightforward. When a union is recognized as representing a bargaining unit, it legally must represent every worker in that unit, whether or not a worker opts to join the union.

This means not only that nonmembers get the same wages and benefits that the union negotiates with the employer, but the union is also obligated to represent any nonmember individually if that worker gets in a dispute with the employer over an issue covered in the contract. For example, if a nonunion member is threatened with a discipline action or firing, the union must defend this worker's rights just the same as if they were in the union.

Right-to-work laws prohibit workers from being required to pay for this union representation. What right-to-work laws actually guarantee is the ability for a worker to benefit from union representation without having to pay for union representation.

Copyrights provide a good analogy to this situation. As we know, it costs money to produce recorded music or movies. All the people who take part in the productions, musicians, actors, technical assistants, and others need to be paid.

Copyright is a mechanism that allows these people to be paid for their work. (It is not the only mechanism for financing creative work, but it is currently the main mechanism for generating revenue for those involved in producing creative work.) Under copyright law, the holder of the copyright is given a monopoly over the distribution of the copyrighted material. The copyright holder can sue for damages anyone who distributes or uses copyrighted material without their permission.

If we applied the logic of right-to-work laws to copyright, then copyright holders would be prohibited from taking steps to enforce their copyright. If people chose, they could pay the copyright protected price for music or movies, but they would also have the option to freely download copyright protected material without paying the copyright holder. And there would be nothing the copyright holder could do.

This would be the parallel of "right to work" in the copyright world. As it stands, copyright holders are having a difficult time enforcing their copyrights and getting paid for their work (which might suggest a more modern mechanism for financing creative work would be desirable), but imagine that copyright holders had no legal recourse.

It is unlikely that many people would choose to pay for the music they listened to or the movies that they watched if there was nothing stopping them from enjoying this material without paying. This is the situation in which right-to-work laws put unions.

The outcome is obvious; unions will have a much more difficult time staying in place, as many workers will take advantage of the opportunity to get all the benefits of union representation without paying for them. The unions that do survive will be much weaker if the government forces the union to represent people who don't have to pay for its services.

This is why the states with right-to-work laws have much lower rates of union representation than states without such laws. If the government rigs the deck against unions, then it will be very hard for them to survive, just as it would be hard to sell copyrighted material in a world where copyrights were altogether unenforceable.

Even without right-to-work laws, any worker always has the right to not join a union. If they dislike the union enough, they have the option to work somewhere else, just as they would do if they disliked the employer enough. Of course, workers also can vote out bad union leaders or vote to get rid of the union altogether as well, options that they do not have vis-à-vis their employer.

In short, right-to-work laws have nothing to do with protecting the rights of individual workers. They are about reducing the bargaining power of workers: pure and simple. This is the issue at stake in Wisconsin and across the country.

 
 
 
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PensiveGadfly
Blue thinker in a red state
06:49 PM on 03/02/2011
So are these laws really "Right to get something for nothing" laws? Is this the equivalent of, for example, a right to opt out of road use taxes--you still get the use the roads everyone else pays for, except you don't have to pay for them.
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Tim McCown
08:49 AM on 03/02/2011
This isn't representation without taxation it is more like remuneration without participation. The fact is that many management people act like petty dictators. They don't fire people because they are incompetant sometimes as my former work place proves they fire people just as a way to keep people fearful and because they can in a pure power trip. In a Democracy those who work should have every right to a say in how much their labor is worth. I love how management people always act like those of us who work as teachers, firemen , policemen, or other working folk are outrageous for wanting to negotiate our value. There isn't one single CEO who doesn't have a contract specifying what terms and conditions of their employment is. May I take this moment to dispel another false myth. When teachers get pensions and healthcare this is not something extra we get. We pay for it by taking a smaller paycheck home so that some of what we earned is put towards healthcare and pensions. The Republicans have cotinued to do what they do best lie while pretending that at $39,000.00 I was some type of a priviledged character. I taught because I love teaching. With a masters believe me I could make more than that doing something else in the private sector. But then again here is another way I am not like the Rights defintion of success. I love helping my students think for themselves not money.
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djtejas
08:34 PM on 03/01/2011
Here's my experience
I'm in the semiconductor industry...
I would have a project with new equipment installations or equipment upgrades that would require new facilities hookups that we contracted union workers.
During the project, they would have no incentive to get the job done in a timely manner. Their comments were always "we get paid by the hour".
If there was something that could be finished in 15 minutes but their break time interfered, they would stop and take their break instead of just taking the next 15 minutes to finish and then take their break. When I would ask them why it took over an hour to come back, their response was "our break time does not start until we are all the way out to our truck or trailer in the parking lot". So they would take 15 minutes to walk out of the building to their truck, then take their 30 minute break, then take another 15 minutes to walk. They could have just taken the 15 minutes to complete and then taken their break and I would not have cared. Instead the 15 minutes of work to complete took 1 1/2 hours to complete.
And lunch, they would be gone for 2 hours before returning to where the work was.
This was not an isolated incident; this happened every time we had to use them for construction.
repairs may take days or weeks because of their schedule.
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djtejas
09:05 PM on 03/01/2011
part of my post got cut off...my comment about repair taking days or weeks was related to their work not passing inspection by the city.
We would then have to do the repairs ourselves because trying to get them to come back to repair the work might take days or weeks. Their shoddy workmanship, but we would have to wait until they could fit it into their schedule to come back and fix it. This happened 25-50% of the time.
In the semiconductor industry waiting days or weeks for someone to come fix their own work is not acceptable. Any time one piece of my equipment is not working, we are losing big money, lots of non production.
11:02 PM on 03/01/2011
Of course, you left out a few 'minor' details. For instance as you said you were not dealing directly with the workers but through their employers. What are that employers work rules? Often break times are set by that employer with an additional rule that if the break is not taken at that exact time the break is forfeited. That is the designated break time whether a break is taken or not. Walking away from the job at any other time is considered an offence worth termination.

As for the days or weeks that it takes that company to schedule your work, it is again the company that you are doing business with not with whether the workers are union or not.

In addition, if the quality of the work is not suitable for your purposes and you continue to contract with that company that is the fault of your company for accepting that quality of work and it again has nothing to do with whether the workers are union or not. Had you exercise your legitimate options under the circumstances you allege you would be contracting with a shop that may or not be a union shop that did meet your needs or the company you presently contract with might have replaced that/those workers. Even in a union shop slipshod workmanship is an offence justifying termination. Your failure to hold the contracting company responsible is the problem, not that it happens to be a union shop.
08:08 PM on 03/01/2011
Mr. Baker writes as if he grew up in a different country. The only way a worker has a choice with regard to a Union shop is either pay or look for another job. The idea that one can bypass the union and its dues in a real union shop is not true. While the history of unions and why they came into the picture is laudable, the current economic situation is such that unions have become a burden rather than a protector. KIA and Hyundai are both expanding like crazy and even in a former heavily unionize area are building cars without the help of unions and the pay rate exceeds that of union employees even when you factor all the benefits of the union.
09:08 PM on 03/01/2011
The National Labor Relations Act as amended by Taft Hartley, requires the existence of non-affilation status. That is a provision that requires collective bargaining agreements with 'union shop' clauses to provide an alternative to union membership and requires that an assessment of only those costs related to collective bargaining be collected. 'Closed Shop' (employees must belong to a union prior to employment) provisions are generally illegal. If you are aware of such you have discovered an anomally not the prevailing norm.
12:11 AM on 03/02/2011
It is true that KIA pays more per hour than the older car companies in the U.S. but they also do not have the burden of pensions and medical for their retirees, which even if it was a union shop would not even come into consideration for several years yet. If retirement was part of the KIA employment package the hourly wage would be accordingly less which means only that the workers at that plant are trading their future retirement security for that higher wage today and savings for that retirement and medical benefits is shifted from the corporation onto the worker instead. Should KIA make the same promises toward the workers for retirement income and medical benefits that the older corporations made with the unions the same deal with the workers the would no doubt be made in which a lower hourly wage is agreed to for that future security. Put plainly, your comparison of a high wage low benefit corporation with our traditional lower wage with high benefit plus future security is the proverbial apple to oranges comparison where only present day wages are compared while absolutely ignoring that the higher wages of today was sacrificed accepting that lower wage for other benefits that the KIA workers will never see.
07:27 PM on 03/01/2011
Wow. The unions must have paid some of you to post your comments.
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jkkFL
microbio refusé, je vous refusez
03:23 AM on 03/02/2011
Don't have anything to thank unions for????
Watch this:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/triangle/player/
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jacqmac
12:24 AM on 03/03/2011
Nope! Unlike the Repbulican campaign strategy of 2008 and probably 2012--I haven't been paid for this. I believe this to my core. You see, a UNION helped my parents to raise their children by providing them with a CONTRACT that was BARGAINED FOR, uh---'COLLECTIVELY'. Without that contract and the provisions in that contract, they would have been paid sub-standard wages and worked in sub-standard conditions. EVEN in 1968--public employees were vilified for 'daring' to ask for decent pay and working conditions. EVEN then! I'm Union to the core.
07:02 PM on 03/01/2011
The anology of right to work laws with copyright law is very revealing. Under right to work laws, any employer can fire any employee for any reason what-so-ever; including failing to have the same political beliefs. With copyright law, the artist is typically screwed out of any royalities,etc, with the vast bulk of money going to the recording studio. Unions are far from perfect. From personal experience, shop stewards can - and have- lobbied to have employers fire employees who fail to succumb to pressures to conform to the shop stewards biases.
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Gerald Serlin
Retired lawyer. Perserverantia Vincit
04:23 PM on 03/01/2011
A worker who refuses to join the union in a union shop is an outcast. If it became generally known to the unionized employees, as it most certainly will, he would be harassed and cajoled until he either joined the union, or quit his job. It is a forceful way to impose the union shop on the minority and to make sure that only union workers are employed.

The right to work laws at least give employees a choice and a chance to get out from under the fist of the gangsters that rule most union shops, using union dues to keep the union leaders and their political pawns in power to their mutual benefit and not for the benefit of the employee.
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68Namvet
Sioux, French, German, Jew, American mutt
05:04 PM on 03/01/2011
Sadly, you probably believe this. Reality is somewhat different. Were it not for "the gangsters that rule most union shops" I'm sure in your fantasy world benevolent employers would never think of using children in their factories, working employees 60 - 70 - 80 hours a week with no increased pay - 7 day work weeks, forcing employees to shop in a company stores, providing no safety requirements, not providing health care benefits, not providing retirement benefits - nope - all of these things and more were won by unions - and fought against by employers. Perfect system - no.
But, better than the alternative.
07:26 PM on 03/01/2011
In 2011?
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Jerry Aripez
Retired Union Carpenter
05:29 PM on 03/01/2011
Gerald, a right to work allows others from countries and other states to come into your state, pay lesser wages, no prevailing wage, no workers protections...Leave the state with the monies and not having to hire anybody in that state...you are giving labor to those with no standards...
03:01 PM on 03/01/2011
Right to Work for MINIMUM WAGE. Without unions, employees will be at the mercy of greedy employers. You don't really think they want to pay fair wages do you? As for safety issues, Google the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire if you want to see what employers care about. Certainly not the employees.
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jkkFL
microbio refusé, je vous refusez
12:04 AM on 03/02/2011
f&f for common sense!
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thefreetradejoke
02:38 PM on 03/01/2011
"Workers at any workplace always have the option as to whether or not to join a union."

While I'm mostly pro-union, I know for a fact that this statement is patently false, specifically the word "always."
Please do not bother quoting me what the law says.
02:27 PM on 03/01/2011
Oh, and in a right to work state, if I was sick, I had to find someone to cover my shift or I could be fired. Try finding somebody at 4:30 AM to cover your 5:30 AM shift. I had to take any shift whatsoever, even if it meant I had to leave my daughter at the babysitter's overnight or days on end due to split shifts and double shifts. I never got a raise at that job, as my employer didn't pay anybody more than minimum. No benefits, no health care, no vacation. But, I needed the money, and since so much industry left our town, there was little other opportunity. I tried going back to school, but my shifts somehow got in the way. And never complain cause that will get you fired for sure.
02:22 PM on 03/01/2011
I live in a "right to work" state. Basically, it means that the worker has no rights. You can be fired for NO reason at any time.
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thefreetradejoke
02:43 PM on 03/01/2011
Not true. I employ people in a right to work state. I fired an executive employee for verbally abusing our largest customer. You get that, our largest customer! According to the unemployment officials, I should have written her up. Are you kidding?

Yes, we did indeed pay her unemployment. She could have cost us that account, which may have ended us, and I'm paying her to sit on the couch. You are far, far, from not having "rights" in a right to work state.

That just needed to be said.
04:06 PM on 03/01/2011
It is absolutely true. Unless you bargain for due process, you are an "At Will" employee. As the name implies, you can be terminated for any reason that does not violate law i.e., discrimination.

In your example, you did infact terminate the employee. Unemployment compensation has not bearing on employee rights.
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JustMyWords
06:34 PM on 03/03/2011
You're confusing two different things.

Employees in at-will states can be fired at any time, for any reason or no reason, as long as they do not fit into one of the very few protected categories - you cannot be fired for age, race, gender, or religious beliefs. Anything else is fair game and is a perfectly legal termination.

A termination can be completely legal and still qualify for unemployment benefits - and, in fact, in a right to work state, a legal but qualifying termination is much easier to accomplish, because you can legally fire someone so easily.
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01:46 PM on 03/01/2011
I like the copyright analogy. So make union membership voluntary and deny union representation for those opting out.
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johnminehan
01:28 PM on 03/01/2011
Unions bargaining wages makes no economic sense. Everyone's contribution to the bottom line differs both as against others and over time. That can't be "collectively bargained."

Unions do have a place as MEWAs, for example using dues to buy coverage, rather than bribe politicians. This already exist with craft (plumbers) and arts (screen actors) unions.
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IamGerry
Socialist-type zen greatgrandmother
01:23 PM on 03/01/2011
I retired recently, but my last job was a good example of why we need unions. I live in a right to work state, which also means a right to fire you for any reason or none at all.

My employer owned several small stores which employed 2 persons in each store. The hours were long, 8 to 6. There were no 'lunch hours' or breaks. If you had customers, you had to forego the meal. They were kind enough to give one of us off on Saturday, but the other one had to work. There was no sick time or personal leave. You worked all holidays except Christmas, Easter, Thanksgiving and Labor Day, and then you just got that day off, no leaving early on the eve. We were paid barely over minimum wage, and had to work 42 1/2 hours before you were paid for overtime.

Over the course of several years, some of the workers became ill or had to have surgery and were off for weeks at a time. Guess what...the other worker was expected to pick up the slack and run the store by themselves. This happened to me, I worked 6 weeks alone, only having Sundays off. The employer praised me, saying what a good job I did, that they would remember me at the yearly raises. I got a 3 cent raise. My co-worker, who had cancer, was fired after coming back to work. That's true capitalism.
02:57 PM on 03/01/2011
An interesting story....my first question is why did you stay there if it wad so bad? IN a free society there absolutely be the right to make your own rules for your own business. If they are unreasonable then people won't want to work there and the person will either change or go out of business. If I were you I wouldn't have stayed there.
The problems you state are all solveable without unions.
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MiamiRob
There are many opinions, but only one set of facts
04:31 PM on 03/01/2011
You're kidding right? Only a white collar right-winger can make a comment like this. You have obviously never done a hard days work in your life and think jobs grow on trees. You can't just go bouncing around from job to job, employers see this on your resume then don't even give you an interview. In a "right to work state" like Florida, you have no job security at all and all non-union shops are the same. They know that you're easily replaced with an immigrant who'll do the work without complaints, for less pay and they make that point perfectly clear. They have you over a barrel and they play it to their advantage.

I'm in the freight business, you never see elderly drivers or dockmen at non-union companies, but you do at the union ones. Why is this? Because as soon as someone hits their 50s at a non-union shop, and the wear and tear of doing physical work for 30 years begins to take its toll and production slips a fraction, they're shown the door. Aged employees at non-union shops are liabilities that need to be eliminated. It all boils down to maintaining production at all costs.

At a union shop the same worker is respected for his experience and allowed to age gracefully with dignity, as they begin to slow down they use their seniority to bid less strenuous positions knowing the union has their back until retirement.

That's job security.
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jkkFL
microbio refusé, je vous refusez
11:57 PM on 03/01/2011
DUH! If you have a job in a right to work state -ALL the jobs are run that way.. YOU need to do more reading before commenting on something you know NOTHING about.
01:08 PM on 03/01/2011
Do Not Believe The Con: Right To Work State means, You are on your own. Try calling the labor board in Nevada, Texas, or any other right to work State and you will never talk to a single person. Right To Work State means that you are a slave to your employer thoughts alone. NO WORKERS rights what so ever. Is this the freedom America brags to the world about? The freedom of becoming a slave to your employer? The freedom of not having anyone come to your aid when working conditions are just a horrible day in a persons life with no relief in sight. The America that we are becoming will make the fore fathers of the constitution turning in their graves.
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jacqmac
01:33 PM on 03/01/2011
"Right to Work' means the exact opposite. IF you ARE lucky enough to talk to a real person, the FIRST thing that they will remind you of is that their state is a 'Right to Work' state and as such, the 'at will' clause in job applications, personnel forms is taken VERY seriously. A person can be fired in a 'Right to Work' state simply for MENTIONING the word 'Union' outloud to coworkers. It HAS HAPPENED, so don't clutter up this page with denials and jokes about it. There is such a thing as 'showing cause' for a person's termination, but generally trumped up charges are 'good enough' for the Labor Boards of these states. Also, and I need to point this out quite strongly, MOST of the states that have enacted 'Right to Work' laws have only done so within the last 20 years. Yep! Kind of like parallel to Ronnie boy's administration. "Right to Work' laws DON'T WORK! Period.
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marco01
02:49 PM on 03/01/2011
Seems you replied to the wrong commenter, he/she appears to be on the same page as you.
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thefreetradejoke
02:53 PM on 03/01/2011
Exactly correct!

see my post above.
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Gerald Serlin
Retired lawyer. Perserverantia Vincit
04:31 PM on 03/01/2011
"Right to Work" does not mean that unions are prohibited. It means that a potential employee need not join a union as a condition of his employment.
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jkkFL
microbio refusé, je vous refusez
12:08 AM on 03/02/2011
Right to work means your employer will write IN THE EMPLOYEE HANDBOOK: Anyone attempting to, or assisting unions in any manner- including distribution of union materials Will Be Terminated Witthout Notice.
It IS in plain black and white and copied directly from MY employee handbook..
01:23 AM on 03/02/2011
You are not required to join the union even if there is one where you work in any state. But if you do not join you have no more rights than if it was a right to work state, none.