Can Women Change The Course Of History In Iran?

Writing my doctoral dissertation on "The Future of Feminism: Where Do We Go From Here?" in 1995, I never imagined the answer to that question would be found in the streets of Tehran. Iranian women have hit the streets in protest, no longer willing to stifle their demands for reform of Iran's constitution and laws affecting women's rights.

According to Dana Goldstein, writing in The Daily Beast, "an under reported part of the Iranian protests is that women are leading the way." Women have clashed with police, been tear gassed, beaten and killed alongside the men.

Goldstein quotes Sanam Anderlini, a Washington-based consultant on international women's issues:
"I wouldn't say the election was a turning point for women," "But I would say women were the turning point for the election."

The world was jarred by the video of a young Iranian woman, Neda Agha-Soltan, allegedly gunned down by pro-government militia while exiting her car during a traffic jam on Saturday.
A 40-second video of her death was instantly tweeted around the world, and by Sunday had become the fifth most commented topic on Twitter.

A report in Salon quotes some of the following tweets coming from Tehran:

"It took only one bullet to kill Neda,. It will take only one Neda to stop Iranian tyranny."
"Neda died with open eyes. Shame on us who live with closed eyes."
"They killed Neda but not her voice."

According to the Salon article, thousands of Iranians replaced their Twitter profile pictures with tributes to the young woman, such as "I am Neda" or "Neda forever". Others posted images of a broken heart in green, the color of the opposition movement.

The footage of Neda's death has fueled anger and heartbreak around the world and put a face on the people's struggle for reform with Neda as its martyr. Her death and the world-wide reaction to it, has helped to focus attention on the larger issues underlying the protest movement.

Iranian women have been at the forefront of agitating for political change for over 100 years. They participated in the Constitutional Revolution of 1906, carrying guns under their veils to help the revolution and were key supporters of the Islamic Revolution in 1979.

Prior to 1979, women made considerable strides in gaining equal opportunity in various fields of work and at the highest levels of government. Those gains were virtually erased when the Ayatollah Khomeini and his followers ushered in a police state in 1979, removing women from the work place and making mandatory veiling the law.

Women's rights have suffered dramatic set backs under the regime of Mahmoud Ahmandinejad. The government spent millions on a propaganda campaign instructing women that their proper place was in the home. It put a lid on the number of females admitted to universities and instituted a "culture of modesty" effort to enforce stricter veiling.

Last summer, Ahmandinejad and his supporters attempted to push through a "family protection law", easing restrictions on polygamy, allowing men to take on multiple marriages while continuing to severely limit women's right to divorce, child custody and inheritance. The law also proposed putting a ceiling on dowry rates paid to a woman upon entering a marriage, putting a tax anything beyond the ceiling amount. It changed the age of marriage from 18 to 9, and returned the practice of stoning.

Women were outraged at this attempt to further deny them equal rights. In response to the regime's proposed legislation, leading Iranian feminists launched A Campaign For One Million Signatures, with thousands of women distributing pamphlets across the country detailing how Iran's legal code is being used to discriminate against them. Many of the campaign's leaders were arrested or jailed, its web sites shut down and newspapers threatened with closure for reporting on its activities.

In a June 8, 2009, NPR interview Sussan Tahmasebi, one of Iran's leading feminists, and a founding member of A Campaign For One Million Signatures, stressed the influence women have had in the lead up to the recent election. As a result of female activism, political candidates were forced to engage with women and address their demands for reform. Tahmesebi was jailed and sentenced to two years in prison for her organizing activities. The sentence was later reduced to six months.

Mir Hossein Mousavi, who emerged as the main opposition to the current regime, has not always been supportive to women's issues, but his outspoken feminist wife, Zahra Rahnavard, called the "Michelle Obama" of Iran, made the status of women a core theme of her husband's campaign.

During the campaign, Mouavi issued a statement outlining his thinking and programs for women, "calling for the re-examination of laws that discriminate against women, signing on to the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women and working to include women in decision making roles as ministers and high level managers."

Already subject to intense surveillance, imprisonment and enormous bail fines and restrictions on their right to travel abroad, Iranian women will suffer dramatically if Ahmandinejad prevails in the uprising. He is expected be sworn in for a second term as president sometime between July 26 and August 19.

With developments in Iran so dynamic, what will happen next is unpredictable. People continue to protest at great risk to themselves. In a report on Breaking Tweets, Shirin Ebadi, Iranian human rights lawyer and Nobel Peace Prize laureate, speaking at a UN news conference from Geneva, has come out in strong support for the freedom movement, calling for new elections and threatening to prosecute those responsible for the murders of protesters.

Some tweets have speculated Ebadi may lead the protest movement from abroad, much the same way the Ayatollah Khomeini directed the revolution from exile 30 years ago.

Are we witnessing the first female led revolution in modern history? The genie is out of the bottle in Iran and those close to the scene doubt it can ever return to the status quo, even if the current regime manages to crush the rebellion. Perhaps in the short term, women's voices will be silenced and the patriarchy may prevail.

But as for the long term? Women have learned to operate under the radar for thousands of years, since the demise of the unarmed matriarchal cultures in ancient Greece at the hands of heavily armed invaders from the north. Patriarchal domination has ruled the earth ever since.

Fareed Zakaria, Iranian journalist and editor of Newsweek International, told Campbell Brown on CNN Monday night, "This is the Islamic Republic's moment of truth. Will they deal with the issues in an orderly fashion and work with the reform movement to resolve the problems or are we going to witness some kind of Stalinist purge, in which the rebellion is crushed. This would be interpreted as a sign of weakness and the regime will eventually collapse ."

If the protest movement is crushed, the fight will go underground, but it will not die. Women's subversive tactics will continue and the fingers of the world will be poised to tweet every development.

Please watch this CNN interview with Azar Nafisi, author of "Reading Lolita in Tehran" discussing her pride in women's involvements there and the impact of Zahra Rahnavard's influence on the election.

Nafisi's comment on CNN last night: "Iranian women are the canaries in the coal mine. If you want to know what direction Iran will go, watch what happens with the women."

I'd love to hear your thoughts about this aspect of the happenings in Iran. Do you think the Iranian women will eventually prevail? What do you think will happen if they're rebellion is crushed? What role should the US have, if any, in these developments?

Please drop by the comment section and share your thoughts, and while you're there, why not Become A Fan? I'm also blogging about this and other issues on my own site at Rx For The Soul, www.judithrich.com. You can also leave personal messages for me there.

Follow Dr. Judith Rich on Twitter: www.twitter.com/dr_judithrich

Comments

[JaneHoward]

I lived in Iran for five years researching my book, Inside Iran: Women's Lives, and I would like to reassure your readers that Judith and the other commentators she quotes are absolutely right that women have played a key role in events of the last few weeks. Neda has become the icon, but Zahra Rahnavard galvanised her husband's campaign, and Faezeh Hashemi, former President Rafsanjani's daughter, joined the protesters and exposed the splits within the establishment.
Judith is right to point out that women also played a key role in the 1979 revolution, but she misses some crucial points about why they have developed in confidence and status since then. Paradoxically, the revolution, while it robbed women of many legal rights, also channelled resources into areas where it helped women most, namely primary healthcare and education. Girls from conservative families who had never dreamt of going to school, began to get an education. The new Islamic state wanted to segregate boys from girls, but what this meant was that new schools were built and new teachers (many of them women) were trained.Women now make up, unbelievably, more than 60 per cent of all university students. Rahnavard was herself the chancellor of a respected all -women's college. Women (and young people in general) were already credited with the surprise victory of the reformist cleric, President Khatami, and their mass action, with the million signatures campaign, has re-shaped the face of dissent in Iran.

[Dr. Judith Rich - Huffpost Blogger]

Dear JaneHoward,

Thank you so much for helping to fill important points about the story about the women of Iran. I would love to read your book! In my research for writing this article, I did miss the piece you added here, which is a very important point and as you mention, an irony that the revolution, in its attempt to marginalize girls, ended up giving them the most important tools to forward their lives.

I would love to hear any other insights you brought back from your experiences there.

Thanks again for your comment and your book,
Judith

[Dr. Judith Rich - Huffpost Blogger]

I thought this might be on interest to those of you who use Twitter and want to show support for the protests in Iran......

Show support for democracy in Iran add green overlay to your Twitter avatar with 1-click -
http://helpiranelection.com/

I also noticed that Reza Aslan, Iran journalist who appeared on The Daily Show last night, was wearing a green arm band. Let's get those green bracelets and ribbons going!

[Kari Henley - Huffpost Blogger]

WOW!
I have been traveling and just had a moment to peek in.
What a passionate, thoughtful and well researched piece, Judith! I am so impressed at the level of information and inspiration power packed into one piece!
I could not bring myself to watch Neda's death. i just couldn't do it.
It is haunting to us all, and her death is forcing the world to pay attention.
Thank you!
Kari

[Dr. Judith Rich - Huffpost Blogger]

Hello Kari,

Thanks for taking time out of your travels to check in. This double Aquarian warrior woman in me has been activated by what's happening in Iran. I am so proud of the women there for taking their place along side the men, in many instances even leading the way.

I hope you'll take a moment to read the comment from Benoosh, an Iranian woman, who writes of her experiences there and corroborates reports of women being at the forefront of social change in her country for over 100 years.

We know the Sacred Feminine is on the rise and poised to return. Perhaps she'll have to overthrow one of the most oppressive regimes on the planet in order to do it. I'm betting on the women. One way or another, things will change there and life will never be the same.

The Sisterhood Rocks!

Much love,
Judith

[Jason Mannino - Huffpost Blogger]

There is no turning back! Critical mass of love and freedom has come to fruition in Iran

Thanks for this depthful, insightful, loving piece and tribute!

Light ahead to the people of Iran

Love,
Jason

[Dr. Judith Rich - Huffpost Blogger]

Yes, Jason, I'm with you. Our hearts are cracked open yet again. Their struggle is ours in so many ways.

Thank you, my brother,
Judith

[Dr. Cara Barker - Huffpost Blogger]

Judith, your passion is coursing through this piece. Brilliant. Thank you, also, for the historical context for what is happening. As for 'women leading the way': yes, without a re-embrace of the Feminine which calls forth our cooperative nature, and our Wisdom, that lives far deeper than our knowledge, there will be no progress in the world, whatsoever. One thing is clear: our heads have gotten us, as a world, into this mess, because ego leads to conflict. This does not make thinking the enemy, but an underutilized instrument that works best in serving the heart. Neda's passion, coupled with that of our Sisters and Brothers in all countries that cry out for freedom and equality, is a music that enriches our awareness of what it means to be a human being remembering that we can do better.

Gratitude your way,
Cara

[Dr. Judith Rich - Huffpost Blogger]

Cara,

I'm going to send your comment to the government in Iran. They could use this reminder!

I'm inspired by the women of Iran, but also the young people, men and women, who are on the front lines demanding justice. I'm afraid their government doesn't speak the same language. Our hearts are with all those who rise up against oppression. Clearly, the human race still has a lot of work to do to bring us all across the finish line.

Thanks to you for being a brilliant torch of remembrance as to who we truly are.

Blessings to you dear sister,
Judith

[Ed and Deb Shapiro - Huffpost Blogger]

Hi Judith- Wow you sure can touch the pulse of us all. This is such an important post!

I am truly passionate about this... Firstly I would like more of the feminine energy in world affairs. If women were in power I feel this world would be a better place.

Within everyone is masculine and feminine..Yin and Yang ...we need more of the Yin energy which is wisdom ... we need the wise woman to bring healing and peace ... the power structure in Iran is Yang and the worst aspect of it.. Aggression and destruction. Anyone that can claim they are the supreme ruler and kill their own people is power crazy and is using religion as a tool. These insane people have lost the plot and are ego-maniacs.

Neda represents every woman. She lives on in all our hearts.

May she live on as the symbol of courage and strength and all that is good!

Big Love,

Ed

[Dr. Judith Rich - Huffpost Blogger]

Dear Big Love,

What we need more of in this world is hearts like yours! Can you just clone yourself and spread some of that love and joy around the world?

Oh! I bet that's what your book is doing!

Thanks so much for your loving contribution to this most important discussion.

Many blessings to you
Judith

[davidwayneosedach]

Woman can change the course of the world. Period.

[Dr. Judith Rich - Huffpost Blogger]

Amen! Awoman! Ashay! And so it is!

[benoosh]

I have to say people outside Iran don't have any idea about the Iranian society. I am an Iranian myself and am appalled by how people here in North America picture us. The first democratic revolution in Iran happened in 1905. The process of westernization then started in Iran. By now it has been going on for 100 years. Iranian people are very different from others in the middle east and around a century ahead of countries like Saudi Arabia. The new generation of Iranians are totally westernised. More than 50% of the university students are female. Hejab is only forced on them, I promise the first day after this government falls, half the women will let go of their hejabs.

The role of women in this movement is undeniable. When on that televised debate Ahmadinejad attacked Mussavi's wife's credentials, I told my friends, he lost the elections, because at that moment he lost women's votes.There is a widespread belief here that Rahnavard is the real power behind Mussavi's stand right now, as we know that Mussavi is not by nature a strong man. I believe right now most of the decisions to resist the coup is taken by her.

I took part in 1979 revolution. I remember women guerillas and women in the streets and women being tortured in Shah's prisons. But the number is incomparable. This time, half the people in the street are women. This time, whoever wins, can't push women back into their homes.

[Dr. Judith Rich - Huffpost Blogger]

Dear Benoosh,

Thank you so much for your very important input and for sharing your experience from ground zero. I applaud you and your Iranian sisters for your long and steadfast battle against such suppressive regimes.

Know that we are with you in this struggle. I pray for the people of Iran and know that the women have great courage. Things will never be the same. I am not Iranian, but I am with you. We are with you.

Many blessings,
Judith

[Ed and Deb Shapiro - Huffpost Blogger]

beboosh - this is so helpful for me - to know what you say is vastly interesting

I was in Tehran many years ago. I met a doctor and his wife on a flight from Istanbul to Tehran and they invited me home. They were returning from their honeymoon. Their family had a big feast on their return. I had never experienced such an event.

En'shallah

Walle (Ed) my Sufi name

[wmrcrds]

WOMEN ARE THE HEROES IN IRAN There are many Neda's out there.

Following is a tribut to Neda by A world renowned Iranian American singer known as Siavash, Moving song with touching and rare photos and images of Neda Agha Soltan, telling the story of her life and brutal death by a basij militia sniper with a shot through the heart, in Iran, Tehran, an innocent bystander in peaceful protests. This includes a Picture of Neda's suspected killer. And in the end, a call for hope in the face of tragedy.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cpf6Mua0wiI

[Dr. Judith Rich - Huffpost Blogger]

Dear wmrcrds,

Thank you so much for sharing the link with us. This is exactly what we need to do.... bear witness to the hard labor pains of birthing human rights in the world, not just Iran.

I appreciate your comment,
Judith

[DiogenesOfAlaska]

I think you are making an extremely important point by stressing the history of this struggle and the fact that Iran has been moving backwards already with the 1979 revolution and even further with the current regime.

It's hard to overestimate the importance of making this known to the world public. This is not a country that has any reason to feel backward. It's one of the oldest cultures in human history and even islam is merely an episode in its evolution, when measured on the grand scale.

And it is a very special situation for women, without doubt. But I don't feel at all competent to discuss it because the co-existence of women with Ph.D.s with stoning and marriage at the age of 9 simply blows my mind.

Let's hope that the new media will speed up the inevitable, as foreseen by Fareed Zakaria with whom I gladly agree in this - which isn't always the case.

As to the role of Americans, it does seem pretty clear to me that Obama's Cairo speech was a partial catalyst for the increased hopes and courage. And I think the best response was exactly what he did: to point out that the world is watching. It is.

[Dr. Judith Rich - Huffpost Blogger]

Hello Diogenes,

The context for this struggle is important for us to know here in America. We take our rights for granted. What women are dealing with in Iran and elsewhere in the Middle East is unspeakable.

I tend to agree that Obama's Cairo speech might have been some kind of catalyst, however, women's struggles have been going on in Iran for decades. Perhaps they drew comfort and support, knowing the leader of the free world was extending a hand to them.

It's so important that we all stand watch now. We're bearing witness to an important birthing process. It will happen on it's own time table, not ours.

Thank you so much for always being a witness for transformation.

Blessings to you,
Judith

[DiogenesOfAlaska]

Yes, it will happen on it's own time table, not ours.

In such moments, I feel like I'd be better off if I had chosen Socrates as my moniker, since his spouse was a midwife.

Anyway, there's really little else I can do other than watching.

regards,
some big fan of those ancient greeks.

(but wait, didn't they wage war against the persians? ooops. Well, as I said, everybody should be listening to Socrates and his wife. Those warriors of Xerxes had it coming for 2500 years now, haven't they?)

[h0tr0d]

This sounds like feminist rhetoric to me. Is there any real evidence of women leading the way, or is it all anecdotal ? I suspect that many more men have been and will be killed as part of this uprising, but of course, feminists always treat men as disposable. The fact that Neda is a woman is the reason that she is the only one we know the name of.....along with her death being caught on video. This does not by any means minimize the sacrifice that Neda made, but can anyone name any other victims ?

[Dr. Judith Rich - Huffpost Blogger]

Dear Hotrod,

Please help me out here. What are you calling "feminist rhetoric"? I'm stating facts. Please read the whole article. I'm not sure if you read beyond the title of my post. If you did, you'd see documentation on how women have been leading the protest movement in Iran for over 100 years.
I've included numerous links to articles spelling out exactly what women have been doing and enduring since the 1979 Islamic Revolution.

Shirin Ebadi, an Iranian woman, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2003 for her work as a human rights activist, the first Iranian to receive this prestigious award.

Why are the women of Iran so up in arms? They have much more at stake in this election, given Iran's barbaric laws on marriage and veiling imposed by the government. That is why they're putting their lives at risk, right along side the men in the streets.

This isn't a male vs. female issue. Even the political candidates (except Ahmandinejad) know they must address the demands of women to reform Iran's constitution which makes it absolutely legal for a man to take a 9 yr. old girl as his bride. Does make sense to you?

We're talking human rights here. I applaud the men who are standing up every bit as much as the women. Obviously, a significant number of Iranian people want reform.

I appreciate you taking the time to share your thoughts.

Best to you
Judith

[h0tr0d]

I did read the whole article....I just didn't see anything in the article that would lead me to believe this revolution was being led by women. A couple of feminist reporters saying it, doesnt make it so.

[DiogenesOfAlaska]

excuse me, but you sound thoroughly confused to me.

If the courage of women facing a law in which they may be stoned and be married at the age of 9 does not convince you, then what exactly do you think of feminists in western societies? Do you think they have been on a cakewalk for the past dozen of decades?

Please update your cultural compass.

[h0tr0d]

Convince me of what ? You sound confused.

[Eli Davidson - Huffpost Blogger]

The paradigm has shifted and we are watching women lead the way! "Iranian women have been at the forefront of agitating for political change for over 100 years. They participated in the Constitutional Revolution of 1906, carrying guns under their veils to help the revolution and were key supporters of the Islamic Revolution in 1979." That was utterly fascinating!

Tweets I am seeing say that women are outnumbering men at the rallies.

When a man is attacked by the military, a group of women jump in front of the attacker and say, "Don't beat him. Beat me!" Thank you again for a masterful post!

[Dr. Judith Rich - Huffpost Blogger]

Hello Miss Eli,

Yes, I heard a news report on CNN last night from a 19 yr. old women who said she and her Iranian sisters were no longer afraid of the police. They'd been beaten already and the prospect of more beatings was not frightening to them. So you see them stepping in front of the men and saying "beat me instead".

I'm telling you, Eli, these women are on the line not only for their own lives, but also for the lives of their children and future generations. They have so much at stake in this election. If they lose and the govt. clamps down on them even further, their 9 yr. old daughters become eligible for marriage. Can you believe this?

Fascinating interview on CNN last night, also with Azar Nafisi, author of Reading Lolita in Tehran. She thinks the genie cannot be put back into the bottle. The women are out to stay.

Our prayers to all the Iranian people and thanks so much, my dear Eli, for your comment.
Judith

[John S]

How are the women of Iran any different than the women of Iraq? Because they are smarter?

The women of Iraq were and are reason enough for us to be in Iraq.

The Mideast culture delivered the first scientific discoveries of humankind. Now they are stagnated by a backwards culture propped up by the oil dependency of western civilization. Try going back to the 15th century by leaving your oil in the ground. This was picked up by my newsfeed so I am unfamiliar with the author Ms. Rich, I hope she has been emphatic about the women of Irag for the last 5 years.

[Dr. Judith Rich - Huffpost Blogger]

Dear John S,

As a feminist, my heart is with the plight of women everywhere, including Iraq.

I don't happen to agree that we should be over there for that or any other reason, just as I don't think it's our place to invade Iran to free the Iranian people. This is their struggle and they must own it. Our presence in Iran would only make matters worse for everyone.

What the women of Iran, and the men for that matter, want and need to know is that the world is with them. They're empowered to continue their fight. I believe their fight for equality is going to have a ripple effect throughout the Middle East. It might not happen tomorrow, but Iranian women have been on the lines for over 100 years fighting for their rights. If they lose this time, they will not give up.

My heart goes out to women everywhere who are living under suppressive regimes that disregard them as human beings. May they be emboldened by this conflict to speak out and demand equal rights.

Thanks so much for your comment,
Judith

[LenF911]

The women's situation in Iraq under Sadam was much better than in Iran. So I don't know why you should say we should be in Iraq because of that.

You sound very misinformed. I suggest you do a little bit of reading before you post such nonsense.

[STILJON]

I have been so deeply moved by the coverage of protesters, largely lead by women, standing and falling for equality and freedom in Iran that I am compelled to ask for your continued help in supporting them in every way possible. Thank you for adding your work to this critical coverage. If organized marches lead by women here and around the world were plastered all over every possible media outlet, we could reach and support them in a powerful way. A female lead march has the unique ability to cut through with a display of truth what would otherwise be seen as simply a political march if it wasn’t women lead. This would be an unequivocal display that equality, human rights and freedom are what this movement is all about. They need all the support we can give right now and for however long it takes to bring us closer to world equality and an understanding of our common human dignity. Please pass this on so we can unite and march for all the “Nedas” who need our support. If there is already such an effort would you please let us know how we can get involved?

[Dr. Judith Rich - Huffpost Blogger]

Dear Stiljon,

I'm right there with you. I was in the marches to pass the ERA back in the 70's. Women's rights is an issue that fires my passion and has for over 30 years. Check out Facebook and Twitter to see if any marches are being organized in your area. If not, organize one!

Also, please check back here periodically in the next couple of days to see if any new info has surfaced. I'm sure many people feel just as passionately about this as you.

Thanks so much for your comment,
Judith

[Anne Naylor - Huffpost Blogger]

Hello Judith,

What an informed article! My feeling is that eventually the female call for change will take place. I believe that women are very powerful, often more so than they appreciate, even under a regime such as the one in Iran. It is just a question of time. Twitter is unlikely to be silenced, nor mobile phone videos shut down.

When or how exactly the changes will take place I have no idea. Did anyone think that Nelson Mandela would ever come out of prison? Or the Berlin Wall come down?

Thank you for adding your voice of awareness on behalf of those needing that support.

With love and blessings to you,
Anne

[LenF911]

I agree. I think women will lead Islam out of the abyss.
My nephew married a Muslim. Her first husband was imposed on her and stabbed her repeatedly in the stomach so she could not have any more children then fled the US. She told her mother that she would pick her next husband. They had a joint Catholic-Muslim ceremony and it was remarkable. Shows you what is possible when women take the lead.

[Dr. Judith Rich - Huffpost Blogger]

Yes LenF911,

I think it's the feminine destiny to lead humanity back to sanity. (Didn't mean to be a poet there). We're the keepers of hearth and home, but we're also willing to take our place on the field along side the men.

Women have so much at stake in this election in Iran. They have nothing to lose by standing up to the authorities, for if their rebellion is crushed life is going to get a whole lot harder and their lives are already unbelievably difficult.

I stand in solidarity with these women. They're our sisters, our mothers, our wives, our friends.

Thanks for sharing your thoughts here.

Blessings,
Judith

[Dr. Judith Rich - Huffpost Blogger]

Hello Dear Anne,

Indeed yes, I'm actually so very proud of these women for daring to stand up for their rights. So much is at stake for the women of Iran. Researching this article was a real eye opener for me and fires my warrior, feminist passion.

Last night on CNN, Campbell Brown interviewed Azra Nafisi, author of Reading Lolita in Tehran. She asked, "what can Americans do to support this uprising"? Nafisi answered, "just keep getting the word out, keep twittering and let the people know the world is with them." It seems like so little to ask. I'd add, pray for them. I just sense this is the start of something very big. And amazing!

I know the women of the world are together in this one. It's a birthing process.........

So good to hear from you Miss Anne.
Much love,
Judith