Divided Kashmir is the world's longest-running and certainly most dangerous international conflict. It has burst once more into flames.
At least 100 Muslim Kashmiris protesting Indian rule have been shot down in the street by Indian paramilitary police over the past three months. Six more were killed this past Sunday.
Scores more have been wounded as unrest spreads across the Himalayan mountain state. Kashmir's capital, Srinagar, is locked down under military curfew. Indian Army units have joined paramilitary forces to suppress the protests with gunfire.
Indian and Pakistani military forces are on heightened alert as a result of the growing tensions.
A century ago, the great British geopolitician, Sir Halford Mackinder, called Kashmir one of the world's primary strategic pivots -- the nexus of continents, empires, and civilizations.
In my first book, War at the Top of the World, which explores the Afghanistan and Kashmir conflicts, I described Kashmir as "the world's most dangerous crisis" and warned of the manifest risks of an all-out war between India and Pakistan that could quickly go nuclear.
This awesome danger remains. India and Pakistan, both with large nuclear arsenals, have fought three major wars over Kashmir. They remain at scimitars drawn over the divided state. India keeps 500,000 troops and paramilitary police in Kashmir.
In 1999, Pakistani troops moved into the Indian-ruled Ladakh region of Kashmir, nearly provoking another war between the two old foes. Both sides put their nuclear forces in high alert. India and Pakistan have only a hair-trigger three-minute alert window once they get warnings of enemy attack. This is almost launch on warning; the potential for an accidental war is enormous.
A nuclear war between Indian and Pakistan would kill and injure tens of millions -- and produce clouds of radioactive dust that would pollute all of Asia's major rivers and, eventually, the entire globe.
I have frequently been under fire on the tense Pakistani-Indian cease-fire line, known as the Line of Control, which divided Kashmir into Indian and Pakistani-ruled portions. Border clashes between Indian and Pakistani troops have frequently threatened to escalate into a wider conflict in the south on the broad plains of Punjab.
Kashmir, some 92,000 sq miles (239,000 sq km), is roughly the size of Great Britain. It has 11 million people, which makes it larger than half the world's nations. Eight million Kashmiris live in the Indian-ruled portion; 3 million in the Pakistani part. Another million people of Kashmiri origin live in Pakistan's Gilgit-Baltistan region, which is part of historic Kashmir.
Like so many of our world's problems, the Kashmir conflict harks back to the British Empire. In 1947, Imperial Britain divided the Indian subcontinent into India, and the Muslim state of Pakistan. Millions of Hindus and Muslims died in the ensuing carnage of partition.
Kashmir was an independent princely state under the British Raj ruled by a Hindu maharajah. Seventy-seven percent of Kashmiris were Muslim; 20% Hindu; and the rest Sikhs and Buddhists. The Hindu prince wanted to join India, but most of his people wanted union with neighboring Pakistan.
Violence erupted. Pakistan and India went to war over Kashmir. By the time the UN imposed a cease-fire, India held two-thirds, including the beautiful Vale of Kashmir; Pakistan got the poor western third of the mountain state. Delhi and Islamabad have sparred and warred over Kashmir ever since.
Further complicating matters, during the 1950's, China quietly occupied and annexed Kashmir's 15,000 ft Aksai Chin region in order to build a military road linking its westernmost Xinjang province (the scene of the recent uprising by Muslim Uighurs) with Tibet.
China also claims the 12,000 ft-high Indian-held Ladakh region of Kashmir as part of Chinese-ruled Tibet. Ladakh is also called "Little Tibet." Tibetan culture has been well preserved in Ladakh while it is fast being swamped by Han Chinese immigration into neighboring Tibet.
Anti-Indian sentiment in Indian-ruled Kashmir simmered until 1989 when a spontaneous full-scale rebellion or intifada by Kashmiri Muslims erupted. India battled for a decade to crush the uprising, often using tactics that Indian human rights groups and foreign rights groups condemned as brutal and violations of human rights. Massacres, torture, collective reprisals and gang rape became common. So did massacres of Hindus and Sikhs by Muslim insurgents.
Pakistan's intelligence service, ISI, armed and aided Kashmiri mujahidin, and helped sustain the popular uprising, until 9/11 when Washington forced Pakistan to mostly end its intervention in Kashmir. I accompanied Kashmiri mujahidin fighters across the dangerous Kashmir inner border.
After 40,000-80,000 deaths, most of them Muslims, India seemed in recent years to have extinguished the uprising. But it has sprung once more to life, sharpening Indian-Pakistani tensions and drawing China into the dispute.
In 1948, the UN Security Council ordered a plebiscite to determine if Kashmiris wanted to remain in India, or join Pakistan. India has adamantly rejected the UN resolution and insists Kashmir is a purely internal matter. Deft Indian diplomacy has managed to thwart the Kashmir dispute becoming internationalized.
The uprising, asserts Delhi, is all due to "cross-border terrorism" from Pakistan. Israel has been aiding India in its fight with Kashmir mujahidin.
So the conflict has festered for 62 years -- even longer than the dispute over Palestine. Further complicating matters, numerous Kashmiri Muslims are calling for an independent state and demand Pakistan return Gilgit-Baltistan ("Northern Territories" to Pakistan).
Now, the Kashmir conflict can no longer be avoided. It has become part of the arc of crisis that includes Afghanistan, Pakistan and India's violence-plagued western regions.
The 2008 murderous attacks on Mumbai, India, by Pakistan-based extremists of the Lashkar-e-Taiba group were motivated by the ongoing conflict in Kashmir. Other Pakistan-based militants ("terrorists," according to India) are punishing India for its Kashmir policies.
Equally worrying, there are recent reports that Chinese troops have entered northern Pakistan, adjacent to Kashmir. Beijing says these troops are helping repair the fabled Karakoram Highway (KKH), the only land link between close allies China and Pakistan's Gilgit region. I have been over this 15,000 ft-high marvel carved from the ever-shifting mountains, one of my most hair-raising, thrilling adventures.
Marco Polo followed this same route to reach western China from India.
China is just finishing a deepwater port and naval base on Pakistan's western Arabian Sea coast at Gwadar. I first wrote about this highly strategic port in a 1980's New York Times op-ed piece, predicting it would become a major strategic issue.
Gwadar will afford China's expanding navy a supply base, safe haven, and new commercial container port that gives onto the Indian Ocean and Gulf. Today, 55% of China's oil comes from the Gulf; in a few years, some 80% will come from there. Gwadar lies right on China's vital oil artery.
New roads, a railroad, and a gas pipeline are building northeast from Gwadar up to the KKH, then into China's western metropolis, Kashgar.
India is increasingly alarmed by this strategic development, which it claims is part of China's growing "encirclement" of India. Furthermore, India also warns that Chinese troops along the KKH are ready to intervene in Kashmir in the event of a new conflict between Delhi and Islamabad. China insists its intent is purely peaceful.
In spite of great reluctance, Washington is slowly being drawn into the vexatious Kashmir dispute. The U.S. wants India and Pakistan to resolve their bitter Kashmir conflict so that the bulk of Pakistan's army, now deployed against an attack from India, can be sent into action in Afghanistan and the Northwest Frontier (recently miserably renamed, Pakhtunkhwa). But this cannot happen so long as Kashmir burns, so Washington is tip-toeing into a new diplomatic mess in the Himalayas.
What a tangled web we weave... Afghanistan can't now be solved without stabilizing Pakistan. But Pakistan will remain unstable and angry so long as the Kashmir conflict continues.
For Pakistanis, "liberating" Kashmir remains their primary national issue.
But the Bush administration allied the U.S. with India, infuriating old ally Pakistan, which sees India and now the U.S. as its principal enemies.
Enter the dragon, China, Pakistan's closet current ally, expanding its power westward towards the oil-rich Gulf. Sir Halford Mackinder, it appears, was quite right about Kashmir, which lies at the nexus of all these great events.
Copyright Eric S. Margolis 2010
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This way, all the people of KAshmir can avail of the economic benefit and growth of India and be free to wear the Burkha or a Bikini as they so choose.
I like this article by Eric Margolis. Although he is blamed as pro-Pakistan military, Mr. Margolis is actually not. He is not afraid to call spade a spade. He was the only person who had identified the Al Qaida camps being shown on US media post 9/11 as ISI run Kashmir Mujahideen camps. He had correctly predicted after meeting with Afghan Mujahideens in early 1980s that this group of people is going to wreck havoc on the world in the days to come. This is one reason why he has a huge following all over the world. His articles get published in both liberal and right winged newspapers.
These are well established truths and I can point you to multiple authentic sources to help you clarify the issues in your mind. Trust you have the journalistic integrity to follow through and issue a follow up to your note with the right facts.