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Geoffrey R. Stone

Geoffrey R. Stone

Posted: March 21, 2010 04:52 PM

The Crazy Imaginings of the Texas Board of Education

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During the era of McCarthyism, Red-baiters fed upon the image of "godless" Communists infiltrating our educational system in order to brainwash the youth of America. As it turned out, that image was largely imaginary. Ironically, though, we now really do have a coterie of Christian evangelicals who are attempting to infiltrate our educational system in order to brainwash the youth of America. They are in Texas.

For reasons peculiar to the textbook industry and the Texas educational system, the Texas Board of Education has enormous influence on the content of textbooks used throughout the United States. Conservatives and Christian evangelicals have taken over the Texas Board of Education and they are right now in the process of rewriting the American history our children will learn.

Among the propositions the Texas Board of Education is attempting to impose upon the next generation of Americans is that the United States was founded as "a Christian nation." What follows from this, of course, is that our Constitution and laws must be understood through the prism of this perspective. Although evangelicals have been pushing this line for two centuries, it is simply, factually, and historically false. But the members of the Texas Board of Education, who are not themselves historians, nonetheless persist in this effort to propagandize the youth of America. This is dangerous. It must be contested.

Christianity played a central role in the promulgation of early colonial legal codes. The Bible was the rock and foundation of early colonial law, and the Puritans, in particular, injected a fierce religious fervor into their laws. In 1636, for example, only sixteen years after the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth Rock, they adopted the "judicials of Moses," which provided that any person "shall be put to death" who "shall have or worship any other God, but the Lord God." Similarly, the 1656 "Lawes of Government" of New Haven colony expressly declared that "the Supreme power of making Lawes belongs to God only" and that "Civill courts are the Ministers of God."

By the late seventeenth century, however, the strict religious foundations of colonial law had crumbled. With the influx of large numbers of immigrants from widely diverse religious, ethnic and social backgrounds, the old Puritan beliefs and institutions faded, and as the new Enlightenment ideals of personal liberty, the "pursuit of happiness," and the power of reason spread through the New World, traditional sources of authority were increasingly called into question.

With fresh energy and bold new ideas, eighteenth-century Americans sought to achieve a profound transformation in their society, their government, their politics, and their religion. The great American experiment was born in the full illumination of the Enlightenment. In an Enlightened Age, -- an age dedicated to reason rather than revelation -- even the authority of Christianity was open to challenge.

The Framers of the American system of government were often quite critical of what they saw as Christianity's excesses and superstitions. They fervently believed that people should be free to seek truth through the use of reason and they concluded that a secular state, establishing no religion but tolerating all, best served that end.

Unlike the later French Revolution, the American Revolution was not a revolution against Christianity itself. But as men of the Enlightenment, most of the Framers did not put much stock in traditional Christianity. As broad-minded intellectuals and skeptics, they viewed much of religious doctrine as divisive, dangerous and irrational, and they challenged, both publicly and privately, the dogmas of conventional Christianity.

Benjamin Franklin, for example, dismissed much of Christian doctrine as "unintelligible." Franklin believed in a Creator, but not in the Judeo-Christian version. He dismissed Christian revelation and described himself as "a real doubter in many points of our religious doctrine." Franklin regarded all religions as more or less interchangeable in their most fundamental tenets, which he believed called upon men to treat others with kindness and respect. He regarded Jesus as a wise moral philosopher, but had no use for Christian doctrine insofar as it had "corrupted" the original teachings of Jesus. A long-time friend, who was more wedded to Christianity than Franklin, lamented that a man of Franklin's "general good character and great influence" was such "an unbeliever in Christianity."

Abraham Lincoln proclaimed that no member of the founding generation "embodied America's ideals more than Thomas Jefferson." A thoroughgoing skeptic, Jefferson subjected every religious tradition, including his own, to rigorous scrutiny. He had little patience for talk of miracles, revelation, or resurrection. Like Franklin, Jefferson admired Jesus as a moral philosopher, but he believed that Jesus' teachings had been "distorted out of all recognition." He condemned the details of Christian dogma as "dross," "abracadabra," "insanity," "a hocus-pocus phantasm," and a "deliria of crazy imaginations." Jefferson expressed his hope to John Adams that "the human mind will someday get back to the freedom it enjoyed 2000 years ago."

Adams himself rejected the rigid dogmas he had inherited from his Puritan forebears. The Creator, he declared, "has given us Reason, to find out the Truth, and the real Design and true End of our Existence." Adams rejected all religious doctrines "that could not be verified independently by human reason." He wrote Jefferson that his religion could be "contained in four short Words, 'Be just and good.'" When Adams was President, he signed the 1797 Treaty of Tripoli, which had been unanimously approved by the Senate, in which the United States unambiguously affirmed that "the Government of the United States is not in any sense founded on the Christian religion."

Tom Paine's works -- Common Sense, The Rights of Man, and The Age of Reason -- were the most widely read political tracts of the eighteenth century. Paine was merciless in his challenge to Christianity. He characterized Christianity as a "fable, which, for absurdity and extravagance, is not exceeded by anything that is to be found in the mythology of the ancients." He decried Christianity's acceptance of miracles as ignorant superstition and charged that the postulation of miraculous interventions by God degrades Him to the "character of a showman" who "plays tricks to amuse" and to make "the people stare and wonder." Paine maintained that by insisting that believers accept superstition as truth, Christianity had fundamentally undermined the freedom of conscience and incited intolerance and persecution. The "age of ignorance," Paine declared, had "commenced with the Christian system."

I could go on, but you get the point. The leaders of the revolutionary generation were not atheists. Almost all of them believed in a Creator who had set in motion the laws of nature and given man the power of reason. But they most certainly did not intend to establish the United States as "a Christian nation." To the contrary, they were careful both in the Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution to avoid any such inference.

The notion that the United States is "a Christian nation" came later, in the nineteenth century, during the Second Great Awakening. It was during that fervent evangelical upheaval that the myth that the United States is "a Christian nation" first came to the fore -- to the utter dismay of men like Adams and Jefferson, who sharply contested it.

This is the truth of our history, and this is the history our children should learn. The truth may be upsetting to those who wish for a different history, but we cannot change what was. In our history textbooks, at least, the truth should count for something. The fables and crazy imaginings of the Texas Board of Education do a profound injustice to our Framers, our history, and our nation.

 
 
 
 
 
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04:31 AM on 04/02/2010
It is true that Jefferson advised his nephew Peter Carr (via letter) to exercise reason… even “question the existence of God”. But that is no heresy. We all have questions. Study the whole letter that Jefferson wrote to Peter and you will see that he was simply encouraging his young nephew to do his homework and use his own reasoning abilities to examine claims… to determine if there is evidence to prove true or not. Those who use this quote to imply Jefferson was denying God’s existence are mistakenly taking the quote out of context.
04:30 AM on 04/02/2010
The Liberty Bell: When the Constitutional Convention met in 1787, those in attendance had the Liberty Bell hanging in the State House bell tower overhead. It’s well known that the bell was commissioned and cast in 1753 by Pass and Stowe with inscription "Proclaim liberty throughout the land unto all the inhabitants thereof..." a direct quote from the Bible: Leviticus 25:10. These men were not only encouraged to pray but they had scripture displayed over them!
Patriotic pamphlets and speeches during the period of the struggle for independence were often infused with Biblical motifs and references to the Bible. Thus Benjamin Rush, in denouncing the Tea Act, wrote: "What shining examples of patriotism do we behold in Joshua, Samuel, Maccabees and all the illustrious princes, captains and prophets… referring to the scriptures.
These are just a small sample of the proof that the fingerprint of Christianity and its tenets are all over our heritage… and those concepts certainly have secured our freedoms and served us well. There is no shame or wrong doing in admitting this! Hiding these facts from our children does a great disservice to their education.
04:19 AM on 04/02/2010
Wow... and I thought all the nasty, negative talk came from the right? Let's be honest folks, many here are upset because there are people who disagree with a secular view of American history. But what is the problem? There is no shame in the fact that a good portion of the founding fathers were men of faith and thoroughly acquainted with the Bible and all the tenets of Christianity. They knew that real faith in God and the teachings of the scriptures would lead to liberty. The period literature is replete with references to God, faith, God's sovereignty, power, blessings and prayer and enough God talk to make one think they were modern evangelical Bible thumpers. Historical records show that sessions of the Continental Congress were begun with prayer to almighty God to ask for divine guidance.

Benjamin Franklin addressed the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia on Thursday June 28, 1787 and implored the members to seek God’s guidance when they were unable to make progress.
You can read the the address here:
http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/benfranklin.htm

The words of Franklin's address are hardly the words of a deist, for a deistic God would not be concerned with the daily government of men. Rather, these are the words of a man who believed in and sought God regularly. This type of language is used liberally and by many authors of the period. The founding fathers were most certainly not deists!
12:11 AM on 03/25/2010
Please help those of us in Texas who are not crazy http://www.tea.state.tx.us/index4.aspx?id=8235
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10:45 PM on 03/22/2010
Jefferson believed in the existence of a Supreme Being who was the creator and sustainer of the universe and the ultimate ground of being, but this was not the triune deity of orthodox Christianity. He also rejected the idea of the divinity of Christ

in the spirit of the Enlightenment, he made the following recommendation to his nephew Peter Carr in 1787: "Question with boldness even the existence of God; because if there be one, he must more approve the homage of reason, than that of blindfolded fear

from the Monticello website
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WilliamBradford
Veritas vos Liberabit
09:06 AM on 03/23/2010
But you miss the point of this debate. There is no doubt that Jefferson, and many of the founders, were as influenced by "Enlightenment" ideas as they were Christian ideas. It may even be true that some doubted Christian beliefs altogether.

That does not change the reality that Christianity played a large and vital role in the colonization and founding of America. Any statement that contradicts this, or any curriculum that omits this, would be the definition of "revisionist".

The importance of the Establishment clause and the debate the "wall" between church and state was a raging one 250 years ago and it continues today. It should be understood as a debate, with full disclosure of the motivations of both sides.
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11:13 AM on 03/23/2010
I think you missed the point of the article, and I am not having a debate with you, I am posting counterpoints to your conflated christian/civil dogma for the benefit of other readers. I do not believe there is any need to effect one another's opinions.
It is incorrect to make no disctinction between the colonies and the new democratic republic birthed in the Revolution. Colonial charters were given by god's rep on earth- the king, and many had Christian proselytization as a requirement of their charter; we have none of that in our democratic republic. Too, there is an important distinction made between the framers and the subsequent signers in the founding period, where the dedicated christian view fell by the wayside in favor of secularity based on private conscience distinctions and limitations. To imply most framers/writers were "as influenced by xianity as by Enlightment" is completely false; to say some subsequent signers were is completely true. You need to answer for yourself why the believers were able to agree with the non-believers in the creation of the new nation. To protect your freedom of conscience, you must protect it for all others; each is individually responsible for the content of that conscience, and not responsible for his neighbors conscience. This is why abortion is a personal conscience issue with individual freedom the hallmark. We are not responsible for what we deem the sins of others, and we cannot be constrained by beliefs of others.
03:34 PM on 03/22/2010
How is this insanity allowed to happen? In this modern age, with actual information at our fingertips, and Texas thinks they can brainwash their children with revisionist history? How long do they think their lies will hold up?
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11:58 AM on 03/22/2010
The assertion that narrow-minded christians had seen the error of their ways by the Revolution, and preferred the thinking of the Enlightenment is not quite right. Religious strife was common in the colonies right up to the time of the Revolution. What is a fact- is that the delegates signed in agreement to secular documents with a secular government, that to the key framers, and with the agreement of the signers, guaranteed freedom of thought and worship. The Christians then tried to usurp the power of the government, just as they are now.
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WilliamBradford
Veritas vos Liberabit
10:06 AM on 03/22/2010
The problem with this analysis is that it lists a few selected quotes - from hundreds of thousands that are available - and pretends that this proves that the "Christian Nation" assertion is wrong.

While it is true that several of the "founders" were very free thinkers and questioned the formal Christianity of their time, it is also true that most of the founders, and most Americans, were active and committed church-going Christians who saw the world through this lens. It was the fact that they questioned the traditional churches, and sought religious freedom, that drew them to America in the first place.

The more important truth is that the ideas of the founders, the Declaration, the source of authority in the Constitution, was inspired by Christian ideals. The belief that the only real authority was given by the Creator to individuals - and not to a King supported by a religious bureaucracy - was based on the very basic Christian ideals in which they all believed.

It is also worth noting that the US was also a "Christian Nation" in a political sense of being part of the Christian world. We were part of the European tradition, and not a Muslim nation, or an Oriental nation.

The truth, both academically and logically, is that we were born a Christian nation and any failure to recognize that reality - and the impact it has had on our history, laws, and culture - is a dishonest effort based on destructive motives.
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12:04 PM on 03/22/2010
The "Nature's God" of the Declaration is not the god of the judeo-christian bible; one has to go back to ancient Rome for the correct reference, the xians claiming this as "proof" of primacy of their religion are completely deluded. Just finished reading a great book "The Authoritarian Specter" by Bob Altemeyer, where he shows scientifically that fundamentalists are capable of holding highly conflicting ideas, without showing a trace of cognitive dissonance. The chapter on 'American Legislators' is must reading for all who watched the Constitution shredded under Bush.
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WilliamBradford
Veritas vos Liberabit
03:29 PM on 03/22/2010
This is not a matter of "primacy", just one of history. The God, and the Creator, of the Declaration was God as understood by Christianity. Why try so hard to twist it? Talk about cognitive dissonance!
02:45 PM on 03/22/2010
William: While it's true most people in America were Christian at the time the country was founded, to claim the "ideas of the founders, the Declaration, the source of authority in the Constitution, was inspired by Christian ideals" is a little misleading. Truth is, they had more to do with John Locke's political writing than anything written in the Bible. If Christianity inspired liberal democracy, why didn't it transform Rome into a liberal democracy?
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WilliamBradford
Veritas vos Liberabit
03:26 PM on 03/22/2010
But John Locke was a Christian. He was a Puritan, and although he was a dissenter from some church doctrine, his ideas came from, and were shaped by, his faith. He believed strongly in "tolerance", but in his world this meant among differing forms of Christianity.

Rome wasn't transformed because it's foundations were not truly Democratic. America is different specifically because it was founded on Christian principles of freedom.
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10:14 PM on 03/22/2010
Paine was indispensible in formulating reasons for the Revolution, and persuading the people for it; and he was quite hostile to Christianity
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MajorKong
If the pilot's good, see, I mean if he's reeeally
08:15 AM on 03/22/2010
What is dangerous about the "America is a Christian Nation" meme is that it's usually being pushed by people like Pat Robertson and James Dobson as proof that they (and ONLY they) should be allowed to run the country.
09:42 PM on 03/22/2010
I agree with MajorKong completely. I've said it once, I've said it before......Beware the Christian Taliban!
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07:38 AM on 03/22/2010
Computers will soon kill textbooks, only in texas will they read this nonsense
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MrsGreebers
10:59 AM on 03/22/2010
The whole point of taking over specifically the TEXAS board of education is because it is one of the two largest textbook markets. The goal of the nutcases is to wipe evolution, deism, Jefferson, etc. out of ALL textbooks in the country.
03:08 PM on 03/22/2010
I assume the South wins the war in Texas textbooks. These are scary-irrational people. The kind that will read the bible to you as they chain you up & start sawing you to pieces. Like Orwell's 1984, once you can change "truth" to be whatever you say it is, there is no limit to how far people will go. And when they are ruled by dogma & rules, the conscience is choked out. All in all, very depressing for anyone who hopes that America will continue to survive. With this trajectory, it will surely collapse from the sheer weight of stupidity.
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Writeonwater
Let's be critical of rhetoric
02:37 AM on 03/22/2010
I am happy to see Thomas Paine getting a little attention. Bertrand Russell wrote a piece about him in a book called Why I am not a Christian. A copy is online here.

http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Bertrand_Russell/Fate_Thomas_Paine_WIANAC.html
01:29 AM on 03/22/2010
Y'all could move to the greatest in the union and run for office, be placed on the Education board and control the textbook industry.Or you could take an active role with your local school board, volunteer at local schools, help your children with their homework, take your kids to Williamsburg, Washington, Philadelphia. Jefferson Davis's house in Biloxi, if it survived Katrina, is fun and you can buy a Rebel cap while your there. Start a chain of private schools. Print your own textbooks and sale to school districts. Design a better cheaper way of getting teaching materials into classrooms. Or relax.This happens every time there is a rewrite and the best I can tell the earth's still turning. Kids don't read the textbooks and teachers don't follow them. Besides the teachers are too busy teaching the test so the district won't lose their funds. Why do we still use textbooks?
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IntelligenceIsBliss
12:31 AM on 03/22/2010
The only American history book that should be taught is Howard Zinn's "People's History of the United States." Anything else is inferior and a theft of knowedge from our youth.
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jennysez
12:09 PM on 03/22/2010
fanned and fave!

Another great book is "Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong"
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lisakaz2
Da ministero dell'interno di Snark.
10:15 PM on 03/21/2010
Thanks for your effective and factual rejoinder to the "Christian nation" nonsense. I think you overstate the opposition to Christianity of the French Revolution to a small degree. They did remake the calendar in an attempt to de-Christianize France, among other things, but I think they also are oversold as enemies to all faith, etc. the McCarthyites did the C-mmunist threat. Remember that the State and the RC Church were the same thing in France and the king was essentially the leader of both (or at least sanctioned by the Church to be king). And didn't freeing non-Christian slaves offend the RC Church since they accepted slavery so long as the slave wasn't a Catholic (thus usually non-European)?
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rgateman
08:59 PM on 03/21/2010
Are they going to make all the Classic Comics take back their history too?