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George Lakoff

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Words That Don't Work

Posted: 12/07/11 08:40 AM ET

Progressives had some fun last week with Frank Luntz, who told the Republican Governors' Association that he was scared to death of the Occupy movement and recommended language to combat what the movement had achieved. But the progressive critics mostly just laughed, said his language wouldn't work, and assumed that if Luntz was scared, everything was hunky-dory. Just keep on saying the words Luntz doesn't like: capitalism, tax the rich, etc.

It's a trap.

When Luntz says he is "scared to death," he means that the Republicans who hire him are scared to death and he can profit from that fear by offering them new language. Luntz is clever. Yes, Republicans are scared. But there needs to be a serious discussion of both Luntz's remarks and the progressive non-response.

What has been learned from the brain and cognitive sciences is that words are defined by fixed frames we use in thinking, frames come in hierarchical systems, and political frames are defined in moral terms, where "morality" is very different for conservatives and progressives. What lies behind the Occupy movement is a moral view of democracy: Democracy is about citizens caring about each other and acting responsibly both socially and personally. This requires a robust public empowering and protecting everyone equally. Both private success and personal freedom depend on such a public. Every critique and proposal of the Occupy movement fits this moral view, which happens to be the progressive moral view.

What the Occupy movement can't stand is the opposite "moral" view, that democracy provides the freedom to seek one's self-interest and ignore what is good for other Americans and others in the world. That view lies behind the Wall Street ethic of the Greedy Market, as opposed to a Market for All, a market that should maximize the well-being of most Americans. This view leads to a hierarchical view of society, where success is always deserved and lack of success is moral failure. The rich are the moral, and they not only deserve their wealth, they also deserve the power it brings. This is the view that Luntz is defending.

Referring to the rich as "hardworking taxpayers" ignores the fact that a great percentage of the rich do not get their wealth from making things, but rather from investments in other people's labor, and that most of the 1% are managers, not people who make things or directly provide services. The hardworking taxpayers are the 99%. That is not the frame that Luntz wants activated.

But Luntz is not just addressing his remarks to Republicans. He is also looking to take Democrats for suckers. How? By choosing his frames carefully, and getting Democrats to do the opposite of what he tells Republicans. There is a basic truth about framing. If you accept the other guy's frame, you lose.

Take "capitalism." It arises these days in socialist discourse, and is seen as the opposite of socialism. To attack "capitalism" in this frame is to accept "socialism." Conservatives are trying to cast progressives, who mostly have businesses or work for businesses or are looking for good business jobs, as socialists. If you take the Luntz bait, you will be sucked into sounding like a socialist. Whatever one thinks of socialism, most Americans falsely identify it with communism, and will reject it out of hand.

Luntz would love to get Democrats using the word "tax" in the conservative sense of taking money from the pockets of hardworking folks and wasting it on people who don't deserve it. Luntz doesn't want Democrats pointing out how private success depends on public investment -- in infrastructure, education, health, transportation, research, economic stability, protections of all sorts, and so on. He doesn't want progressives talking about "revenue" which is defined in a business frame to mean money needed for any institution to function and flourish. He doesn't want Democrats talking about the rich paying their fair share for the massive amount they have gotten from prior investments in a robust public. Luntz would love to lure progressives into talking about government "spending" rather than investments in education, health, and infrastructure that will benefit most Americans.

He doesn't want progressives pointing out that corporations govern our lives far more than any government does -- and for their profit, not ours. He doesn't want any discussion of corporate waste, or military waste, which is huge.

Luntz would love to have Democrats talking about "entrepreneurs," which evokes a Republican view of the market as a tool for self-interest. His proposal to discuss "job creators" instead hides the fact that the business community has not been hiring despite record profits. He certainly does not want discussion of outsourcing and minimizing pay for work, which leads corporations to eliminate or downgrade jobs and hence keep wages low when profits are high.

Hidden behind his proposal to substitute "careers" for "jobs" is his attempt to appeal to young people just out of college and grad school who expect more -- a profession -- not just a mere "job." But of course, corporations are downgrading positions away from professional careers and more toward interchangeable McJobs requiring minimal ability and with minimal pay and benefits.

Luntz is right about not saying "sacrifice." He is right that most Americans are already hurting more than enough. They want a viable present and a future for themselves and their children and grandchildren. He is right to suggest "talking about how 'we're all in this together.' We either succeed together or we fail together." But that is the opposite of conservative morality. It is the progressive view of a moral democracy that all of Luntz's conservative framings contradict. It is an attempt at co-opting the progressive moral system, because the Occupy movement is showing that it is an idea of democracy that makes sense to most Americans. And it is an attempt to take Obama's strongest moral appeal away from him.

Unfortunately, Luntz is still ahead of most progressives responding to him. Progressives need to learn how framing works. Bashing Luntz, bashing Fox News, bashing the right-wing pundits and leaders using their frames and arguing against their positions just keeps their frames in play.

Progressives have a basic morality, which is largely unspoken. It has to be spoken, over and over, in every corner of our country. Progressives need to be both thinking and talking about their view of a moral democracy, about how a robust public is necessary for private success, about all that the public gives us, about the benefits of health, about a Market for All not a Greed Market, about regulation as protection, about revenue and investment, about corporations that keep wages low when profits are high, about how most of the rich earn a lot of their money without making anything or serving anyone, about how corporations govern your life for their profit not yours, about real food, about corporate and military waste, about the moral and social role of unions, about how global warming causes the increasingly monstrous effects of weather disasters, about how to save and preserve nature.

Progressives have magnificent stories of their own to tell. They need to be telling them nonstop.

Let's lure the right into using OUR frames in public discourse.

 
 
 
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01:12 PM on 12/09/2011
Bravo Mr. Lakoff! I've been reading your work for years and am very sold on the ideas. :)
Now, can someone tell me how to *apply* them? Is anyone actively engaged in elucidating the frames progressives need to sell their ideas? Someone, please, point me to the application!
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electrosef
Blue-green-purple Reality exposure
09:50 PM on 12/08/2011
Would that this wisdom and advisement were required daily reading for everyone with interest in human intelligence combined with a conscience of heart. It ought to be framed! Thank you Dr. Lakoff.
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Dunkleberger Karl
Historian,Humanitarian,Hedonist.
04:55 PM on 12/08/2011
I love this
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04:43 PM on 12/08/2011
I think what the Progressive/Dem/Liberal side should do is create a spot based on the theme of "You say to-mate-to; I say to-mah-to". So in the spot, Luntz words would come first, and then followed by the progressive "we say" verbiage. After each pairing would be a quick explanation of why the former is deceptive and the latter is reality.
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Endogenous Light Nexus
There actually is light within you
02:14 PM on 12/08/2011
George you've written an amazingly enlightening article, please keep hammering on this topic to expose the duplicity in rightwing propaganda-like 'framing' of issues. This has been going on for too long and needs some bright lights focused on the practice.
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heartlandmamma
12:00 PM on 12/08/2011
Here's something that can be spoken, often and with some passion. I love this poem by Pete Seeger. It has the perfect framing, delivered by none other than Studs Terkel. Enjoy. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ou4PcSzO4bk

There's probably a better link out there but this is the only one I could find. I would have posted the poem itself, but I'm only allowed so many words per post. Thought this might go over the limit.
maruski
Liberal Lutheran; lean left, save America!
10:37 AM on 12/08/2011
Wow, I so agree with this ..thanks! it is right on.
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Luanne Taylor
be an OTHER
09:44 AM on 12/08/2011
great article! I keep wondering how the RNC are so "together" on the actual phrases they use, like a word of the day email is sent out....I also wonder how they manage to fool so many.
08:52 AM on 12/08/2011
This is one of the smartest commentaries I have read from the progressive side. It's not just what you advocate, it's HOW you advocate it. Words MATTER. Say what you like about the Republican media machine, it recognizes this and uses framing RELENTLESSLY to advance its agenda. Progressives need to do the same.
02:15 PM on 12/12/2011
Totally agree
08:14 AM on 12/08/2011
"Luntz doesn't want Democrats pointing out how private success depends on public investment -- in infrastructure, education, health, transportation, research, economic stability, protections of all sorts, and so on."

And that would include the recent unprecedented success of the Democratic "Stimulus" Bill

Perhaps Geoff you would like to elaborate?
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ZeraLee
A Citizen's View from Main Street
12:55 PM on 12/08/2011
While not unprecedented, the benefits of the stimulus have been largely offset by job-killing spending cuts.
02:33 PM on 12/08/2011
Can I ask you, as I asked Geoff, to elaborate?
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pixeloid
Reality has a liberal bias.
04:23 AM on 12/08/2011
It's still hard for me to believe that slight wording changes make such a huge difference. I've never understood how changing how you describe something, changes the thing you're describing. I know it does that for some people, but it doesn't seem to do it for me. I just get generally irritated when terms are changed to hide the reality they're actually referring to. I guess that's just me.
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DocJoseph
A bleeding heart will heal; a cold heart will not
10:59 AM on 12/08/2011
In many types of disagreement, using some words gives advantage to one side or another. I have had a theist tell me that if I say, "I don't believe in God" that by using the word "God", I acknowledge the concept, and therefore the being.

So I say I don't believe in supernatural creatures.

Likewise, if you say you are against disparity of wealth, and they twist it into "You are against Job Creators", and you say, "Yes, I'm against Job Creators", then most people will say you are against jobs being created, and against the economy.

Perceptions are changed by words, and if you accept another's delusion, you are giving credence to his delusion.

Just my perception.
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Genius
Nothing is more dangerous than sincere ignorance
02:46 AM on 12/08/2011
It's about d*mn time someone pulled the curtain back on this charade! I can't believe it took this long.
I have posted this over and over again on various boards, but I'm just a peon with an opinion, thankfully George has a platform to speak from.
02:19 AM on 12/08/2011
In a free market, businesses are free to succeed or to fail. So when you hear a talking head praise a legislation that 'protects business' and in the next sentence talk up the virtues of the free market, please realize that this person does not understand the inherent contradiction of those statements. If they have no belief that it is morally wrong to spread misinformation due to unwillingness to hold assumptions up to scrutiny or admit to being wrong, then they have no reason to change that behavior.
02:15 PM on 12/12/2011
totally agree
02:18 PM on 12/12/2011
I liked the audacity with which author has elucidated the ground zero observations.
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Zephersand
Just a speck of dust in the scheme of things
02:04 AM on 12/08/2011
Good points

I remember when I was a kid and the Israeli/Syria war was going on in 1973 I believe. I had just gotten a short wave radio. I found radio Moscow and they were taking about the war. They said, "There was a conflict between Syria and Israel...." That afternoon I heard what happened on the TV, "Syria attacked Israel..." A day or so later I was listening to Moscow again and the radio said, "Israel attacked Syria..." and later that day on the TV, "there was a conflict between Israel and Syria..."

The way each side framed the event made the other side out to be the bad guy and then protected their guy from looking aggressive when the roles were reversed.

We have to work hard to understand what is actually being said and then point out the facts rather than repeat the spin.
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01:43 AM on 12/08/2011
How "anarchist" became "libertarian" in the U.S...

http://anarchism.pageabode.com/afaq/150-years-of-libertarian
150 years of Libertarian | Anarchist Writers

"This year, 2008, marks the 150th anniversary of the use of the word “libertarian” by anarchists.

As is well known, anarchists use the terms “libertarian”, “libertarian socialist” and “libertarian communist” as equivalent to “anarchist” and, similarly, “libertarian socialism” or “libertarian communism” as an alternative for “anarchism.” This is perfectly understandable, as the anarchist goal is freedom, liberty, and the ending of all hierarchical and authoritarian institutions and social relations.

Unfortunately, in the United States the term “libertarian” has become, since the 1970s, associated with the right-wing, i.e., supporters of “free-market” capitalism. That defenders of the hierarchy associated with private property seek to associate the term “libertarian” for their authoritarian system is both unfortunate and somewhat unbelievable to any genuine libertarian. Equally unfortunately, thanks to the power of money and the relative small size of the anarchist movement in America, this appropriation of the term has become, to a large extent, the default meaning there. Somewhat ironically, this results in some right-wing “libertarians” complaining that we genuine libertarians have “stolen” their name in order to associate our socialist ideas with it!.."