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George Lakoff

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The Santorum Strategy

Posted: 03/12/2012 8:49 am

The Santorum Strategy is not just about Santorum. It is about pounding the most radical conservative ideas into the public mind by constant repetition during the Republican presidential campaign, whether by Santorum himself, by Gingrich or Ron Paul, by an intimidated Romney, or by the Republican House majority. The Republican presidential campaign is about a lot more than the campaign for the presidency. It is about guaranteeing a radical conservative future for America.

I am old enough to remember how liberals (me included) made fun of Ronald Reagan as a not-too-bright mediocre actor who could not possibly be elected president. I remember liberals making fun of George W.Bush as so ignorant and ill-spoken that Americans couldn't possibly take him seriously. Both turned out to be clever politicians who changed America much for the worse. And among the things they and their fellow conservatives managed to do was change public discourse, and with it, change how a great many Americans thought.

The Republican presidential campaign has to be seen in this light.

Liberals tend to underestimate the importance of public discourse and its effect on the brains of our citizens. All thought is physical. You think with your brain. You have no alternative. Brain circuitry strengthens with repeated activation. And language, far from being neutral, activates complex brain circuitry that is rooted in conservative and liberal moral systems. Conservative language, even when argued against, activates and strengthens conservative brain circuitry. This is extremely important for so-called "independents," who actually have both conservative and liberal moral systems in their brains and can shift back and forth. The more they hear conservative language over the next eight months, the more their conservative brain circuitry will be strengthened.

This point is being missed by Democrats and by the media, and yet it is the most vital issue for our future in what is now being discussed. No matter who gets the Republican nomination for president, the Santorum Strategy will have succeeded unless Democrats dramatically change their communication strategy as soon as possible. Even if President Obama is re-elected, he will have very little power if the Republicans keep the House, and a great deal less if they take the Senate. And if they keep and take more state houses and local offices around the country, there will be less and less possibility of a liberal future.

The Republican presidential campaign is not just about the presidential race. It is about using conservative language to strengthen conservative values in the brains of voters -- in campaigns at all levels from Congress to school boards. Part of the Republican strategy is to get liberals to argue against them, repeating conservative language. There is a reason I wrote a book called Don't Think of an Elephant! When you negate conservative language, you activate conservative ideas and, hence, automatically and unconsciously strengthen the brain circuitry that characterizes conservative values.

As I was writing the paragraphs above, the mail came. In it was material from Public Citizen (an organization I admire) promoting Single Payer Health Care (which I agree with) by arguing against right-wing lies about it. In big, bold type the lies were listed: Single payer is socialized medicine. Single payer will lead to rationing, like in Canada. Costs will skyrocket under single Payer. And so on. After each one, came the negative: Wrong. And then in small, unbolded type, the laundry lists of policy truths. Public Citizen was unconsciously promoting the conservative lies by repeating them in boldface and then negating them.

The same naiveté about messaging, public discourse, and effects on brains is now showing up in liberal discussions of the Republican presidential race. Many Democrats are reacting either with glee ("their field is so ridiculously weak and wacky." -- Maureen Dowd), with outrage (their deficit-reduction proposals would actually raise the deficit -- Paul Krugman), or with incredulity ("Why we're debating a woman's access to birth control is beyond me." -- Debbie Wasserman Schultz). Hendrik Hertzberg dismissed the ultra-conservatives as "a kick line of clowns, knaves, and zealots." Joe Nocera wrote that he hope Santorum would be the Republican candidate, claiming that he is so far to the right that he would be "crushed" -- an "epic defeat," "shock therapy" that would bring back moderate Republicans. Democrats even voted for Santorum in the Michigan primary on the grounds that he would be the weaker candidate and that it would be to the Democrats' advantage if the Republican race dragged on for a long time.

I mention these liberals by name because they are all people I admire and largely agree with. I hope that they are right. And I hope that the liberal discourse of glee, scorn, outrage, incredulity, and support for the most radical conservative will actually win the day for Democrats at all levels. But, frankly, I have my doubts. I think Democrats need much better positive messaging, expressing and repeating liberal moral values -- not just policies-- uniformly across the party. That is not happening.

One of the reasons that it is not happening is that there is a failure to understand the difference between policy and morality, that morality beats policy, and that moral discourse is absolutely necessary. This is a major reason why the Democrats lost the House in 2010. Consider how conservatives got a majority of Americans to be against the Obama health care plan. The president had polled the provisions, and each had strong public support: No preconditions, no caps, no loss of coverage if you get sick, ability to keep your college-age child on your policy, and so on. These are policy details, and they matter. The conservatives never argued against any of them. Instead, they re-framed; they made a moral case against "Obamacare." Their moral principles were freedom and life, and they had language to go with them. Freedom: "government takeover." Life: "death panels." Republicans at all levels repeated them over and over, and convinced millions of people who were for the policy provisions of the Obama plan to be against the plan as a whole. They changed the public discourse, changed the brains of the electorate -- especially the "independents" -- and won in 2010.

The radical conservative discourse of the Republican presidential race has the same purpose, and conservative Republicans are luring Democrats into making the same mistakes. Santorum, the purest radical conservative, is the best example. From the perspective of conservative moral values, he is making sense and arguing logically, making his moral values clear and coming across as straightforward and authentic, as Reagan did.

The Moral Value Systems

The basic moral values in the progressive moral system are empathy and responsibility, both for oneself and others. This leads to a view of government as having certain moral obligations: providing protection and empowerment for everyone equally. This requires a vibrant commitment to the public -- public infrastructure (roads, buildings, sewers), public education, public health, and so on. No private business can prosper at all without such public provisions. The private depends on the public.

These values follow from certain ideal progressive family values, as projected to larger institutions. The progressive family has parents of equal authority. Their central moral role requires empathy with each other and their children, it requires self-responsibility, and responsibility for the well-being of other family members. This means open communication, transparency about family rules, shared decision-making, and need-based fairness.

This is an idealized view. Because our first acquaintance with being governed is in our families, we come to understand ideal versions of governing institutions (e.g., churches, schools, teams, and nations) in terms of idealizations of families.

The idealized conservative family is structured around a strict father who is the natural leader of the family, who is assumed to know right from wrong, whose authority is absolute and unchallengeable, who is masculine, makes decisions about reproduction, and who sets the rules -- in short, the Decider. Children must be taught right from wrong through strict discipline, which is required to be moral. This maps onto the nation. To be prosperous in a free market, one must be fiscally disciplined. If you are not prosperous, you must not be disciplined, and if you are not disciplined, you cannot be moral, and so you deserve your poverty.

When this idealized family model is projected onto various governing institutions, we get conservative versions of them: conservative religion with a strict father God; a view of the market as Decider with no external authority over the market from government, unions, or the courts; and strictness in other institutions, like education, prisons, businesses, sports teams, romantic relationships, and the world community. Control over reproduction ought to be in the hands of male authorities.

For conservatives, democracy is about liberty, individual responsibility and self-reliance -- the freedom to seek one's own self-interest with minimal or no commitment to the interests of others. This implies a minimal public and a maximal private.

We can now see why the Santorum Strategy is so concerned with family values. Strict father family values are the model for radical conservative values. Conservative populism -- in which poor conservatives vote against their financial interests -- depends on those poor conservatives having strict father family values, defining themselves in terms of those values, and voting on the basis of those values, thus selecting strict fathers as their political leaders.

The repetition of language expressing those values leads to more and more working people becoming political and accepting those values in their politics. As long as the Democrats have no positive moral messaging of their own, repeated over and over, the Santorum Strategy will go unchallenged and conservative populism will expand. Moreover, repeating the Santorum language by mocking it or arguing against it using that language will only help radical conservatives in propagating their views.

Democrats are concentrating on the presidential race, hoping that if Obama wins, as it looks like he will, all will be fine. They are missing the bigger picture. The Democratic strategy of getting the independent women's vote for Obama is not sufficient, because independent women may still vote for their local conservative leaders as the strict fathers they want to see in office.

Democrats have been gleeful about the Santorum birth control strategy, taken up by conservatives in the House as a moral position that if you want to use birth control, you should pay for it yourself. Democrats see this as irrational Republican self-destruction, assuming that it will help all Democrats to frame it as a "war against women." I hope they are right, but I have doubts.

This is anything but an irrational position for radically conservative Republicans. Quite the contrary. It fits conservative moral logic -- the logic used by conservative populists, male for sure and for many women as well. In some respects it embodies the most powerful aspects of conservative moral logic, strengthening conservative moral logic in the minds not only of conservatives, but also of independents who have both conservative and progressive world views and swing between them.

Here's how that logic goes.

  • The strict father determines what happens in the family, including reproduction. Thus reproduction is the province of male authority.
  • The strict father does not condone moral weakness and self-indulgence without moral consequences. Sex without reproductive consequences is thus seen as immoral.
  • If the nation supports birth control for unmarried women, then the nation supports immoral behavior.
  • The conservative stress on individual responsibility means that you and no one else should have to pay for your birth control -- not your employer, your HMO, or the taxpayers.
  • Having to pay for your birth control also has a metaphorical religious value -- paying for your sins.
  • This is a classical slippery slope narrative. If no one else should have to pay for your birth control, the next step is that no one else should have to pay for any of your health care.
  • And the step after that is that no one else should be forced to pay for anyone else. This is, everything should be privatized -- no public education, safety nets, parks, or any public institutions or services.


That is what makes conservative moral logic into such a powerful instrument. And conservative and independent women can be pragmatic about the birth control details, while accepting the moral logic as a whole.

Incidentally, Rush Limbaugh's "slut" and "prostitute" remarks, while even more extreme than Santorum, make sense to conservatives in terms of the same conservative moral logic. Limbaugh apologized for those two words, but not for the logic behind them. Even after the apology for the two words, the logic lingers.

All moral logic in politics, whether progressive or conservative, is based on metaphorical thought processes, applying family moral values to political moral values. Republicans understand this and Santorum carries it out masterfully for the benefit of all conservative Republican office seekers at all levels, today and in the future.

The Santorum Strategy does not end with this election. It is part of a permanent campaign that has been going on since the Gingrich revolution of 1994, and will continue into the indefinite future.

Democrats tend to be literalists, assuming that the presidential campaign is only about the presidential campaign and that birth control is only about birth control. In 2010, they thought that health policy was only about health policy, even as conservatives were metaphorically making it about freedom ("government takeover") and life ("death panels").

It is vital that Democrats not make that mistake again.

 
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05:11 AM on 03/23/2012
Liberals - your intentions could NOT be more virtuous.
But what are your virtuous intentions? The common good of humanity of course - every sane American's intentions for this country.
Left > Right - because ____? They care about the good of humanity and Republicans care about their wallet?
-Really? Do Democratic politicians value humanity? Do Democratic politicians represent any real difference in government than RHETORIC?
NO - the American political system - A TWO PARTY SYSTEM -has together worked in secret harmony on the legislation that matters most to their personal interests.

Politics has become a VERY lucrative business for the charismatic individual!!!

Both parties are equally disgusting in their complete lack of integrity, unanimously choosing to shun our ancestry in return for their own personal prosperity,

Don't real Lefties feel this way?
Don't real Lefties want to STOP THE WARS?
Don't real Lefties want to END the WALL STREET MONOPOLY (arisen from sweetheart deals with the US government, who promptly subsidizes any losses their bankter cronies may fraudulently impose upon themselves)!?

The government has conditioned us to accept the TWO options given to us under any circumstance. This isn't freedom, and the two party system is an incredibly successful psyop that's polarized our country and that COMPLETELY disavows the traditions that make us so "proud to be an American!"

Direct your RIGHTFUL anger towards the SYSTEM (government[BOTHPARTIES] + (private) banks + cronies) that has led us to this uncomfortable (at best), corrupt, and rapidly declining state.

PLEASE HELP
04:45 AM on 03/21/2012
Most Human societies have been matriarchal. Patriarchal societies are relatively new to the human species, and so far have not worked out so well.
01:25 AM on 04/01/2012
Wait, I've only ever heard the opposite. Do you have a link or something I could go to? I would LOVE it if matriarchy were really the 'default' society setting....
10:23 PM on 04/02/2012
Actually, the concept that prehistorical humans were matriarchal, though popular in the 1970's, has been fairly well debunked. See: Cynthia Eller's "The Myth of Materiarchal Pehistory": http://www.amazon.com/The-Myth-Matriarchal-Prehistory-Invented/dp/0807067938/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1333419729&sr=1-1

Personally, I don't see what's so great about matriarchy or patriarchy. I believe in equality between the sexes. Matriarchy is just as bad as patriarchy.
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Guitarsandmore
devoted father, community activist, musician, reti
03:12 PM on 03/20/2012
It would be immoral to keep women from their birth control / health care as the planet would fill up even more with too many people, much more pollution, more starvation, more republicans. Encouraging limited birth rates should be a moral imperative for all responsible individuals in a community of responsible citizens.
03:13 AM on 03/17/2012
Dr. Lakoff astutely identifies the issue between conservatives and progressives as residing in the family world view and dealing primarily with values. However, as a progressive himself, he unfortunately distorts conservative values. In particular, he suggests they focus on self-interest and lack of empathy for others. Survey research has shown that, in fact, conservatives give more to charity than do liberals, even though liberals have a higher average income. The difference is not lack of empathy in conservatives but in how it is expressed. As in the conservative family, empathy for others is expressed through private, non-governmental organizations, and is a matter primarily of individual choice and an individual sense of responsibility for others. Liberals, on the other hand, express empathy through establishment of government entitlements, expressing their valuing of individual rights over personal responsibility. Neither conservatives nor liberals have the sole purchase on empathy or on moral values. What differs is the focus in conservatives on personal responsibility and selfless devotion to the family, and in liberals on a democratic family process and individual rights.
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Guitarsandmore
devoted father, community activist, musician, reti
10:16 PM on 03/18/2012
Corporations lie, cheat, and steal, with impunity because their charter is for one and only one purpose to make a profit. The very definition of a corporation is to make a profit and corporations are required to make a profit. Corporations are historically not good citizens, they hire lawyers so they can get away with murder, poison, pollution, rip offs, all legally and somtimes illegally.

Socialists on the other hand are all about the people. The people's land, peoples parks, nationalizing industry to share the profits with the people. Protecting people from dangerous chemicals, dangerous rip off scams, providing education for everyone, health care for everyone at cost, and food and housing for everyone. A social democracy is the best form of government.
01:11 AM on 03/20/2012
One problem with this statement by Guitarsandmore is that it compares the actions of corporations, which are financial entities, with the values of socialists, who are individuals. A more apt comparison would be between corporations and governments, either state or federal, in the case of the U.S. Presumably, in a socialist state, it would be governments which would carry out actions for the citizenry. My reading of the ethics of our government officials is that they are not always pure, and in fact are often highly questionable. I cite as examples frequent indictments of governmental officials for various crimes, primarily of a financial nature. It is also the case that governments often pursue policies which turn out not to be in the best interests of the citizenry.

My initial post compared the values and the familial sources of those values for conservatives as individuals with liberals as individuals.
06:48 PM on 03/14/2012
"Single payer is socialized medicine..." You think that is a myth? Just WHO is the "single" in "single payer"???
11:42 AM on 03/15/2012
Technically the gov't, but realistically taxpayers.

Tell me how that's different than insurance companies though? The insurance companies all charge a premium. They run the numbers and play with statistics (actuarial) and figure out what to charge people so they make a profit. All the premiums are 'pooled' and when someone needs treatment, money comes out of the pot to pay for services.

How is that different from taxpayers paying for a single payer system?

The biggest difference is that the government has more bargaining power and can actually make healthcare more affordable if the correct people are in charge of the right things.
12:49 PM on 03/21/2012
Yes , it is socialized medicine. What's wrong with that?
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tom928
09:00 AM on 03/14/2012
Lakoff's assertion that "all thought is physical" is simply not empirical or logically demonstrable. This assertion holds appeal only because we're widely persuaded today by the authority of scientism that any other philosophical view is inconceivable. It does not at all require any religious belief to nevertheless reject Lakoff's scientistic desire to reduce thought to a physical object that can be manipulated along with all other physical objects. It seems a science and technological manipulation of 'physical thought' hold out the promise for Lakoff of finally eliminating the mystery and misery of the experience of human difference from the universe as conceived by science. Do liberals not see the Orwellian character of Lakoff's manipulative view of thought?
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12:50 PM on 03/14/2012
Love it :)
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frank day
Obama cares about all of U.S.
03:42 PM on 03/14/2012
Until you can prove otherwise ( and I'd love to see it) Lakoff's description of thought as physical

is the only demonstrable/rational proposition.
02:28 AM on 03/14/2012
This reminds me of a excellent article by Philip E. Agre: What is Conservatives and What Is Wrong with It?

http://polaris.gseis.ucla.edu/pagre/conservatism.html

It contains one of the best short lessons in propaganda techniques I've ever read.
02:30 AM on 03/20/2012
Excellent link. Thank you!
11:07 PM on 03/13/2012
and I might add liberals use too many words...like you just did...can't you just summarize and deliver punchlines like Repubs do?
11:44 AM on 03/15/2012
"Think for yourself."

Short enough for you?
12:50 PM on 03/13/2012
It's uncomfortable to see how cocky everyone is getting. There has been a war on women for decades and it's only now getting publicity. Parental notifications for abortions? Waiting periods? Please. Those are old-hat and they were insulting long before SNL dealt with them.

It's all well and good for Santorum to be unpopular with large groups of voters, but most of what I've heard is "Well, I just won't vote then!"
11:45 AM on 03/15/2012
That's terrifying.

The 'I just wont vote' argument.

It really shocks me how so many people are content voting against their own interest.
10:47 AM on 03/13/2012
I disagree that he stern father meme has lost its relevancy in Lakoff's argument. While the trend in actual American families may be towards less paternalistic/more materialistic influence, the metaphor is still the model for fundamentalist Christianity, and conservative government and are understood by conservative republicans in this way, which is why their policy works to uphold this moral viewpoint. I also disagree that the use of moral language is mutually exclusive to inherent pragmatism; indeed, only by consciously understanding what one's own moral framework is, can a person or political party be effective in a) understanding how to articulate the relationship between moral obligation and duty and b) working to enact policy that reflects one's moral position. By contrast, it is inherently unpragmatic to start a debate from the defensive standpoint,which is what liberals have been doing since Jimmy Carter. Moral is a word whose meaning have been hijacked into the right's narrative for too long, and liberals need to reclaim it and place it into their own narrative.
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frank day
Obama cares about all of U.S.
11:30 AM on 03/13/2012
"it is inherently unpragmatic to start a debate from the defensive standpoint,which is what liberals have been doing since Jimmy Carter"
You bring up several good points. The DNC should hire you :)
I was listening to a history of American conservatism lecture recently. One of the points made was that extending the vote to women did not make the nation more progressive. Women tended to follow the lead of their husbands/fathers in choosing a political party/candidate. Patriarchy/Paternalism is definitely still a strong force in American politics.
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bardgal
Shakespearean Jedi
03:02 PM on 03/14/2012
The "Husband will tell his wife what her opinion is" ended after WWII. Women not only outnumber men in the US, but make 80% of all the financial decisions, as well as handle the money and pay most of the household bills.

Ask any Ad Agency - women are the largest target demographic there is in the US.
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10:35 AM on 03/13/2012
In regards to a post down line and the republican talking points. I find it interesting in the clips of the movie "Game Change" that Sarah blew off her coaches and lost the election for conservatives. Also during the debates Rick Perry could not remember the federal agencies he would close if elected because they were not his ideas.
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10:20 AM on 03/13/2012
Wow, very incitefull. How do we counter the rhetoric? The longer the republican primary campaign goes on, the longer the conservative drumbeat will resonate. From now on all my posts will include a positive, liberal moral message. Liberalism the root of liberty.
10:11 AM on 03/13/2012
In this article, Mr. Lakoff doesn't discuss a topic of which he is probably well informed, and that is the collapse of male authority in families in the USA. There are many reasons. The increase in divorce, single-parent (i.e. mother-only) families, women becoming breadwinners, and economics are just a few. In Europe, male authority very suddenly collapsed during and after the War, and this change shaped Europeans politics for generations since. In the years of and after the war, it was the women who were resourceful and courageous (e.g. the "brick dust women of Berlin") and held together their families and communities. They were the leaders. Today, the kind of stern father meme described in this article has no currency there. I think there is evidence that paternalism is declining here as well, but much more gradually, and over a period of generations. So for Mr. Lakoff to advise Democrats to use moralistic language seems to run counter to the inherent pragmatism of a maternalistic society, which is what we are becoming.
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10:41 AM on 03/13/2012
After WWII German women had to clean up Berlin because the men were dead. The real power in the U.S. is still wielded by men, this is no maternalistic society. With the current conservative overreach I can only hope for a renewed womens liberation movement.
07:23 PM on 03/15/2012
"Today, the kind of stern father meme described in this article has no currency there."

What about Italy's Berlusconi and Bossi, France's Le Pen and Sarkozy, Austria's Haider, or even Blocher and colleagues here in Switzerland? All of them are perfect examples of politicians representing a strict father model, with local variations. Their political impact on the masses prove that Prof. Lakoff is absolutely right in his analysis. I cannot see them as victims of their mothers, nor can I see a decline of paternalistic structures around Western Europe, let alone in the east.
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mcsandberg
Free people are not equal.
09:57 AM on 03/13/2012
I'll address the worst error in this column - the confounding of government with charity. A very good and thorough treatment of this error was recently done by Mr. Rahe. He points out that the church forgot the apocryphal saying of George Washington - "Government is not reason; it is not eloquent; it is force. Like fire, it is a dangerous servant and a fearful master." I would add its not benevolent either.

http://ricochet.com/main-feed/American-Catholicism-s-Pact-With-the-Devil
". . . the leaders of the American Catholic Church fell prey to a conceit that had long before ensnared a great many mainstream Protestants in the United States – the notion that public provision is somehow akin to charity – and so they fostered state paternalism and undermined what they professed to teach: that charity is an individual responsibility and that it is appropriate that the laity join together under the leadership of the Church to alleviate the suffering of the poor. In its place, they helped establish the Machiavellian principle that underpins modern liberalism – the notion that it is our Christian duty to confiscate other people’s money and redistribute it."
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11:01 AM on 03/13/2012
Don't confuse government with charity. Liberal government can't guarantee equal outcomes but has strived for equal opportunity and access. It's highly cynical to believe the people left homeless after a disasater were imoral in some way and don't deserve government services. Sometimes you have to use the courts in order to prevail with an insurance company. Conservatives have chipped away at that too. Do you realise that over 50% of your taxes are redestibuted through the Department of Defense?
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mcsandberg
Free people are not equal.
11:37 AM on 03/13/2012
Exactly, the confusion of government with charity by many citizens is what has caused government to turn into Leviathan.

The courts, and disaster relief, however, are a function of government, entirely proper.

As for equal outcomes - that's exactly what is currently being pushed by the liberals. Take a look at http://www.equalitytrust.org.uk/why . That's not a fringe view. Thom Hartmann constantly refers to it.
11:29 AM on 03/13/2012
Your confusion is in believing that "other people's money" is somehow independent of the society they live in. For example, had Mitt Romney been born a poor female in Africa, he would not be making $20 million per year without working. ALL that we are or have is because we live in a society which allows us to. We won the lottery when we were born in the USA, and those who refuse to pay taxes are merely selfish and greedy people who don't want to repay society for all the blessings they have received from society.
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mcsandberg
Free people are not equal.
11:41 AM on 03/13/2012
Nonsense, there are people who will succeed in any environment.

Let's put Friday on the island, alone. I think we can all agree that there is a type of man who will craft an ax out of a stone, build a boat and get off the island. There is another type who will not. It is these basic types that we are talking about.

The self-made man will use his environment to best advantage - the more opportunities his environment has, the better he will do. But, and this is where the collectivists make their error, Steve Jobs makes Apple Computer, NOT the environment. Never forget this. The collectivists cannot admit this, as it shows that their whole enterprise, from Karl Marx to Noam Chomsky is based on a false premise. Anything structure built on a foundation of sand will crash down at some point as the entire collectivist nightmare is now doing.

There were about 200 million people in the United States at the time of Steve Jobs birth, the vast majority of them having the same or better opportunity to succeed. There is only ONE Apple Computer.
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den1953
The National Inquire of Politics the GOP!
09:28 AM on 03/13/2012
Not only is Santorum rallying the base but he is showing just how intrusive he could be in every American life in the United States, he could determine how every person in American should and must live, the Santorum doctrine and no human rights!